1000 Issued July 20, 1907.

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

ANNUAL REPORT

OF THE

OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS

FOR THE

L/BRARV

NEV/ yoi^k:

fiOTANiCAL

YEAR ENDED JUNE ^^0, 1^06.

WASHINGTON:

GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE.
1907.

^ •//

.TdlN'r l{i:St)H"l'l(lX pnividiiiir for iirintiiiR niimuilly tin* I{epi)i( <if tlio nirrclur of the
Onicc of I\xiierimont SliUions. I>c|i;irlnicnl of AKrifnllnro.

li'csdlrcil liii the Siiialc ami Jloiixr nf U'ciinsciihitircs nf (In I nilcd ,s/(//c,v nf
Aincricd in ro;/f/rrxv iiNnriiihlcd. 'riiat then" Ih> i>rintftl (MltIiI Ihousaiid copies of
(lir K(>p(iit of tlu' l>ii-(H-tor of llu' Oliico of FApcriiiu'iU St;itions. prcptinHl under
(lie supi>rvision of the Serri>t;iry of A,i;ririiltm-t>. on the work iind exiuMulitures
i''\' tli;i( OHiee and of tlie aiirieultur.-il exiH>rinien( stations estalilished in the
si'veral States and Territories under tlie act of Conjrress of March seeond,
ei;:lUeen liniidn'd and ei^lity-seven, for nineteen liundred and thn>e. of wliirli one
tlionsand ettjiii^s shall l>e for tlie us«> of the Senate, two thousand eoi>ies for the
list* of the House of Kejiresentatives, and tiv(> thousand eojiies t"or tlu> use of tho
Pt'pailnient of Asirieulture : and that annually hereafter a similar report shall
he prepared and printed. Ih(> edition to he llu' same as fiu' th(> reiKirt herein
jirovided.

Approved. .Vprd L'T, I'.Mil.

THE OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

STAFF.

A. (". TRr-K. I'll. I)., S<'. 1).. Director.

E. W. All. K.N. I'll. I)., Assistant Director and Editor of Experiment St.ation

Ilccord.
\V. 11. r.KAi,, A. J'... M. E., Cliicf of Editorial Division.
W. W. Evans. I'll. D., Chief of Division of Insular Stations.
John IIa.milton, li. S., M. S. .V.. Farmers' Institute Specialist.
Mrs. ('. E. .loir.NsioN. Ciiicf Clerk.
Sakaii L. So.mmeus, Record Clerk.

EDITORIAr, DEPARTMENTS.

\\'. II. liKAi,. .Meteorolojo'. soils, and fertilizers.

W. 11. Evans, Agricultural botany and vegetable pathology.

.7. I. SciiiLTE. I'.. S.. Field croits.

C. R S.MiTH, .M. S.. Horticulture and forestry.

C. F. J/AN(;\voRTHY, Pli. D.. Zootechny and human nutrition.

II. W. Lavvson, M. S.. .M. D., Agrotechny, dairy farming, and dairying.

^V. II. P.kai.. C. F. LA.\(;\voKTirv, and II. W. Lawson, Agricidtural chemistry.

E. \'. WiU'o.x, I'll. I)., Economic zoology, entomology, and veterinary medicine.

B. V. Fi.eminc;. Rural engineering.
.1. R. .MoK.MA.x. Kui;i! cioiiomics.

D. J. Ckoshv, .M. S.. Agricultural education.
William IIenhv. Indexing and proof reading.

ALASKA E.XPERIMENT STATIONS.

C. C. (iEORfJESON, .M. S., Special agent in charge, Sitka.

F. E. Rader. H. S.. Assistant at Rampart.
R. W. De Ak.moni). Assistant at Sitka.

P. II. Ross, Assistant at Kenai.

.J. W. Xeal, Assistant at Copper Center. ,

HAWAII experiment station.

.Tared G. Smith, B. S., M. A., Special agent in charge. Honolulu.

D. L. ^■AN Dine, B. S. A.. Entomologist.

.J. E. HifiGiNS. B. A.. .M. S. A.. Expert in horticulture
F. G. Krauss, Rice expert.

C. R. Blacow, in charge of tobacco experiments.
Q. Q. Bradford, Farm foreman.

PORTO RICO experiment STATION.

F). W. May, M. Agr.. Special agent in charge. ?»Iayaguez.
W. y. Tower. B. S., Entomologist and plant pathologist.
II. C. Henricksen, B. Agr.. Horticulturist
.J. W. Van Leenhoff, Coffee expert.

E. F. Curt, Superintendent.

4 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

NUTRITION INVESTIGATIONS.

C. F. Langworthy, IMi. D.. Chief of nutrition investigations.

K. D. IMiLNER. Ph. B., Editorial assistant.

H. L. Knight, B. S., Assistant in dietary studios.

F. (i. Benedict, Ph. D., in charge of respiration calorimeter experiments, Mioi-

dletown. Conn.
C. D. Woods, B. S., Special, agent at Orono. Me.

Colhihorutorx.

H. S. Grindley, Sc. D., Professor of general chemistry, College of Science, Uni-
versity of Illinois.

M. E. Jaffa, M. S., Assistant jtrofessor of agriculture. University of California.

H. C. Sherman, Ph. D.. I'rofessor of organic analysis. Columbia University, New
York.

Harry Snyder, B. S.. Professor of chemistry. College of Agriculture. University
of Minnesota.

C. E. Wait, Ph. I).. I'rofessor of chemistry, Univ(>rsity of Tennessee.

IRRIGATION AND DRAINAGE INVESTIGATIONS.

PjLwood Mead, C. K.. D. E.. Chief of irrigatidu and drainage investigations.
C. G. Elliott, C. E.. Engineer in charge of drainage investigations.
R. P. Teele. M. a.. Expert in irrigation institutions.

F. W. RoEDiNG. Expert in irrigation extension.

Samuel Fortier. M. E., Engineer in charge of I'acitic District.

Irriyation ciif/iiirrrs. — F. C. Herrmann, S. yi. Woodwakh. A. P. Stover, C. E.
Tait, B. p. Fleming, S. O. .Tayne, Elias Nelson, Harvey Culbertson, A. E.
Wright, F. G. West, W. O. Bryant, R. G. Hemphill.

Drainafic engineer^.- — .1. O. Wright, .T. T. Stewart. C. F. Brown. IvAwrence
Brett, L. L. IIn)iN(;ER. 11. A. Krpp, .7. W. Martin. 1). (J. Miller. \V. (i. Miller.
Omar Faikley. F. (J. Eason, .1. R. Dickson. V. M. Cone, E. W. Ciiadwick.

.-l.s.s'/.s/a/ii.s in irriijution i)ractice. — .John Gordon, .T. II. Barber. Charles
Rivers, W. H. Lauck.

CoUahorators.

O. ^'. p. Stout, C. E.. Studies of duty of water. University of Nebraska.

W. B. Gregory, Studies of pumping and rice irrigation, Tulane University, New

Orleans.
W. W. M(UAr(iHLiN. P.. S.. Studies of inetliods of using water in irrig.-ition.

Agricultural College of Utah.

B. C. BuFFUM, M. S., Studies of methods of cimserving moisture, rniversity of
Wyoming.

G. !I. 'I'lUK. B. S.. Studies of duty of water. Univei-sity of Nevada.

<t. L. Waller, Ph. M., Studies of duty of water. State College of Washington.
A. K. Whitson, B. S.. Studies of farm drainage in Wisconsin. Universit.v of

Wisconsin.
.J. B. David.son. B. S.. Studies of fai'm drainage in Iowa. Iowa State College.

C. E. LrcKE. Investigations of the power value of alcoJKd. C(duml)ia Uni\eisity.
New York.

P.. A. Etcheverry. B. S.. Studies of methods of preventing seepage losses from
ditches. University of California.

LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL

NEW YORK

BOTANICAL

GARDEN.

Office of Experiment Stations,
Washington, D. C, March 30, 1907.
Sir: I have the honor to transmit herewith the annual report of
the Office of Experiment Stations, the publication of which is author-
ized by joint resolution of the Fifty-eighth Congress, second session.
This includes a report on the work. and expenditures of the agricul-
tural experiment stations established under the act of Congress of
March 2, 1887, for the fiscal year ended June 30, 1906, in compliance
with the following provision of the act making appropriations for
this Department for the said fiscal year :

The Secretary of Agriculture shall prescribe the form of the annual financial
statement required by section three of the said act of March second, eighteen
hundred and eight>-seveu. shall ascertain whether the expenditui'es under the
appropriation hereby made are in accordance with the provisions of the said
act, and shall make report thereon to Congress.

There is also a report for the same year on the receipts and expendi-
tures and work of the stations under the act of Congress of March
16, 1906, in accordance with section 5 of that act.
Very respectfully,

A. C. True, Director.
Hon. James Wilson,

Secretary of Agriculture.

■"^

CD

o

CONTEXTS.

Paee.

Work of the Office of Experiment Stations 15

Eehitions with tlie atrricultural experiment stations 15

Experiment stations in Alaska, Hawaii, and Porto Rico 19

Alaska stations 19

Hawaii Station 22

Porto Rico Station 25

Nntrition investigations 28

The work at different places 29

Publications '>'^

Irrigation and drainage investigations 34

Irrigation 34

Drainage 38

Publications 42

Promotion of agricultural education 42

Farmers' institutes 44

PuWications 46

Income 48

Work and expenditures of the agricultural experiment stations 49

Progress of the stations . .■ 50

Some features of station work 51

Dissemination of information 54

Statistics of the stations - 55

Inspection of the stations 55

The Adams Act 58

History of the first year's appropriation 60

Administration of the Adams Act - - 66

Kinds of work under tlie Adams Act 72

Reports on the stations - "~

Alabama College Station 77

Alal )ama Canebrake Station - . 7S

Alabama Tuskegee Station 79

Alaska stations ^*^

Arizona Station 81

Arkansas Station S3

California Station S4

Colorado Station .- 87

Connecticut State Station - 88

Connecticut Storrs Station 90

Delaware Station 91

Florida Station 93

Georgia Station - ^4

Hawaii Station - 96

Hawaiian Sugar Planters' Station -• 98

7

8 CONTENTS.

Work and expenditures uf the agricultural experiment stations — Cont'd. Page.
Keports on the stations — Continued.

Idaho Station 99

Illinois Station 101

Indiana Station 103

Iowa Station 105

Kansas Station ' 107

Kentucky Station 108

Louisiana stations 110

Maine Station Ill

Maryland Station 113

Massachusetts Station 115

Michigan Station 11"

Mimiesota Station - 119

Mississippi Station 121

Missouri College Station 123

Missouri State Fruit Station 125

Montana Station 125

Nebraska Station 1 27

Nevada Station. 129

New Hampshire Station 131

New Jersey stations 132

New Mexico Station 134

New York State Station 13.'i

New York Cornell Station 137

North Carolina Station 139

North Dakota Station 1-11

Ohio Station 142

Oklahoma Station 144

Oregon Station 146

Pennsylvania Station 147

Porto Rico Station 149

Rhode Island Station 151

South Carolina Station 153

South Dakota Station 155

Tennessee Station 156

Texas Station 158

Utah Station 1 59

Vermont Station 160

Virginia Station 162

Washington Station 1 64

West Virginia Station • 165

Wisconsin Station 167

Wyoming Station 169

The Association of American Agricultural Colleges and Experiment Stations. 171

Twentieth annual convention 1 ' 1

General sessions I'l

Section on college work and administration 1 74

Section on exi)eriment station w< )rk 1'4

Statistics of land-grant colleges and agricuUural experiment stations, 1906 177

Sunnnary of statistics of land-grant colleges 177

Summary of statistics of the stations 178

Statistics of the land-grant colleges and imiversities 180

Statistics of the agricultural experiment stations 200

CONTENTS. y

Page.

Progress in agricultural education, 1906 213

Introduction 213

Educational work of the Department of Agriculture 214

Educational work of the Office of Experiment Stations 217

Relation to American institutions 217

Relation to foreign institutions 219

International Congress of Agricultural Education 219

International Agricultural Institute 219

India : 220

England and Wales 222

Scotland - 226

Ireland - 226

Belgium 227

Denmark 228

France 229

Germany 229

Austria 230

Hungary 230

Australia and New Zealand 231

South Africa 231

Bolivia - 232

British West Indies 232

Canada 232

Educational work of the Association of American Agricultural Colleges

and Experiment Stations 233

The Graduate School of Agriculture 236

The Graduate School of Agriculture — past and present 237

Work of the second session of the school 247

The agricultural colleges 250

Appropriations 250

Buildings 252

Work of the colleges 253

The secondary schools 255

Cecil County Agricultural School, Calvert, Md 256

District industrial and agricultural schools in Georgia 258

First district 261

Second district 261

Third district 262

Fourth district 262

Fifth district 262

Sixth district 262

Seventh district 262

Eighth district 262

Ninth district 263

Tenth district 263

Eleventh district 263

Donations for Georgia agricultural schools 263

Course of study for Georgia schools 264

Tentative course 264

Agriculture 265

Horticulture and forestry 270

The primary schools 270

Publications 276

10 CONTENTS.

Progress in agricultural education, 1906 — Continued. Page.

Nature .^tudy and agriculture for the elementary puliHc schools 278

Nature study, Groups I and 11 281

Some helpful nature-stmly and school-garden publications.^. 285

Agriculture, Group 111 287

Outline of course 288

Suggestions for simple practicums or experiments 290

Text-])Ooks and works of reference 29(i

Farmers' institutes in the United States, 190(3 :501

Institute statistics and progress; •>01

Supplying competent lecturers -^03

The organization of the institute -^4

Movable schools of agriculture. '^0-^

Railroad specials and industrial work of railroads 306

New features 307

The American Association of Farmers' Institute Workers 310

Education extension in agriculture 314

Department aid in promoting agricultural education extension 318

Additional work of the Farmers' Institute Specialist 319

The State reports 320

Statistics of farmers' institutes, 1906 353

The nutrition investigations of the Office of P^xperiment Stations and their re-
sults - - 359

Scope of the work 360

Distribution of the work 363

Some results of the nutrition investigaticjns 364

Distribution of food materials in the diet 364

Dietary studies 366

Digestion experiments - -j"'

Respiration calorimeter experiments 368

Special studies of cereals, legumes, meat, fruits, and mits 370

Pedagogics of nutrition 371

Conclusion 3*2

Reclamation of tide lands - 373

Character of soil 3(3

Inducements for reclaiming 374

Some of the results of drainage 376

Drainage in European countries 377

InHuence of draining tide marshes on iiublic iiealth 377

Best methods of reclamation 378

Jyocation of dikes 3(9

Height of embankment 380

Cnjss se(;tion of embankment 380

Specifications for building embankments 381

Method of doing the work 382

Floating dredge 383

Traction dredge 384

Elevator and sucition dredges 384

Wave protection 38.i

Tide gates '-^^^

Excavation '^^^

Head beam 388

Swinging gates 388

Pumping plant ^^^

CONTENTS. 11

Keclamation of tide land? — Continued. Page.

Internal drainage 390

3Iethod of doing the work 391

Subdrainage 391

Treatment of soil - - - 391

Cau.«es of failure - 393

Why so little progress has been made 39-1

Recommendations 395

Appendix 396

Bill of materials for concrete sluice gate 396

Experiment station work with ])eaches 399

Classification 400

Peen-to ( Prnnuft platycarpa) 400

South China race ( Pninus persica ) 401

Spanish race - 402

North China race - 402

The Persian race - 403

Tree growth - - 403

Flower buds - 403

Hardiness - 404

Physiological characteristics 405

Blooming habits 405

Self-fertility 406

Winter protection 406

Whitewashing as a means of winter protection 407

Miscellaneous methods of winter protection 408

Causes of winter injury in peach orchards - 409

Treatment of winter-injured trees 410

Propagation 413

Stocks for the peacli - 414

Location of the orchard 415

Soils 415

Treatment of trees at transplanting 416

Cultivation and cover crops 419

Winter irrigation 420

Fertilizing peach trees 421

Thinning peaches 423

Pruning peaches 425

Renewing by pruning 425

Harvesting and shipping peaches 426

Ripening 426

Shipping peaches 426

Cold storage of peaches 427

Judging peaches 428

Composition of peaches 430

Canning 430

Profits 431

Literature 431

Conclusions 432

ILLUSTRATIONS

PLATES.

Page.
Plate I. Fig. 1. — Date orchard of the Arizona Station near Tempe now

coming into bearing. Recently set plants in the foreground.
Fig. 2. — New barn, ><tock yards, and feeding pens at Arizona

Station farm near Phoenix 82

II. Fig. 1. — New agricultural building, Arkansas Station. Fig. 2. —

New dairy building, Arkansas Station 84

III. Fig. 1. — New farm mechanics building, University of Illinois —

approximately 100 feet square; cost, !!!32,000. Fig. 2. — Incu-
bator house, Maine Station 102

IV. Fig. 1. — New agricultural building, Oklahoma Station. Fig. 2. —

Barn and feed lots, Oklahoma Station 144

V. Fig. 1. — New residence, office and library, and other buildings
at North Louisiana. Station at Calhoun. Fig. 2. — Experimen-
tal greenhouse at South Carolina Station 152

VI. Seedless tomatoes bred at Wisconsin Station. Fig. 1. — An
intermediate type of tomato, nearly seedless. Modification
brought about by high feeding. Form, size, and quality the

best. Fig. 2. — Large type seedless tomato 168

VII. Fig. 1. — Effect of spraying oat fields with iron sulphate solution
for eradication of wild mustard — field to left sprayed, strip on
right unsprayed and showing mustard plants in blossom three
weeks after spraying. Fig. 2. — Effect of spraying oats with
iron sulphate to eradicate wild mustard — on left, oats and weeds
from three harvester bundles from treated plat; on right, same

from untreated plat 168

VIII. Results of experiments in tile drainage on heavy lacustrine clay,
Wisconsin Station. Fig. 1. — Corn grown on undrained field.
Fig. 2. — Corn grown on field with tile drains 70 feet apart.
Fig. 3. — Corn grown on field with tile drains 40 feet apart
(originally the wettest portion of the area) 168

IX. Fig. 1. — Laboratory of Cecil County (Md.) Agricultural School.

Fig. 2. — Lecture on the horse, Cecil County school 256

X. Proposed plan of industrial and agricultural district schools of

Georgia 260

XL Suggested schedule of daily recitations for industrial and agri-
cultural district schools of Georgia 264

XII. Fig. 1. — Great St. George's meadow, near Delaware City, Del.,
showing earth embankment and reclaimed marsh. Fig. 2. —
Portion of the Clark meadow, near Delaware City, Del., show-
ing ruined embankment in the distance 374

XIII. Fig. 1. — Crop of onions on reclaimed salt marsh. Revere, Mass.

Fig. 2. — Crop of hay on diked meadow, Marshfield, Mass 376

XIV. Plans for concrete automatic sluice gate 396

XV. Details of concrete automatic sluice gate 396

XVI. Plans for wooden automatic sluice gate 396

13

14 ILLUSTRATIONS.

TEXT FIGURES.

Page-

Fig. 1. ]\Iap sliowing industrial and agricultural school districts of Georgia. . 260

2. Forms of dikes made from different materials 380

3. Method of preparing base in marsh land 381

4. Outline of dipper dredge suitable for ditching and for V)uilding small

dikes 383

■ 5. Long boom dredge with orange-peel bucket, suitaT)le for building

large eiidjanknients 383

6. Type of traction dredge suitable for building dikes 384

7. Relative position of borrow pit, dredge, and levee 385

8. Seeds of different types of peaches: a, Peen-to; h. South Cliinesc

(Honey); c, Spanish or Indian (Texas); d, North China (Chiiies(»

Cling); e, Persian (Old Mixon Free) 400

9. Two types of Peen-to race: n, Var. Peen-to; h^ Var. Angel 401

10. South Chinese race. ( Var. Honey) 401

11. Spanish race. (Var. Texas) 402

12. North China race 402

13. Persian race. (Var. Alexander) 403

ANNUAL KEPORT OF THE OFFICE OF EXPERIMEXT

STATIONS, lUNE 30. 11)06.

WORK OF THI; OFFICI-; OF FXFEKIMFNT STATIONS.

The work of the Office of Experiment Stations during the past
year, as heretofore, has inckided the supervision of the expenditures
of Federal funds by the agricultural experiment stations throughout
the United States; conferences and correspondence with station
officers regarding the management, equipment, and work of the
stations; the collection and dissemination of information regarding
the progress of agricultural education and research throughout the
world by means of technical and popular bulletins; the management
of the agricvdtural experiment stations in Alaska, Haw'aii, and Porto
Kico; special investigations on the nutrition of man and on irrigation
and drainage, conducted largely in cooperation with experiment
stations, educational institutions, and other agencies in different
States and Territories, and the promotion of the interests of the agri-
cultural colleges and schools and farmers' institutes throughout the
United States.

RELATIONS WITH THE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

The duties and responsibilities of the Office of Experiment Sta-
tions have been materially broadened and increased as a result of the
passage of the act of Congress of March 16, 1906 (Adams Act),
" providing for an increased annual appropriation for agricultural
experiment stations and regulating the expenditure thereof." Under
the terms of this act the Secretarv of Agriculture must annuallv
'' ascertain and certify to the Secretary of the Treasury as to each
State and Territory, whether it is complying with t»he provisions of
this act and is entitled to receive its share of the annual appropria-
tion for agricultural experiment stations under this act, and the
amount which therefore each is entitled, respectively, to receive," and
" make an annual report to Congress on the receipts and expenditures
and work of the agricultural experiment stations in all of the States
aijd Territories, and also whether the appropriation of any State or

15

16 REPOKT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

TerritoiT has been withheld, and if so, the reason therefor." He
is also charged in general terms " with the proper administration of
this law," On March 20, 1*J0(). the Secretary of Agriculture sent a
letter to the directors of the agricultural experiment stations in the
several States and Territories in which he stated that "* the Director
of the Office of Experiment Stations is hereby designated my repre-
sentative in all matters relating to the business of this Department
in connection with the administration of this law, and the Office of
Experiment Stations will aid in promoting effective work under this
act in the same general way as it has heretofore in relation to the
Hatch Act."

Under the authority thus conferretl by the Secretary the Office
immediately took measures to determine what stations were entitled
to receive the benefits of the Adams Act, to make the necessary ar-
rangements with the Treasury Department preliminary to the pay-
ment of the installments of the Adams fund as they became due, to
l^repare and issue the schedules for reports of the expenditures of
this fund for the past fiscal year, and to reach an understanding with
the stations regarding the lines of work and the expenditures allow-
able under this act.

It is already evident that the business of this Office in relation to
the work and expenditnres of the stations vuider the Adams Act will
be considerable in amount and will have much importance as a factor
in detei'inining the kind of progress to l)e made by these institutions.
The oi-oanization of lines of work which niav fairlv l)e called '* origi-
nal research " in agricultural ])roblems has occasioned much iliscus-
sion as regards the nature and scope of such work as related to
conditions existing in the several States and Territories, the men to
be selected as in>'estigators, the means and ai)pliances needed to make
the work undertaken successful, etc. The policy of tlu> Office, as
heretofore, is to endeavor to formulate and hold to such general
principles in the administration of the Adams Act as seem most
likely to secui'c llie efficient use of the Adams IJiml for research
work of a high and substantial character and a( I he same time to
safeguard the autonom}' of the stations and raise their work and its
results in the estimation of ihcir farniei- constituents. This in\()lves
much additional correspondence and personal conference in order
that the best results may be obtained. Thi'ough the cultivation of
more thorough accjuaintance with the managers and work(>rs of our
stations, and through participation in the councils of the Associa-
tion of American Agricultural Colleges and Experiment Stations.
this Odicc hopes to be able to act as a gatherer and disseminator of
sound \ie\vs regarding the aims and methods of research work in
agriculture in such a way that its utterances will have behind them
the substantial consensus of the men best (lualified *o judge of the

RELATIONS WITH THE EXPERIMENT STATIONS. 17

needs and requirements of American agriculture as related to the
work of agricultural experiment stations, whose work shall rest on
a firm basis of scientific principles and their application to practical
ends.

This Office has continued to make careful inquiry regarding the
use made by the stations of the funds granted to them imder the
Hatch Act, and to aid them in securing liberal State and local appro-
priations for cooperative and other experiments in different locali-
ties, for publishing the results of their work, and for such practical
tests and demonstrations as will best show how the results of agri-
cultural research may be applied in a broad way for the improve-
ment of agricultural practice. The States and local communities
have of late shown a most encouraging disposition to give the
stations such financial support as they require to make the results
of their work broadly effective, and it is believed that this will con-
tinue to be done wherever the station manaijers show themselves
alert to the best interests of agriculture and worthy of the confidence
and support of practical men.

The steady growth of institutions for agricultural experimenta-
tion throughout the world is reflected in the enlarged business of this
(3ffice in its relations with the foreign stations. There are now more
than 1,000 institutions in over fifty countries which are engaged in
investigations bearing directly on agricultural problems. Friendly
and helpful intercourse between these institutions wherever located
is growijig in importance and usefulness. This Office is coming into
closer touch with the foreign stations, is getting more regular and
complete accounts of their work, and is publishing an increasing
amoiHit of information from these sources which is useful to our
investigators, teachers, and farmers.

The broadened scope and extent of the work of institutions for
agricultural investigation at home and abroad is shown in the con-
stantly increasing mass and variety of the literature reviewed in the
Experiment Station Record. The seventeenth volume of the Record
was completed during the past year and, as heretofore, included ab-
stracts of the publications of the agricultural experiment stations
in the United States, the United States Department of Agriculture.
the researches of experiment stations and similar institutions in all
parts of the world, and a large number of articles having a direct
bearing upon agricultural science which are published in the scien-
tific journals at home and abroad. It has thoroughly maintained
its well-established character of a world review of agricultural ex-
perimentation, and it remains the only journal of the kind published
under governmental or private auspices. The careful discrimination
necessar}^ to the collation of such an abstract journal has been exer-

294b— 07 2

18 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

cised to keep it Avithin the scope and character determined upon and
to restrict the review to articles which are worthy of the attention
of agricultural experts and scientists.

The appreciation in which the Experiment Station Record is held
is more manifest each year. It becomes a repository of information
which can not be found without verj^ extended and time-consuming
research of the literature, and as time goes on the carefully indexed
volumes become of increasing value and a practical necessit}^ to men
who are looking up subjects of investigation. The inaugurati'ju of
more advanced investigation imder the Adams Act gives the Record
an increa-sed value and importance. It enables the workers to follow
the progress of experimentation and research in various lines, and
makes them more resourceful and useful men for such work.

The Record is IxMug used more largely than ever before for the
discussion of the principles on which scientific and practical inves-
tigations in agriculture should jjroceed and for pointing out lines of
research Avhich need further development and suggesting methods for
the strengthening of the organization and work of the stations.

Efforts are also being made to perfect and extend the popular
review of the practical results reached by our stations which is em-
bodied in the series of Farmers'' Bulletins entitled '' Exj)eriment Sta-
tion Work,''' prepared under the general editorial management of Mr.
W. H. Beal. Being published in large editions and widely dis-
tributed, these bulletins disseminate the practically useful results of
experiment station work more thoroughly than can be done by the
individual stations themselves througli their comparatively limited
editions of bulletins and reports, which, moreover-, are in many cases
restricted to distribution in the particular State in which the sta-
tion is located. The fact that these bulletins attempt to present care-
ful and conservative summaries of the best available knowledge on
a great variety of agricultural topics has led to their being used more
and more by the experiment stations and by this Oflice in answering
the numerous inquiries on various subjects which are received.

The work of this Office, and especially its relation with the agri-
cultural colleges and experiment stations, was illustrated by an ex-
hibit at the Lewis and (Mark Exposition, at Portland, Oreg., during
the summer and fall of 1905, and arrangements have been made for
a similar exhii)it at the Jamestown Tercentennial Exposition to be
held in I DOT.

The Assistant Director. Dr. E. A\'. Allen, has continued to have
special supervision of the business of the Office connecteil with the
work and expenditures of the stations.

ALASKA STATIONS. 19

EXPERIMENT STATIONS IN ALASKA, HAWAII, AND PORTO RICO.

ALASKA STATIONS.

The policy announced in previous reports of confining investiga-
tions at each of tlie Ahislva stations to some definite problems has
been continued with good results. Attempts at grain growing have
been abandoned at the Sitka Station, but the cultivation of cereals
is made the main feature of the work at the Copper Center aiid
Rampart stations, where there are large areas of land capable of
cultivation.

At the headquarters station at Sitka the principal offices are main-
tained, and from here the work of the other stations is directed.
The experimental work at Sitka consists very largely of horticultural
investigations, which include not only all of the garden crops, but
bush fruits as well, and some experiments with orchard fruits, par-
ticularly apples, cherries, and plums. The station has been propa-
gating, cultivating, and distributing a considerable amount of nur.sery
stock with a view to ascertaining what if any varieties are suited
to Alaskan conditions. During the years 1905 and 1006 there were
distributed to more than 300 addresses 2,716 apple trees, 2,204 cur-
rant and similar bushes, and 1,874 raspberry plants. About 30 of
the hardiest varieties of apples have been secured from various
sources, and their growth and hardiness are being observed. Ad-
vantage is being taken of the occurrence of a native crab a]iple (Pi/n'-^
riridcois), and it is being u.sed quite successfully as a stock on which
to graft a /lumber of varieties, crown grafting seeming to give the
best results.

In addition to varietal tests of strawberries, ra.spberries, currants,
etc., attempts are being made to domesticate the wild species of these
plants. Successful efforts have been made in hybridizing the wild
strawberry with some of the cultivated sorts, the cultivated rasp-
berry and the salmon berry, wild and cultivated raspberries, and
others, the object of these breeding experiments being to secure the
hardiness of the native sj)ecies and the improved quality of the cul-
tivated varieties.

An extended series of experiments is in progress at the Sitka Sta-
tion to determine the best varieties of cabbages, cauliflower, and
potatoes for Alaska, and also to determine the relative merits of
Alaskan grown and imported seed potatoes of different varieties.
The.se exj^eriments will be continued until it will be possible to
.definitely recommend varieties for Alaskan cultivation.

At the Copper Center Station attention is being paid to the grow-
ing of grains and forage, about 40 acres being under cultivation, 10
acres of which are in permanent grass plats. The growth of the
crops was heavier this year than usual, doubtless due to an unusual

20 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

amoniit of I'liiii dui-ing the growing season. "While the growth was
heavier, the wet season prolonged the growing period and most of the
grain was destroyed by frost the latter part of August. Nearly all
the frosted grain Avas cut for hay, the yield ranging from one-half to
2 tons of hay per acre. The surplus hay was sold at an average of
$200 per ton. On many of the plats of oats, barley, rye, etc., a few
heads were matured, and these have been saved for seeding purposes
in the hope that earlier maturing varieties may be developed.
Among the forage plants alsike clover, timothy, and smooth brome
grass seem promising. Tall fescue and one of the western wheat
grasses {Andropyron tenerum) made excellent growth throughout
the season, and it is believed that they will prove adapted to their
surroundings. The effect of cultivation of the soil and the use of
fertilizers was well show^n in the improved stand and heavier yields
where fertilizers were used. The gardens, not only at the station
but also throughout the Copper River Valley generally, were unusu-
all}'' good the past season. The experience with potatoes at the Cop-
l^er Center Station was truly remarkable. Several small plats were.
Avell fertilized with stable manure and planted to several varieties of
potatoes. The crop was dug Sei^tember 8 and the yield was at the
rate of more than 400 bushels per acre, 98 per cent of which were
smooth, marketable potatoes.

The experiments at Copper Center Station during the past season
have fully demonstrated the practicability of producing grain hay
and raising potatoes at a considerable profit. At present practically
all winter feed must be hauled from tide water, 110 miles away, and
it is shown that seeding oats at the rate of 2 or 3 bushels per acre Avill
produce a good crop of hay.

At Rampart Station grain, both fall and spring sown, matured,
although the station is fully loO miles farther north than Copjier
Center. Every year since the station Avas established in the Yukon
ValleA^ grain has matured. The past season three varieties of Avinter
r^^e and one of Avheat surviA^ed the Avinter and matured their crop.
Of the s]^ring-soAvn grains three A'arieties of barley, two of oats, and
one of l)uclcwheat Avere matured. As sit the other stations, plant
breeding Avork is being carrieil on, and the earliest maturing heads
of CA'ery variety of cereal are selected for further planting. A nuni-
bei- of plats have been seeded to grasses as a test of their adaptabilHy.
SeA'eral A'arieties liaA^e grown well during the jjast season and made
a good stand. As the snoAvfall is usually suHicient for winter pro-
tection, it is probable that some may be established and prove adapted
to extensive sowing in the ^'iikoii \"alley.

At the Kenai Station the work is now devoted wholly to animal
husbandry and to the growing of feed for liv(> stock, testing grasses
and other forage plants, and dairying. There are 26 acres under

ALASKA STATIONS. 21

cultivation at this station, the greater part of which was sown to
oats and cut for hay. Under the special appropriation for the intro-
duction of live stock 11 head of Galloway cattle were purchased, 7 of
them being- sent to the Kenai ^Station and the others placed in charge
of Mr. C. P. Coe, on "Wood Island. The addition to the Kenai herd
of cattle brought the total up to IT head, all of which are reported
as beino- in o-ood condition. The introduction of the Galloways
was attended with success, and the animals proved docile, quicklj^
recovered from the effects of their long voyage, and when last re-
ported were in excellent condition on the forage found in the native
pastures. There seems to be no doubt of their adaptability to
Alaskan conditions. xV small dairy outfit has been supplied to this
station, and butter of excellent quality was made, although the cows
producing it were those purchased from settlers and are not to be
considered as first-class dairy animals. The experiments Avith cattle
thus far have shown that dairying and cattle raising are possible and
practicable in this part of Alaska, so far as pasturage is concerned.
There are here and there extensive tracts of pasture land, although
the areas that could be mowed are limited to patches of from 5 to 40
acres. Experiments at the station show that besides the possibility of
growing grain hay, a number of grasses are apparently well adapted
to this part of Alaska. Among those most promising are the native
l)lue top, a native bunch grass, tall fescue, timothy, meadow foxtail,
smooth brome grass, and white and alsike clover. Blue grass also
does well in some localities, and experiments are now being carried
on with a number of native species of grasses that are thought prom-
ising. ^^"ith the construction of the railroad from Seward toward
the Tanana country, the west side of the Kenai Peninsula will become
even less accessible than it is now, and the advisability of moving
the animals to some other location will have to be given consideration.

A station site was located last year in the Tanana River Valley
between Chena and Fairbanks, and it is expected that some work
will l)e inaugurated there the coming season. The Tanana Valley
contains large areas of land so situated as to be adapted to cultiva-
tion, and from reports of limited experiments it is believed that this
region is capable of considerable agricultural development.

The Alaska stations, as in the past, have cooperated with many
residents in various parts of the country, and flattering reports of
success have been received. Through the courtesy of the Bureau of
Plant Industry garden seeds were supplied to about 2,000 addresses.
This courtesy is highly appreciated, as in many cases this is the only
source from which seeds may be secured, and the distribution should
be continued as heretofore. The assistance of the" Bureau in securing
varieties of seeds and plants from high latitudes in Europe and else-
where is gratefully acknowledged.

22 REPORT OK OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

HAWAII STATION.

The Iliiwiiii Stalion l);i.s coiil iiiiicd llic i)()lic3' of dcvotiiiij: its
energies to llic (liNcrsilicalion of agi-icnllurc in the Hawaiian Islands,
and there appears to l>e a decided change in the sentiment on the
part of many persons regarding the possibility of the devehipment
of other agi'icnltin :il industries than those connected witli the pro-
duction of sugar. During the six years since the organization of the
station a number of industries have been successfully estal)lished
or extended in Hawaii, among them ])ineapple growing, sisal pro-
duction, tobacco raising, etc. During the past 3^ear considerable
work has been done in bringing more of the station land under culti-
vation in anticipation of the new water system provided for by Con-
gress. In lliis way about 10 acres were prepared for cultivation.
Considerable additions were made to the library by ])urchase, ex-
change, etc., so that the station now possesses the best collection of
reference books in Hawaii treating of economic agricultiii'e in its
various branches.

Amonir the field investigations at the station mention mav be made
of an experiment with j^otatoes in Avhich it was shown to be possible
to produce new j)otatoes for the local market at a very I'emunerative
price. Tlie ],lants were severely attacked by potato rot and the yield
considerably reduced, so that probably the liability to the occurrence
of this disease \\ ill have to be considered.

During the past year seven varieties of cotton were grown and
samples of the fiber submitted to experts for examination. The
upland varieties on the whole Avere not very ])romising, but the sea-
island tyi)e was reported as of good length, excellent strength, and
unusual fineness. One sample of upland was very vai'iable in its lint,
some portions being quite ordinary, while others Imd a length and
fineness of fiber e(iualing sea island. This sann)le seems to afi'ord an
excellent opjiortunity for improvement by selection in i-ase the grow-
ing of cotton should be undertaken on a connnercial scale.

The orchard ]>lantings of tro])ical fruits Innc been considerabh'
extended and now include such fruits as the mango, avocado, bread
fruit. chei-inu)ya. lilchi. longan, saj)odilla, wi. custard apple, and
others, '^riiese ai'e Ix'ing proj)agate(l as ra|)idly as possible. A citrus
orchard has been established, which, in addition to i)r()viding for the
testing of Aai'ieties, will also su])ply stock for budding ami grafting.
The Bluefields bananas secui-ed through the station have been dis-
(ril)uted among about fifty growers, and favorable reports regarding
them ha\e been receix'ed. Ovov r»()() suckers and large corms were
distributed, with the understanding that the growth, production, etc..
should be re|)oi'ted (o tlu' station from lime to time. The shipping
(|nalities of Ihis \ariely are belie\'ed to be superiui' (o 11h)M' now mar-

HAWAII STATION. - 23

keted fiom Hawaii, and their introduction will doul)tless be of great
advantage both to growers and shippers. The station has success-
full}^ in.ti'oduced the cultivation of the roselle {Hibiscus scibdariffa).
The fleshy calyx of this fruit and the young seed pods are used for
the manufacture of excellent jam and jelly. The experiments show
that this plant is well adapted to local conditions, and it is being
grown on an extensive scale for distribution purposes.

Cooperative work is being carried on by the station at several
places with a number of important crops. On the island of Maui a
rather extensive experiment with wine grapes is in progress. One
liundred and seventy-seven varieties of wane grapes were procured by
the station and planted in ISIarch, 1906. The station directs the
experiment, which is carried on without further expense to it. The
growing of table grapes is already being carried on in a limited way
hy the Portuguese settlers, and wdth the anticipated increase of
immigrants from Portugal and the Azores it is probable that grape
growing and wine making can be made profitable industries.

An important experiment in rubber production is being carried on
at Nahiku, on the island of Maui. This embraces tests of varieties,
the use of fertilizers, methods of tapping, preparation of rubber, etc.
The rapid rise in the price of rubber has resulted in extensive plant-
ing experiments throughout the Tropics, and it is believed that this
industry can be made profitable in Hawaii. According to a recent
report, one company on Maui has now growing 138,330 rubber trees,
of which 120,800 are Ceara, 8,086 Hevea, and 450 Castilloa rubber.
Experimental tappings have proved satisfactory, and it is believed
that fully 100,000 trees will be yielding a profit by the year 1909.
The difficulty of obtaining seed and the low vitality of some ship-
ments are serious drawbacks to the rapid extension of rubber planta-
tions. A small experimental planting of rubber trees and coffee has
been made on the station grounds.

The tobacco investigations which were begun in 1903 have been
continued with promise of great success. In 1906 the location was
changed from Pohakea to a tract of government land in Paauilo that
has been set aside for this purpose for a term of years. This experi-
ment is in coo[)eration with the Territorial board of agriculture and
forestry and a number of private individuals. In 1906 4 acres were
planted to the best varieties of Sumatra and Habana tobaccos, and a
curing barn 30 by 50 feet was erected. The crop of 1905 w^as re-
garded so highly that about fifty farmers and planters are this year
experimenting with tobacco, and the industry seems in a fair way to
become commercially established.

The station is continuing its cooperation with the Hawaiian Stock
Breeders' Association in the introduction and distribution of seeds

24 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

of grasses and other forage plants. During 190G large quantities
of seeds of forage plants were procured fi-oivi Xew Mexico, Australia.
France, and elsewhere, and many of the more \aluable grasses and
forage plants are well established on some of the island ranches.

The entomological woik during the past year has been along the
lines of the control of insect depredations, investigations in silk cul-
ture and beekeeping, and studies on mosquitoes and their control.
Field woi'k in connection with the entomological iuvestii>:ations has
taken a considerable amount of time, and experiments are being con-
ducted to control some of the more serious insect pests of economic
plants other than sugar cane. Particular attention is being given to
the insects attacking pineapples, tobacco, coffee, sisal, and forest trees.
In the silk-culture investigations a quantity of silkworms of a Chi-
nese race, known as the Oro silkworms, was secured and bred for
comparison with EurojDean varieties previously grown. The results
obtained are very encouraging, and it is thought that silk ^^I'oduc-
tion as a family industry can be made profitable. In connection with
the station chenust, the entomologist has been carrying on studies
on HaAvaiian hone}^ and the sources from which it is made. Two
new races of bees have been introduced during the year, and one
gives i^romise of being better adapted to Hawaiian conditions than
the Italian bees. The entomologist has continued to act with the
connnittee having in view the reduction of mosquitoes, and through
his initiative top-feeding minnows have been successfulh' introduced
to feed upon mosquito larvae in taro ponds, fish ponds, rice fields, and
other places where drainage and spraj'ing are impracticable.

The chemical investigations have been divided between the usual
lines of routine work and research investigations. One of the uiost
important lines of Avork has been the analysis of Hawaiian-grown
fodders and feeding stuffs. As the result of this investigation it is
shown tiiat in general there is a marked deficiency in the lime con-
t(>7it of Hawaiian grasses and fodders. The effect of this deficiency
on the strength and develo])ment of aniuials is shown not oidy l)y
the station investigations, but by those of the veterinarian of (he
Territorial board of agriculture, and the importance of lime as a
factor in feeding rations is being nn-ognized by all. Studies were
made of a number of j)roducts as sources of alcohol, ])articnhu' aiU'U-
tion being i)aid to the waste proihicls from pineapple canneries.
The I'esearch work has been confined \-erv lai'<relv to soil studies to
determine some of (he phenomena connected wilh Ihe nilrogt'ii con-
tent of Hawaiian soils. In\-estigations have also been cari'ied on
regarding the high magnesiinn content of Hawaiian soils and its
significance.

PORTO RICO STATION. 25

Tlio liorticiiltnrist is giving particular attention to the subject of
shipping and marketing tropical fruits. Avocados have been suc-
cessfully shipped from Honolulu to Xew York City, Guam, and
Manila. Following these experimental shipments, arrangements
were made for trial shipments of pineapples, papayas, bananas, and
avocados to San Francisco and other cities on the Pacific coast.
These were accompanied by the horticulturist, in order that the
methods of packing and handling in transit and at the destination
could be studied. The tests w^ere highl}^ successful, and it is believed
that enlarged markets for these fruits are assured whenever regular
supplies can be obtained. The collections of citrus fruits are being
extended, and attempts are being made to awaken an interest in the
production of more and better varieties of these and other kinds of
tropical and subtropical fruits.

PORTO RICO STATION.

The progress of agriculture in Porto Rico wdth which the ex-
periment station has been connected has been decidedly marked dur-
ing the past year. An increase in the interest regarding the work
of the station can be noticed, and there is a growing desire for the
published reports and frequent inquiries regarding the work itself.
Sugar planting is being rapidly extended, and modern " centrals ''
are taking the place of numerous small mills. The greatest advance
during the year has been in the consideration given to the growing
and curing of tobacco. Many acres in the interior valleys have been
planted to tobacco, and lands suited to this crop have increased enor-
mously in value. Numerous large companies have been organized
which not only plant extensively, but also purchase the crop of small
planters, curing the tobacco themselves. This practice results in a
better and more uniform product, and through the adoption of more
scientihc methods of curing and fermentation tobacco growing in
Porto Rico should become a profitable industry. Large factories
have been established at San Juan, Bayamon, and Caguas which em-
ploy many people.

The station is giving especial attention to the planting of citrus
fruits and pineapples. Both of these industries have been rapidly
extended the jiast few years, and some of the purely local problems
regarding them are being given consideration. The station has im-
portant collections of citrus fruits and pineapples, and improved
methods of propagation, fertilizing, and marketing fruits are being-
studied. About 100 varieties of citrus fruits are under observation,
and in addition to introduced varieties some native seedlings have
been discovered that appear of great promise. Two of these are
worthy of special mention. One is a seedless orange, which was

^6 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

found growing near JMayaguez, and the other, a perfect navel orange,
Avas found near Penuehis. Both of these are being propagated at
the station.

The station collection of pineapi^les contains about two dozen vari-
eties, all of Avhich fruited this yeai". Further observations Avill be
necessary on a number ol" these before specific recounnendations can
be made. A variety from Jamaica, the Euby, proved one of the
most promising of introduced sorts. It is a highly colored fruit
of excellent (piality, and it will doubtless prove a valuable acquisi-
tion. A variegated form of the variety Cabezona which was found
near Lajas is being propagated and will l)e distributed under the
name Variegated Lajas. It is brighter in color than the Variegated
Cavenne and not onlv the leaves but the fruit also show the varieo-a-
tion, making it valuable for decorative jnirposes. ' The collection of
pineapples at the station emphasizes the variation and instability
of varieties of this fruit and the lack of certainty in varietal names.
An exchange of plants with others of the West Indies has shown
great confusion in the varietal nomenclature, and only by a ])rolonged
study v\i]l it be possible to definitely determine some of the types.
Experiments in sliipping pineapples were nuide during the past
season, and it was found possible to get them to New York markets
in good condition with the present inadequate transportation facili-
ties, Avherc care was exercised in packing and handling. A\'ith l)etter
methods of transpoi-tation the shipment of fresh fruits to New York
and neighboring markets should be very profitable. The propaga-
tion of mangoes, avocados, and other tropical fruits is being })ushed
as fast as i)ossible.

The coffee investigations have been continued along the lines of
impr()\<'(l methods of ciillix ation. (lie use of ftM'tilizers. hybridiza-
tion, etc. The station has shown the ad\aiilage of the coffee seed
bed and nursery in the establishment of new i)lantations, and the pos-
sibility of more than doubling the yield per tree by pruning and the.
application of fertilizers. The station has a large number of varieties
of cofl'ee under observation to determine whether any seem ada])ted to
Porto Kican conditions. The TTnited States trade does not seem to
take readily to the Porto Kican cofl'ee, and if any of llic bctliT laiowu
high-])i'iced coflees i)ro\'e piomising an attenqM will be made to ex-
tensi\('ly introduce tlicui into I'orlo Ivican culture.

An exjjeriment of considerable importance was undertaken during
the past year in malting coffee. It not infre<i|uently ha])pens that
rainy weather occurs at the time of the colVee harvest. ^^'heI•e no
artificial means for cui'ing coll'cc arc :it hand the vmp may be lost
through lack of drying. I'he wet cotlcc Ix'gins to s]U"out and the
eft'e<'t of sprouting on the (|uali(y was in\(>stigated. In December,
190r). fermented ;ind washed coU'ec \\;is thoroughly wetted antl kept

PORTO RICO STATtOK. 27

in this condition for fifty-six di^ys, tlse pile being stirred daily. At
the ex})iration of this time the coli'ee was dried in the ordinary way
and hulled. Samples of this '"■ malted " coii'ee were submitted to a
number of persons antl their opinions requested regarding- the quality
of the beverage made from it. All reports were very favorable and
the ti'eatment seemed to improve tlie flavor to a marked degree, the
bitter taste so much complained of by many seeming to be whollj^
removed. The results of this experiment are valuable, since they
prove that coffee can be kept in a wet state and allowed to sprout for
two months Avithout injury.

With the rapid extension of sugar-cane planting a number of
problems relative to the use of fertilizers have been referred to the
■station as the only source of scientific information on such subjects.
Carrying on experiments with cane is very expensive and the station
is not in a position to devote much attention to this crop except as it
works in cooperation with planters. A plan of experiments Avith
fertilizers has been devijsed by Avhich any planter can test the soil
requirements of his fields, and a number of the more pi'ogressive
planters are testing fertilizers under the direction of the station.
At the station a number of varieties of cane are being tested, among
them the more jn'omising seedling canes which were developed in
the British West Indies and a collection received from the Louisiana
Experiment Station. Some of these canes seem quite superior to
those now extensively planted.

The station has demonstrated the possibility of the production of
lowland rice in Porto Eico, and a profitable crop is noAV offered when
for any reason land devoted to cane is to be rotated or some other
change is made in the present system of agriculture.

Experiments with forage plants are being carried on, and cowpeas.
Florida beggarweed, and gandule or pigeon pens have all been found
to be valuable leguminous forage plants. A large V\^hite bean. knoAvn
as the sword bean, is being tested, as are also a numl)er of native
leguminous plants, in order to secure a better balanced nlixture of
green forage than is now available in the guinea grass and nudojilla.

In cooperation Avith the insular goA^ernment the station is conduct-
ing investigations on some fiber plants, and over 100,000 sisal plants
haA'e been recently set out. Large additions to this plantation are
contemplated in the hope that this industry may be placed upon a
commercial basis as soon as possible. Experiments are also in prog-
ress in the introduction of the jipi-japa palm, from AAdiich the
farnoris Panama hats are made. Attempts are also being made to
reforest some of the barren hillsides Avith various tropical species,
and the necessity for windbreaks in connection Avith such plantings
has already been shown.

28- REPORT OB' OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

The investigations on the improvement of live stock are still in
])rogress, and not onl}- the exj^criment station l»iit j)rogFessive plant-
ers are endeavoring to im})ro\(' the <(uality of their farm animals. It
has been sliow n that imj)i()ve(l niiiinals of various breeds can l)e im-
ported and successfully acclimated providing a few precautionary
measures be taken. Imported animals should be stabled and fed on
grass or should be kei)t on small Avell-shaded lots until they have
become used to their surroundings. Pigs, turkeys, geese, ducks, tnul
chickens have been acclimated at the station Avithout any loss, and
it has already been shown that the hatching and rearing of poultiy,
if carried on during the dry season, is fairly successful.

NUTRITION INVESTIGATIONS.

Investigations on the nutrition of man, by which is meant, broadly
speaking, studies of the utilization of agricultural food products of
animal and vegetable origin, have been carried on by this Office
during the past j-ear in continuation of earlier work, and the same
general policies have been followed as heretofore. This enterprise
involves studies of the digestibility of different food materials alone
and in combination, studies of the kinds and amounts of food con-
sumed by individuals and grouj^s, the relative value, from a money
standpoint, of different foods and food combinations as sources of
nutritive material, the effects of cooking ujjon nutritive value and
digestibility, and related questions, as well as an investigation of the
fundamental laws of nutrition and the practical application of these
laAVs to the health and well-being of man. Particular attention is
given in this woi'lv to the hygiene, physiology, i>edagogics, and eco-
nomics of nutrition, with special reference to securing data which
will be of service in improving the diet of people of din'orenl age
and .sex living under varied conditions of occupation, climate, and
surroundings, aiul to accunudating information for tlie use oP
Icachei's and students.

During tlie ])ast year a.ttention has been ])aid i)articidarly to tliges-
lion expei'iments, cooking experiments, dietary studies, studies of
liic metabolism of ash constituents ol" food and the proportions re-
quired in the diet, and the jjcdagogics of nntrition. In addition to
I lie ex])erimental work a large amount of editorial woik has been
required for the calculation of the results of the experiments, foi'
the jireparation of experimental data foi- publication in technical
and popular form, and in similar ways.

The coo])erative investigations liaxc bciMi canied on at agricultural
('\p(M'iment stations, agricnltui'al colleges, and other institutions in
dill'erent pai'ls of the connti'y. the general pnr|)ose being to form
centers of in\estigalion foi- (he shidy of praclicul pioblcins at sueh

NUTRITION INVESTIGATIONS. 29

institutions as offer exceptional facilities and so systematizing the
work that it can be carried on from year to 3'ear as a part of a con-
sistent plan. Experience has shown that this method is very suc-
cessful and that the returns are large for the sums invested. In
considerable measure this is due to the generous support of the co-
operating institutions. These have contributed in some cases money
and in practically all cases the use of laboratories, chemicals, appa-
ratus, libraries, the advice and counsel of skilled experts, and similar
assistance, so that the Department funds available for nutrition
ATork have been materially extended. The value of association with
the Department in such work is highly appreciated by the cooperat-
ing institutions, as is shown by their readiness to continue the work
and by the numerous opportunities which arise for extending the
work should Department funds permit.

THE WORK AT DIFFERENT PLACES,

The Washington office, in charge of Dr. C. F. Langworthy, has
had the general supervision of the plans and expenditures of nu-
trition investigations during the past year, and, in cooperation with
collaborators, has made detailed plans for the various experiments
which have been undertaken. As in the past, editorial work has been
an important feature, and has included the final preparation of re-
ports for publication, and the preparation of popular bulletins and
summaries. The collection of bibliographical data relating to nutri-
tion has been continued, and also the preparation of abstracts and
reviews of the current literature of the subject, partly for use in
the Experiment Station Eecord and the series of Farmers' Bulle-
tins entitled " Experiment Station Work,'" and partly for such other
purposes as has seemed desirable in connection with the general in-
quiry. Many teachers, students, and specialists have been supplied
by correspondence and in other ways with information and data
which are not readily accessible in printed form, and data on nutrition
have been collected at the request of Members of Congress and of
different branches of the General Government. The increase in cor-
respondence, the growing demand for nutrition publications, and the
large number of requests for lectures and informal talks on the sub-
ject indicate that the popular interest in nutrition work is increasing
markedlv.

Under the immediate supervision of the Office a Farmers' Bulletin,
baeed on experimental and practical studies, was prepared by Miss
Maria Parloa on the cooking of vegetables. In a similar wav inves-
tigations on household methods of canning vegetables have been con-
ducted by Miss Isabel F. Hyams, of the Massachusetts Institute of
Technology, and by Miss Charlotte Bragg, professor of chemistry

30 KEPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

at Wellesley College, the object of this Avork being to secure data
for a F'armers' Bulletin. A Yearbook article on '' Fruit and Its
Uses as Food '' was prej^ared by C. F. LangAvorth}-, as Avell as a
report on the condition of nutrition investigations and similar
articles.

Three dietary studies at homes for the aged and two at orphan
asylums were undertaken l)v Doctor Langworthv and H. L. Knijiht,
in cooperation with charitable institutions in lialtimore. Md., with
a vieAV to obtaining factors for use in determining the relative
amounts of food required by the aged aiid by the young.

In cooperation with the Office, Miss Juniata L. Shepperd, of the
College of Agriciilliire of the University of Minnesota, has prepared
a summary of data on the ways in which the miti'ition in\'(^stigations
carried on iindei- (he auspices of the Department of Agriculture are
used bv teachers of home economics. i)articularlv in the aaiMcul-
tural colleges.

Prof. M. F. Jatt'a and his associates at the University of California
have continued their investigations on the digestibility of fruits and
nuts and their nutritive value when forming an integral jiart of a
mixed diet, as well as the effects of different amounts and combina-
tions upon the utilization of these food products. Owing to the
importance of the fruit and nut industry in California and the large
variety of fruits and nuts obtainable in that section, the University
of California is a particularly favorable place for such investigations
and the Avork has met with cordial support. In cari'ving on his
studies Professor Jaffa has made, during the fiscal year, twenty-five
digestion exi)eriments, which have also inchuled studies of the iii-
come and outgo of nitrogen. As a whole, his investigation-; have
shown that fiMiits and nuts are quite thoroughly digested and that
they nuiy be used as reasonably economical constituents of the diet
even in large amounts.

The investigations carried on at Wesleyan Fniversity, Middle-
town, Conn., by l*rof. F. G. J^enedict and his associates, have had to
do with the digestibility and food value of green curd and of Ameri-
enn CluMldar ('he(>se made with different amounts of rennet and cured
for diil'erent lengths of time, the ease and rai)idity of digestion of
cheese, and the value of this food as a source of energy. In studying
llic (piolion of energy, the AtAvater-Benedict respiration calorimeter
was used, as well as in investigations of the normal output of carbon
dioxid and heat and the oxygen int;d<(' of the lioily under a xariety
of conditions. The Dairy Division of the bureau of Animal Indus-
try cooperated in the cheese investigations, having furnished the
samples used and rendered material assistance in other ways.

In the LSI digestion exi)eriments in which fi-om 1^0 to 'J(H) grams
of cheese Averc taken per day Avith a basal ration of bread and fruit,

NUTRITION INVESTIGATIOlSrS. 31

it was found that the cheese was uiiil'unuly very well assimilated, and
no constipation or other physiological disturbances were observed.
In general the investigations have shown that cheese can be consumed
in liberal amounts hj healthy individuals Avith no disturbance, and
that this food material, Avhich is reasonable in price, may be used to
supply a large proportion of the protein of the diet when desirable.
The experiments with the respiration calorimeter indicate that the
energy of cheese is readily available for work, and that cheese does
not differ materially from other common food materials as regards
ease of digestion.

A technical bulletin was jDrepared for publication describing im-
provements which have been recently made in the respiration calorim-
eter, particularly devices for the direct determination of oxygen.
It also includes a report of the results of eleven experiments on the
metabolism of matter and energy.

Dr. Ednnnul C. Shorey, at the Hawaii Agricultural Experiment
Station, has continued his studies of the nutritive value of native
food products and his dietary studies wdth natives and other residents
of Hawaii. Data on the subject of tropical dietetics is limited, and
Doctor Shorey's investigations are regarded as an important con-
tribution to the subject.

The investigations- in charge of Prof. H. S. Grindley, at the Uni-
versity of Illinois, have, as heretofore, had to do with the changes
brought about by cooking in the nutritive value, flavor, color, and
texture of meat. This work has necessitated a study of the meat
extractives and other constituents of raw and cooked meat, and of the
bodies which produce the characteristic flavor of cooked meat. The
investigations have been conducted under very favorable conditions.
The university has supplied an especially well-equipped laboratory
for the work, and in addition has contributed in other Avays. The
meat used has been supplied free of cost by the Illinois Experiment
Station from animals bred, groAvn, and fattened under known con-
ditions. The department of household science of the university has
also rendered valuable assistance. During the past year thirty-five
cooking experiments have been made. In general the investigations
have shoAvn that it is possible to so control conditions that meat may
be uniformly roasted to any desirable degree, from very rare to ver}^
well done, and the methods can be readil}' followed in the household.
The flavor of roasted meat is largely due to the browning of the
meat extractives. The inevitable loss sustained when meat is roasted
is due largely to the evaporation of Avater and the removal of fat
Avhich melts and runs out into the pan.

Special attention has also been given to formulating the results
Avhich have been obtained in the meat investigations so that they may

32 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMEKT STATIONS

be of use to teachers of home ecoiioiuicss in agricultural coLeges and
other educational institutions.

At the University of Chicago Miss Edna Day has been studying
b}^ microscopical methods the comparative digestibility of raw and
cooked starch when supplied by a variety of food materials under
different conditions and related questions. As occasion has arisen
the Office of Experiment Stations has cooperated in the planning of
this work, the collection of data, and in other ways, and it is pro-
posed to publish the results of the investigation in the form of a
technical bulletin.

A I the University of Maine and the Maine Agricultural Experi-
ment Station, Director Charles D. Woods and L, H. ^Merrill have made
digestion experiments, each of six days' duration, with different
sorts of corn bread and other corn dishes made fi'om different types
of corn meal. In connection Avith this work special attention has
been paid to the metabolic products of the feces and to the com-
parative economy of corn and wheat products as sources of nutrients
{'.nd energy in the diet. As a whole, the investigations have shown
that the corn bread and similar corn products have much the same
digestibility as similar foods prepared from graham flour — that is,
they are somewhat less thoroughly digested than standard patent
flour bread. As a whole, however, they are reasonably inexpensive
sources of nutritive material, Avholesome and valuable for the variety
they give to the diet.

Professor Woods and Prof. Harry Snyder, of the ^linnesota Ex-
perijnent Station, on the basis of their investigations on the digesti-
bility and nutritive value of cereal breakfast foods, have prepared
a farmers' bulletin, published early in the year, which summarized
available information regarding the food value and place in the diet
of this class of food materials.

The investigations on the nutritive value of flours and other cereal
foods, carried on at the University of Minnesota and the Minnesota
Agricultural PLxperiment Station under Prof. Harry Snyder's direc-
tion, are simihir in scope to those made at the University of Maine,
the investigations being so planned that the work at each institution
sui)plements that at tli(> otiier. and the two together cover the broad
field of the nutriti\e \alue ol' ceieal foods as a class. Professor
Snyder has made twenty-four digestion experiments of four days'
duration, each with uicn. using crackers, cookies, and other cakes,
and siuiihir foods, with a a icw to determining tiie digestibility
of flour in other forms than bread \\iu'n foiining an integral part
of a sini|)l(' nii\i'(l diet. The investigations haxc shown on an aver-
age that the \aiious Hour })roducts tested differ little as regards
thoi'oughness of digestion from biead baked from standard patent
flour. In other words, they are directly comparable as sources of

NUTRITION INVESTIGATIONS. 33

nutrients and energy with white bread. As yet the question of
relative ease of digestion and related topics has not been considered
m connection with these food j^roducts.

The principal features of the work on the ash constituents of food,
at Columbia University, New York, by Prof. H. C. Sherman and his
associates, have been studies of the balance of income and outgo of
iron, calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, and nitrogen; dietary studies
with special reference to iron and the possibilities of increasing the
iron content of the diet when desirable without the use of expensive
foods, and estimates of the amounts of iron furnished in typical
dietaries. A bulletin reporting this work has been prepared for
publication.

At Teachers' College, Columbia University, Miss L. H. Stimson,
under the direction of Miss Helen Kinne, has made a study of the
culinary qualities of old-fashioned and new-process corn meal and
has summarized data on the nutritive value and uses of corn meal
and other corn products.

The results of investigations carried on by Prof. C. E. Wait, of
the University of Tennessee, have been prepared for publication
in two bulletins, one giving the results of an extended series of in-
vestigations on the digestibility and nutritive value of dried beans,
jDeas, and cowpeas, and the other the results of dietary studies of
families living in the mountain regions of Tennessee. The work
with dried legumes is particularly interesting and valuable, as it
demonstrates that these foods when w^ell prepared are very thoroughly
assimilated, and are economical and valuable sources of nutritive
material, especially protein. The high nutritive value of beans and
peas is quite generally conceded, but the cow^pea is little* known in
the United States as a food product outside of the regions where it
is grown, and Professor Wait's investigations, when rightly under-
stood, can hardly fail to increase the demand for this typical southern
food product in regions where it has hitherto been unknown.

PUBLICATIONS.

During the past year the food and nutrition publications issued
have included three technical bulletins, three Farmers' Bulletins, a
Yearbook article, and special articles and general summaries for the
Annual Report of the Office of Experiment Stations and similar
reports. The subjects treated in these publications are as follows:
Studies on the Digestibility and Nutritive Value of Bread and of
Macaroni at the University of Minnesota, 1903-1905; A Digest of
Japanese Investigations on the Nutrition of Man; Studies on the
Influence of Cooking upon the Nutritive Value of Meats at the Uni-
versity of Illinois, 1903-19-04; The Guinea Fowl and Its Use as

294b— 07 3

34 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

Food; Cereal Breakfast Foods; Preparation of Vegetables for the
Table, and Fruit and Its Uses as Food.

In addition two Farmers' Bulletins and one circular were ex-
tensivel}^ revised.

IRRIGATION AND DRAINAGE INVESTIGATIONS.

The organization of Irrigation and Drainage Investigations car-
ried on under this Office has been somewhat centralized during the
past year, a larger part of the work being directed from the Wash-
ington office. The work has continued under the general direction
of Dr. Elwood Mead, with C. G. Elliott as chief drainage engineer
and R. P. Teele in charge of the publications. Professor Fortier is
in charge of the Berkele}' office and of the work in California. The
Cheyenne office is maintained as headquarters for the work in irri-
gation extension in the semiarid regions, under the charge of F. W.
Roecling.

IRRIGATION.

In planning the work for the season of 1006 it was decided that
the work at all of the stations where investigations were being made
should cover certain general lines so far as possil)le, and that in the
future our publications should take the character of manuals upon
certain phases of irrigation practice and reports on irrigation condi-
tions and practice in particular localities rather than annual progress
reports.

Measurements of the quantity of water used by irrigators were
made on Stoney Creek, Cache Creek, and in the Imperial Valley in
California; under a numl)er of canals in the State of Nevada; in
the Wallawalla and Umatilla valleys in Oregon; at Twin Falls and
Idaho Falls in Idaho; on the Weber River in Utah, and in the North
Platte Valley in Nebraska. In Oregon, Utah, and in tiie Imperial
Valle}' in California the.se measurements included i-ecords of the
water turned into the canals as well as independent measurements
of the water turned on to particular fields, the aim being to deter-
mine (1) tlie duty of water with the losses from seepage and evap-
oration in canals added, aiid (•_') duly of water with all losses except
tho.se from evaporation and seepage in the lields eliminated. The
measurements in these last-named sections weie re(inested by State
authorities as iiii aid in tiie piopei' sett lenient oi" water lights.

The measui'enients in other loealities were made to obtain data
needed in perfecting a system of (listril)uting water- fi-om canals
among farmers. The great problem of ii-iigation in the West is
to increase the duty of water. The ultimate acreage which will be
reclaimed depends upon this. The (juautity of water llowing in
western streams can not be increased, but the acres which these

IRRIGATION AND DRAINAGE INVESTIGATIONS. 35

streams will irrigate can be extended by more skillful methods of
handling. So long as crop yields are not diminished, the greater
the economy in the use of water, the greater the value of streams, and
the greater the value of canals that distribute streams, but there is
a point where economy in the use of water cuts down the yield of
crops and then the increased value of the streams stops because
of lessened production and value of land.

The work of this Office is to determine the methods by which the
ultimate limits of profitable economy can be reached. During the
past year the advanced work along this line has been of two classes :
(1) An attempt to determine the exact amount of water used by
plants in the processes of growth, and (2) an attempt to determine
what are the limits of profitable economy in the use of water in the
ordinary field practice where the necessities of plants and certain
inevitable losses from seepage and evaporation must be provided for.

Work of the first class was carried on chiefly in California, and
that of the second class principally in Utah. The work in both Cali-
fornia and Utah was carried on in cooperation with the State and
the State experiment stations. In both cases arrangements were
made with irrigators in certain selected areas, who used water
according to schedules approved by the Office, or where the water
used was measured by the representatives of this Office. These ex-
periments promise to give very valuable data as to the water require-
ments of crops.

These measurements, like those of former years, show that in many
cases half the water turned into canals is lost in transportation.
Earthen canals are not impervious. The bottoms of many leak like
a sieve. Water has now become so valuable and the injury from
seepage water so serious that some practical method of lessening the
leakage from canals will be of great value to irrigated agriculture.
In 1906 the Office cooperated with the State Experiment Station
of California in some comprehensive tests of canal linings whicli
included cement, crude oil, and clay. The Office carried on similar
experiments in Oregon with oil, lime, manure, and other substances.
The results of one year do not give sufficient information on which
to base definite recommendations, and these will be continued the
present season.

Any method of practice which will lessen the water surface ex-
posed to the action of the air or restrict the time when a water-soaked
soil is exposed to the sun and wind will add to the area which a given
quantity of water will irrigate. Some of the experiments in Cali-
fornia were made to determine how much water could be saved
through applying the water below the surface or applying it in deep
and narrow channels where the wetted surface would be covered with

36 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

a mulch of dry soil iniinediately after irrigation ceases. To avoid
the uncertainties due to seepage losses, these experiments were car-
ried on in tanks 3 feet deep. It is found that in some instances the
losses would be decreased as much as 50 per cent, the saving being
equal to 10 to 20 per cent of the quantity applied. If these results
could be duplicated in field practice the}^ would make it possible to
increase the area irrigated by an equal percentage, and it is believed
they can be in the irrigation of orchards. Tlie principles underlying
this saving can be applied in modifying the methods of irrigating
grain and hay. The corrugated system of irrigation applied to the
irrigation of grain and hay fields in AVashington, for example,
requires less water and produces larger yields than the plan of
flooding the entire surface.

At Canyon City and Rockj^ford, Colo., demonstrations of the value
of irrigation through deep furrows and immediate covering of the
wetted surface after irrigation, added to clean and frequent cultiva-
tions of the soil, was carried on, the results being ver^^ favorable to
the decrease of water and the increase of cultivation.

Great activity in the settlement of the semiarid region withiji the
last few years and the repeated failure of similar earlier attempts at
settlement have made necessary a study of the irrigation possibilities
of this region. It is believed that onl}^ by making use of ;ill the
water Avhich can be secured by storing storm water and pumping
from wells for irrigation can a repetition of the earlier experiences
be prevented. We have, therefore, devoted a considerable part of our
funds to what has been termed " irrigation extension " work. A
farm was established at Cheyenne, Wyo., part of which has been irri-
gated only in the previous autumn when flood Avater was available,
and part irrigated during the summer with water pumped from wells,
and a part farmed without any irrigation. On this sijigle farm it
is possible therefore to compare the possibilities of flood-water irri-
gation, summer irrigation from wells, and intensive cidtivation to
conserve rainfall. The results in 1906 were most encouraging, large
crops being harvested from both the flood-irrigated and the sunnner-
irrigated fields and good crops from lands not irrigated. A similar
farm where all the water used was pumped from wells was estab-
lished in Chase County, Nebr., and farms were also maintained at
"Wichita Falls and Quanah, Tex. In addition to conducting these
farms information was collected as to wh:ii Ims already been done
in the way of irrigation from small water supplies throughout east-
ern Colorado. This study consisted in a mere collection of informa-
tion as to equipment, cost, and areas irrigated. In Wyoming, South
Dakota, and Montana a more thorough study of small storage was
made. In that section a number of small reservoirs have been made.

IRRIGATION AND DRAINAGE INVESTIGATIONS. 37

some of which are used exclusively for stock water and some of which
are used for irrigation. Full information as to plans of dams,
methods of construction, cost, and returns from the use of water was
collected and has been published. Many of these reservoirs are built
in drainage channels which carry water only during storms, and
indicate that there are great possibilities of extending the irrigable
area in the semiarid region by this means. Where such stored water
has been used for raising winter feed for stock it has been found that
winter range losses, which ordinarily amount to about 10 per cent,
have been practically^ eliminated, in many cases paying the entire
cost of construction in a single season, while the fresh vegetables and
fruit have not only added greatly to the comfort of ranch life but
have helped to solve the problem of keeping farm help, since it is
much easier to keep help where fresh food is available. The demand
for information has become so great that it is deemed advisable to
establish farms in other localities to serve both for determining the
possibilities of this class of irrigation and as demonstrations to
settlers who are pouring into the semiarid region from unirrigated
sections, of the methods which should be followed in securing a
water supply, and in putting it to use. It is planned to establish
such farms at Eads and Limon, Colo., and Newcastle, Wyo.

As a further aid to beginners in irrigation the agents of this Office
have, wherever possible, given personal advice to new settlers. It is
recognized, however, that it is not possible to reach any great number
of people by this personal method, and an especial effort has been
made to bring together in the form of a manual all that the settler
from the humid regions coming into an irrigated section needs to
direct him in his work under the new conditions. A previous bulle-
tin covering these subjects has been revised and a Farmers' Bulletin
giving this information has been issued and very widely distributed.

The measurements of the quantities of water used in the irrigation
of rice, which have been carried on for several years, Avere continued
in 1906.

A very large part of the water used in irrigation in the semiarid
region must be pumped from wells; in many sections of the arid
region further extension of the irrigated areas will depend on pump-
ing, while in the rice districts nearly all the water used is pumped.
There is, therefore, an increasing demand for information regarding
types of pumps and engines and their cost and efficiency. A large
number of tests have been made in California and Louisiana during
the past year to determine these points, the results having been pub-
lished in two bulletins. These will be followed by popular bulletins
giving such information as will enable farmers to secure the right
kind of machinery and operate it properly.

38 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

Of great importance to irrigators who depend on jd limping for
their water supply, and in general to those who apply power to farm
work, haye been the tests of the power yahie of denatured alcohol
carried on by this Office in the mechanical engineering laboratories of
Columbia University, under the direction of Prof. C. E. Lucke of
that university, and Prof. S. M. Woodward of this Office. These
experiments in the use of alcohol are of great importance to the
farmer not only because of its adaptation to his needs for power, but
also because the production of alcohol may open up a market for
many farm products now either unsalable or which can be cultivated
for this purpose at a profit.

The study of effects of irrigation laws, public administrative sys-
tems, and ditch regulations upon the economical use of water has
been continued during the year. This has been one of the most
valuable lines of work done by this Office. Since its beginning seven
States and Territories have adopted either whole or partial codes of
irrigation laws correcting, as far as possible, the evils pointed out in
our reports, and three other States have appointed commissions to
draft such codes. The reports of this Office have not only shown the
lack of harmon}' between existing law and the public interest, but
have pointed out the lines upon which new legislation should be
cast, and the new codes without exception follow these suggestions.
Canal companies have revised the rules under Avhich they distribute
w^ater, bringing them into harmon}' with the demands of the in-
dustry and in this wa}^ promoting economy in water.

It should be borne in mind that agricultural development in the
arid region is absoluteh' limited by the water supply, and that every
saving of water makes possible a proportional increase in the area
reclaimed. Every line of Avork followed in the irrigation investi-
gations of this Office has for its ultimate object this one thing — the
largest possible use of the water supply, which by nature is limited
in quantity. The carrying out of experiments and the making of
investigations are necessarily local and as a rule benefit the localities
where the work is done. But these benefits are only incidental. The
larger benefit comes to the country as a wliolc from a better use of
the resources on which the whole economic life of one-third the area
of the United States rests.

DRAINAGE.

The drainage work of this ()(lic(> covers two general fields: (1)
The wet lands in the arid region, which have been injured by seepage
water from canals and irrigated hinds, and l)y the accumulation of
alkali which usually attends the rise of the ground watei- with irri-
gation; (2) lands in the huniiil region which are too wet for agri-

IRKIGATION AND DRAINAGE INVESTIGATIONS. 39

cultural use, either from insufficient natural drainage, from overflow
of streams, or from flooding by tide waters.

A few years ago this Office made plans for the drainage of lands at
Fresno, CaL, which had been injured by the rise of the ground water.
The plans recommended contemplated the organization of the dis-
trict and the construction of large drains to relieve the whole area.
Landowners have not, however, been able to come together for the
carrying out of these plans, and experiments are being carried on to
determine what can be done by individual landowners in draining
small areas, even if general plans for the drainage of the whole area
are not carried out. The plan recommended is to put in drains lead-
ing to a sump, from which the water is to be pumped into the irri-
gating canal or shallow surface drains and carried awa3\ Similar
experiments are being made at Turlock, CaL, where the rise of ground
water is already threatening the ruin of the lands w^hich have been
irrigated only a few years.

Large areas in practically all of the irrigated valleys in Utah are
suffering from overirrigation and the accumulation of alkali. Ex-
periments are being made in a number of the valleys to determine
the best methods of relieving these lands of the surplus water and
the alkali. Experiments in Cache and Emery counties have demon-
strated that lands in those sections can be profitably drained. The
first experiments in Washington County have been only partially
successful, but will be continued with such changes as experience has
suggested. Four other experiments in different counties are not
completed.

The Yakima Valley in Washington also contains large areas once
fertile which have become too wet for cultivation. During 1906 an
investigation and surveys were made in the Moxee Valley along this
river, and plans made for the drainage of 4,500 acres of such lands.

Along the Colville River in Washington there are considerable
areas of overflowed lands. Surveys to determine the feasibility of
protecting these from overflow were made during the past season.
The area affected is 16,500 acres.

At Lexington, Nebr., lands in the valley of the Platte River are
suffering from an accumulation of drainage water from the higher
lands and the rise of alkali. In 1905 plans were made for the drain-
age of about 30 acres of this land, and in the spring of 1906 the
drains were put in in accordance with these plans. Observations to
determine the effect of these drains will be continued for a number
of years.

At Barstow, Tex., the irrigation of lands containing considerable
quantities of alkali with water also containing alkali has brought
about such an accumulation of alkali that the lands have ceased to

40 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

be productive. In 190G observations of the rise of ground water
were made and plans suggested for drains.

At Brownsville, Tex., the irrigation of rice for onlj^ a few seasons
has brought about such an accumulation of salt in the soil that the
industry has ceased to be profitable. Investigations have been made
there to determine whether the providing of drains will permit the
continuation of the raising of rice, which necessitates the saturation
of the soil for considerable periods.

Surveys of the Red River Valley, in North Dakota, covering Cass,
Traill, Grand Forks, Welsh, and Pembina counties, were begun in
1905 and completed in 1006. Plans for the main drainage of
1,500,000 acres in these counties have been made on the basis of the
surveys. Many of the farms in this valle}' will require internal
drainage, and it is a question whether tile drains will be successful
for this purpose. At Fargo, N. Dak., and Crookston, Minn., parts
of the State experiment farms are being supplied with tile drains
for the purpose of determining whether they will be efficient where
in the winter the ground freezes to depths of 5 or 6 feet.

The effectiA'eness of tile drains has not been demonstrated in the
black gumbo and buckshot soils of river bottoms, and experiments
are being made at Oswego, in the Xeosho Valley, Kansas, and at
Clover Hill, Miss., to determine this point. In both instances the
surveys are made by this Office and the drains are to be put in by the
landowners. Observations on the effectiveness of these drains are
being made by the owners and reports will be made to this Office.

The bottom lands of the Neosho River, in Kansas, from Imperial
to the State line were surveyed in 1906, for the making of plans for
correcting the river channel to protect the bottom lands fioni over-
flow and to carry off the surplus water. The area of lands to be
benefited by the work recommended is 200,000 acres.

Surveys were made of the Boggy Bayou in Arkansas to provide a
drainage outlet for 135,000 acres, the run-off from which collects in
a lake whose natural overflow outlet has been destroyed by the river-
levee system.

Surveys in the valley of the Kankakee River in Indiana and Illi-
nois, also begun in previous j^ears, were completed in 1906. The
upper part of this valley had previously been drained, and the work
done in 1906 was to determine the necessary changes in the river
channel to enable it to carry off the water from the upper valley and
to determine a system of drains for the lower valley. The area to be
benefited is approximately one-half million acres.

Surveys covering '200.000 acres in the Black Bayou in Mississippi
have been made to determine the feasibility of draining this area and
to make plans for this drainage if it seems feasible.

IRRIGATION AND DRAINAGE INVESTIGATIONS. 41

In Genesee and Orleans counties, in New Yorlc, general plans were
made for the drainage of the Oak Orchard Swamp, covering about
10,000 acres.

For a number of years the Sanitary and Drainage Commission of
Charleston County, S. C, has been draining the lowlands in the
vicinity of the city of Charleston, but this work has been more or less
fragmentary. During 1906 the cooperation of this Office in extend-
ing this work was asked, and surveys have been made covering an
area of 3G square miles of Christ Church Parish and a part of St.
Andrews Parish. The surveys in the latter parish are not yet com-
pleted. Plans were also made for the complete drainage of a 300-
acre tract which may be used as a substation of the State experiment
station.

For a number of years the drainage of the Florida Everglades has
been under discussion, and the legislature of that State at its last ses-
sion created a drainage commission to undertake the drainage of the
State lands within the Everglades. This Office has been asked to
assist in this work, and is making survej^s to determine the feasibility
of making and maintaining channels to relieve the Everglades of
their surplus water. Along with these surveys observations of the
depth of soil and other conditions which will determine the agricul-
tural value of the lands drained are being made. The Everglades
cover an area of 4,000 square miles, or 2,500,000 acres, which promise
to be ver}^ valuable for the raising of sugar cane if they can be
relieved of the surplus water.

The tidal marsh lands along the Atlantic coast are estimated to
have an area of about 1.000.000 acres. Part of these lands are near
large cities, and would have a very high value for market gardening
and the raising of fruit if they could be protected from the inva-
sion of salt water and relieved of the water draining onto them from
higher lands. The reclamation of these lands requires the building
of levees to protect them from the sea and the providing of internal
drainage to remove the excess water coming from higher lands.
The removal of this internal drainage water requires the construc-
tion of tide gates which will allow the escape of water at low tide
and also the installation of pumping plants to remove the water
below the level of low tide. Plans for the drainage of a small area
of tide marshes on Long Island were made in 1906 and examinations
of a number of levees which had failed were made to determine the
causes of failure. A discussion of this subject is found on page 373.

The carrying out of drainage plans in most instances requires the
cooperation of a number of landowners, and it has been found by
experience that such cooperation can seldom be secured except under
drainage-district laws providing for the organization of the land-

42 KEPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

owners for the assessment of benefits and damages and for the levying
of taxes to pay for the works. The drainage experts of this Office
have rendered vahiable assistance to State legishitures in securing
laws which will successfully accomplish the objects sought.

PUBLICATIONS.

During the fiscal year ended June 30, 1900, there were printed
three bulletins and one circular on irrigation and drainage. These
contained 089 pages of new matter.

There were submitted for publication, but not printed during the
fiscal year, five bulletins, one Farmers' Bulletin, and one circular.

PROMOTION OF AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION.

The rapid growth of agricultural education in colleges and schools
and the rapid development of a sentiment favorable to the extension
of agricultural features of instruction in all rural communities have
been reflected in the increased demands made upon the Office of
Experiment Stations for advice and assistance. The work of the
Office in this connection has become so varied that it has been deemed
best to divide the educational work into two sections. One of these
deals with the agricultural colleges and schools, the other promotes
the interests of the farmers' institutes and other forms of itinerant
extension work in agriculture. In the appropriation act for this
Depai'tment for the current fiscal year Congress provided for an in-
vestigation and report u])on the organization and progress of agricul-
tural schools in this country and abroad, but did not provide adequate
funds for carrying on this work. Under such circumstances the edu-
cational work of the Office could not be developed in anywaj'^ pro-
portional to the increasing demands for this Avork. Arrangements
were made, however, to devote practically all of the time of the
Expert in Agricultural Education, I). J. Crosby, to this work, ami
to give him some additional clerical assistance. Tn this way it has
been possible to review the literature of agricuhure and prepare
125 abstracts of important text-books, manuals, and other jMil)liea-
tions on this subject for the de])arlment of agricultural education in
the Experiment Station Kecoi'd, to assist in outlining courses of study
for the Georgia and Maryland agricultural schools, to attend a
number of important conventions, take part in conferences on agri-
cultural edu(;ati()n and lecture at teachers' institutes on elementary
instruction in agriculture, and to coiuplete a few publications on
educational topics. The ammal summary of (he progivss of agri-
cultui'al education has been lufpared and is included in this report
(p. 213).

PTlOMOTIOlSr OF AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION. 43

At the invitation of the committee on graduate study of the
Association of American Agricultural Colleges and Experiment
Stations, the Director of this Office acted as dean of the Graduate
School of Agriculture which held its second session at the College
of Agriculture of the University of Illinois in July, 1906, and was
in every way successful. The number of students was larger than
at the first session of the school and a larger number of specialists
in agricultural education and research took part in the instruction
and the conferences.

The land-grant colleges have had larger funds, more students, and
more graduates than ever before, they have added materially to their
general and agricultural equipment, they have made progress in the
differentiation of agricultural instruction and the organization of
faculties of agriculture, including special faculties for extension
work, and several of them have undertaken well-defined work in the
preparation of teachers of agriculture for secondary and primary
schools.

Additional secondary schools of agriculture have been started in
connection with agricultural colleges. Private and denominational
colleges have begun to organize secondary courses in agriculture.
A new agricultural high school has been started in Maryland and
eleven have been provided for in Georgia, and many of the normal
schools are organizing agricultural courses. Progress has also been
made in the introduction of agriculture into the public secondary
and elementary schools and in the preparation of text-books, man-
uals, courses of study, and other aids for teachers and pupils in agri-
culture.

Agricultural education is making friends ever^^where. The Presi-
dent of the United States, the Secretary' ot Agriculture, the governors
of several States, the presidents of some of the great universities, and
other officials high in the councils of the nation have given public
utterance during the year to their belief in the instruction of the
masses of our rural people along agricultural lines. Xumerous bills
providing for additional Federal aid to agricultural education of
different grades have been introduced at the second session of the
Fifty-ninth Congress, and the State legislatures have given in several
States large, and in many States substantial, aid to agricultural
colleges and schools and to itinerant agricultural enterprises of edu-
cational nature. The Association of American Agricultural Colleges
and Experiment Stations, the American Association of Farmers'
Institute Workers, the Xational Grange, the National Farmers'
Congi'ess, and other large associations of educators and farmers
have adopted resolutions declaring in unmistakable terms their be-
lief in agricultural education, and their desire that it receive more

44 REPOKT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

liberal support. And the neAvspapers and periodicals all over the
country have given expression to public sentiment in these matters.
This Office is endeavoring to aid this movement as a general agency,
cooperating with the other branches of this Department, the State
agricultural colleges and experiment stations, and the State depart-
ments of agriculture and education. It is hoped that in this way it
may be possible to incorporate speedily in courses of instruction in
agriculture whatever useful results are obtained in the research work
of the Department and stations, to l)ring the results of experience in
agricultural education at home and abroad to bear on the problems
connected with the development of a system of public education better
adapted to the needs of our rural communities, and to enable the rural
people throughout the country to understand what is required to
make their schools more effective and to take proper measures for
the enrichment of country life and the permanent prosperity of
American agriculture.

FARMERS' INSTITUTES.

The Farmers' Institute Specialist has continued to aid the State
directors by distributing literature, attending meetings of representa-
tive farmers, delivering addresses before farm organizations, aiding
in the preparation of publications, perfecting the organization of the
work of the Office, and conducting correspondence. During the
year eleven States and the Province of Ontario were visited and
twenty addresses were delivered. In addition to his annual report he
prepared for the printer copy for the following publications: List of
the State Directors of Farmers' Institutes and Farmers' Institute
Lecturers ; Legislation Relating to Farmers' Institutes in the United
States; and Agricultural Instruction for Adults in Continental
Countries. Pie also aided in the editing of the Proceedings of the
Tenth Annual Meeting of the American Association of Farmers'
Institute Workers, and the Course in Cheese Makino- for Movable
Schools of Agriculture.

The Office is also cooperating with the Association of American
Agricultural Colleges and Experiment Stations in conducting inves-
tigations for the purpose of ascertaining to what extent extension
work in agriculture is being done by colleges, schools, State depart-
ments of agriculture and education, agricultural organizations, the
press, and other agencies throughout the United States. The Farm-
ers' Institute Specialist has been made secretary of the standing
connnitt<'e of (he association and has conducted a large part of the
correspondence relating to this investigation."

n For :i n>iiorl i)f lliis coiiiinittee see U. S. Dopt. .Afxr.. Office of Experiment Sta-
tions Circ. 72.

FAEMEES' INSTITUTES. 45

To supplement the farmers' institutes by providing more definite
instruction on particular agricultural subjects the Office has under-
taken the preparation of short courses of from ten to twenty lessons
on a few selected topics especially adapted to different localities to be
given under the direction of competent instructors. In pursuance of
this policy a course in cheese making for movable schools of agricul-
ture, prepared b}^ L. L. Van Slyke, of the New York State Agri-
cultural Experiment Station, consisting of fourteen lectures with
references and a corresponding number of practice exercises, has been
published as a bulletin of this Office, and arrangements have been
made for the preparation of five other courses of a similar character.
Great care is being exercised in the preparation of these courses to
have them in proper pedagogic form. The difficulty of condensing
the courses into comparativel}' few lectures, at the same time insuring
their reasonably complete treatment, is partially overcome by the lib-
eral use of references to literature which will furnish a selected course
of collateral reading following each lecture and preceding each prac-
tice exercise. Such itinerant schools of instruction have proven very
successful in several European countries, and it is believed that they
can be made to serve a very useful purpose in this country in supple-
menting present agencies for the wider dissemination of agricultural
knowledge.

The statistics of farmers' institutes in the United States as com-
piled by the Farmers' Institute Specialist are included in a report
given on page 301. According to these statistics institutes are now
organized in all of the States and in all of the Territories excepting
Alaska. Institute meetings were held in all of the States excepting
Florida, Nevada, and Washington and the Territory of New Mex-
ico. The failure of the legislatures in these States and in this Ter-
ritory to provide for the maintenance of the institutes accounts for
their temporary discontinuance.

The total number of institutes held was 3,409 and the total number
of sessions 11,409. The total attendance at these institutes was
1,299,172, an increase of 403,980 over the attendance of the previous
year. The average number at each session was 114. The appropri-
ations for institute purposes amounted to $269,672. Fifteen States
reported round-up meetings, with an attendance of 24,598 ; 19 States
held special institutes, attended by 85,762; 13 States reporting upon
agricultural trains give an approximate attendance upon these trains
of 215,890. The aggregate attendance for the year, including the
regular institutes, the round-up meetings, special institutes, and rail-
road specials, was 1,625,422. The number of institute lecturers in-
creased from 995 in 1905 to 1,225 in 1906. Of these 342 were sup-

46 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

plied by the agricultural colleges and experiment stations, and they
contributed 3.119 days of time to lecture work.

The holding of examinations for farmer boys, with prizes ad-
mitting to the short course at the State agricultural college; peri-
patetic teachers of agriculture Avho visit rural schools and give in-
struction; railroad trains sent out as emergency specials; field dem-
onstration meetings; the organization of agricultural sections in
teachers' institutes; conducting stock and gi-ain judging schools;
the assignment of representatives of county school departments to
participation in institute work, and the enlargement of schools of
instruction for farmers' institute workers are some of the new fea-
tures of progress in ^he institute work of 1906.

The Eleventh Annual Convention of the American Association of
Farmers' Institute Workers was held in Baton Rouge. La.. November
12-14, 1906, and was attended by 116 delegates representing 37 States
and Territories and 4 of the Provinces of Canada. The proceed-
ings of this convention have been 2:)ublislied as a bulletin of this
Office (seep. 310).

In order that the Office may be in position to act efficiently as a
central rallying point and clearing house for the movement for wider
diffusion of education among the masses of our I'ural population,
it is necessary that the funds for its maintenance shall l)e largely
increased. When this is done it Avill be possible to aid the State
departments of agriculture and the agricultural colleges and ex-
periment stations in increasing the efficiency not only of the farmers'
institutes, but also of other forms of extension work in agricultural
education w^hich may be of value in connection with our educational
system.

In order to do this there is needed a force of experts to devote
themselves to the study of the pedagogical problems involved in
agricultural extension work; to consult and cooj)erate with the State
authorities and leaders in education; to prepare publications, charts,
and illustrative material for use in extension work, and to make
demonstrations of proper methods for such work before representa-
tive assemblies in the various States.

PUBLICATIONS.

The publications of the Office may be conveniently grouped in four
main classes: (1) Experiment Station Record, which gives a tech-
nical review of the current literature of agricultural investigation
throughout the world ; Experiment Station AVork. which is pub-
lished periodically in the Farmers' Bulletin series of the Department
and gives a popular summary of some of the more salient practical

PUBLICATIONS. 47

results of the work of the experiment stations ; and a monthly list of
experiment station publications, which is now regular^ published by
the Office. (2) Publications relating to the food and nutrition of
man, reporting or based upon the results of nutrition investigations
conducted under the auspices of the Office. (3) Publications relat-
ing to irrigation and drainage, giving the results of the irrigation
and drainage investigations of the Office. (4) Miscellaneous pub-
lications, including those relating to agricultural education in gen-
eral, as well as farmers' institutes, proceedings of the Association of
American Agricultural Colleges and Experiment Stations and of the
American Association of Farmers' Institute Workers, annual reports
of the Director of the Office of Experiment Stations, the Card Index
of Experiment Station Literature, and similar publications.

During the past fiscal year the Office published 71 documents, not
including revised reprints, separates, etc., aggregating 5,128 pages.
These documents include 11 numbers of the Experiment Station
Record, 1 bulletin of the Alaska Experiment Stations, 14 technical
bulletins, 3 bulletins of the Porto Rico Experiment Station (English
and Spanish editions), 5 bulletins of the Hawaii Station, 2 reports,
10 Farmers' Bulletins (including 6 numbers of the subseries Experi-
ment Station Work), 5 circulars, and 5 articles for the Yearbook of
the Department. Two other numbers of the Experiment Station
Record, 6 technical bulletins, 1 report, 1 bulletin each of the Alaska
and Hawaii stations, 2 Porto Rico Station bulletins, 1 Farmers'
Bulletin, 1 circular, and several miscellaneous documents containing
about 1,500 pages were prepared and submitted for publication before
the close of the fiscal year. Copy for 1,200 cards of the index of
experiment station literature was prepared during the year. The
number of index cards distributed has reached 26,900. The amount
received from the sale of index cards during the year was $195.97.
The policy of reprinting separates of individual articles contained in
larger reports has been continued with satisfactory results. Thirty-
three such separates, aggregating 1,269 pages, have been reprinted in
editions of varying size to meet the actual demands for the articles.
Several of the earlier technical and Farmers' Bulletins of the Office
were exhausted during the year and were reprinted, in many cases
with complete revision or more or less additions and corrections.
Eleven of the earlier numbers of the Experiment Station Record were
reprinted in limited editions to complete sets.

The report of the Department Editor for 1906 shows that 2,304,750
copies of the publications of this Office were issued during the past
fiscal year, of which 2,025,000 were Farmers' Bulletins.

48 KEPURT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

INCOME.

The income of the Office (hiring the past fiscal year, derived wholly
from appropriations by Congress, was as follows :

For the general business of the Office (including fanners' institutes) — $55, 700

For the Alaska Experiment stations 18,000

For the Hawaii Experiment Station^! 15.000

For the Porto Rico Experiment Station 15.000

For nutrition investigations 20,000

For irrigation and drainage investigations 74.200

Total 197, 900

WORK AND EXPENDITURES OF THE AGRICULTURAL

EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

By A. C. True and E. W. Allen.

The year 1905-6 was one of unusual activity among the experiment
stations. The increased State api^ropriations received by several of
the stations provided for the enlargement of their work and the intro-
duction of new features, and the passage of the Adams Act increasing
the Federal appropriation necessitated a large amount of prelim-
inar}^ work in the way of perfecting plans, adjusting the working
force, providing facilities, etc.

The passage of this act was not only the most important event of
the year to the experiment stations, but was the most significant and
far-reaching event of any year since the stations were established.
It marks a distinct era in the life of the stations and in agricultural
investigation. It not only provides increased funds for the station
work, but it stipulates that this shall be of advanced character. It
has served to draw attention sharply to a consideration of what con-
stitutes scientific research in agriculture as distinguished from the
mere acquisition of empirical knowledge. The result has been a
general uplift in the conception of the duties and responsibilities of
the stations, and a stimulation of activity in all the more advanced
lines of investigation. The stations were in great need of additional
funds for the development of their work to meet the popular demands
upon them; but the most imperative need of agriculture was for
research of a thorough and fundamental character, to lay the founda-
tion for intelligent and improved practice. The activities of the
stations had led up to this and had made it imperative if the stations
were to keep abreast of the demands upon them.

An inevitable result has been the setting of a higher standard of
qualifications in station workers, a more general realization of the
prime importance of the worker in investigation, and the necessity
of a broad and thorough scientific training as preparation for this
work. It is now realized as never before in the history of the sta-
tions that the first requirement is for well-trained men capable of
planning and successfully carrying on the work of the various de-
partments; and as the supply of men with such qualifications was
considerably below the demand, there was a considerable shifting of

294b— 07 4 49 '

50 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

men from one station to another when the new departments came to
be organized. A larger number of men thoroughh' trained as agri-
cultural investigators is the greatest need of agricultural investiga-
tion to-day, and the provision for this advanced work which has been
made by the Adams Act will stimulate men to prepare themselves
for this field of activity.

One of the tendencies of recent years has been to restrict the in-
struction given by the station force to a small amount, leaving
them free to devote their best energies to experiments and investiga-
tion. In several instances there has been a movement toward pro-
viding a ])ractically separate staif for the station work, whose mem-
bers should be either entirely free from teaching or only called upon
for a small amount of advanced instruction. This tendency has been
increased by the passage of the Adams Act and the provision for a
larger amount of research, for it is recognized as impracticable for a
man to carry on the two kinds of work with equal efficiency. For
administrative reasons, also, the provision of a force of men whose
duties are primarily connected with the station is often an advantage.
The time is past when the needs of the station work can be satisfied by
consulting experts or those who give only fragments of time to it,
and with the increased appropriations which are now being received
from the General Government and from tlic States, there seems every
reason w^hy the station work should be organized on the basis of the
greatest efficiency, irresj^ective of the instruction work of the college.

PROGRESS OF THE STATIONS.

The States as well as the General Government have recognized the
increasing importance of the station work and its local value. This
is evidenced by increasing special appropriations for maintenance
and by liberal approjiriations for buihlings.

The Xew Jersey Station was placed in charge of an appropria-
tion of $350,000 for work looking toward the extermination of the
mosquito, and in Kentucky a feed-inspection law went into operation
which, it is expected, will yield the station about $15,000 a year. In
Illinois, where the station has received $05,000 a year for several
years, the amount was increased by $10,000. In Iowa over $80,000
was given, mainly foi- extension of the dairy :ind live-stock work.
The Ohio Station received $100,900 for (he biciuiial period; the Min-
nesota Station. $:'.7.000: Nebraska, $-J0.0()0: Missoliri, $15,000, and
Utah, $i!l.O()0. Iji .Mai'vland the aimual apjirojn-iation was increased
from $5,000 to $10,000, and $4,000 was given for horticultural experi-
ments. In all, the stations received from the States and other sources
than llic Federal a|>|)r()|)iMn( inn a total of $1,057,40'2.1l'. making the
jrrantl total from State and Federal sources $'J,017,-402.12.

PROGEESS OF THE STATIONS. 51

Agricultural buildings, to be used by both the colleges and the
stations, were either appropriated for or comj^leted during the past
year in Idaho, Iowa, Minnesota, New York, Oklahoma, Vermont,
and Virginia. The Iowa building is expected to cost when com-
pleted $275,000. The Cornell building is being constructed in parts,
with a State approj^riation of $300,000. A considerable number of
other buildings for special departments were also provided. Among
these are a horticultural hall in Kansas, a chemical building in
North Dakota costing $48,000, a dairy building in Mississippi, a
$40,000 building for the botanical department in Massachusetts, cat-
tle and hog barns and a farm mechanics building in Missouri, and
an insectary in Minnesota.

The Florida Station w^as moved during the year to its new loca-
tion at Gainesville, and although this has involved some temporary
interruption of the station work, it is believed that its new plan of
Avork will eventually prove of greater benefit to the varied agricul-
tural interests of the State. In California a farm has been acquired
in the Sacramento Valle}^, which will be used by the college and sta-
tion jointly, adding quite materially to the facilities of the station.
The main building of the University of Idaho was destroyed in the
spring of 1906, and with it the offices, laboratories, collections, and
library of the station. A new agricultural building is in process of
erection, which will afford improved facilities for the station.

The additions to the equipment of the stations in 1906 included
buildings valued at nearly $170,000, and amounted in the total to
approximately $347,000.

SOME FEATURES OF STATION WORK.

The breeding of plants for improvement in quality or yield, for
adaptation, resistance to disease and drought, and for various other
jjurposes continues to occupy much attention. The results of this
work have aroused popular interest in it, and it is looked to as a
means not only of raising the quality and yield, but of extending
farming in the drier regions and of adapting special crops to new
localities.

The improvement of seed corn by selection and by greater attention
to general quality has resulted in great benefit in the corn-growing
regions, and out of it has grown a widespread interest in breeding
for some sj^ecial qualities. The work has spread to a great variety
of other crops and caused attention to be given to the kind of seed
used.

The breeding work has also taken account of the use to be made of
the crop, its suitability, and its adaptability to the demands of the
market. This has led to studies of the milling and baking qualities

52 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

of wheat, for whicli luiiiialure Hour luilLs and bakeries have been in-
vStalled, to the making of macaroni from durum wheats, and the like.
The use of sweet potatoes for starch making and tests of the special
qualities of the product, studies of the drying of hops for the market,
and the making of sugar from specially bred cane are other examples
of this technok)gical investigation which is becoming a conspicuous
feature of station work. This is simply in pursuance of the logical
contention that a broad conception of agricuUural investigation and
of the means of advancing agricultural interests involves a con-
sideration of the best utilization of farm products, as well as the most
efficient and economical methods of production.

In connection with the most important feature of agricultural
technology, namely, dairying, there has been much progress during
the past year in improving the sanitar}' condition of market milk,
in determining the practicability of the milking machine, in the
American manufacture of Camembert and Roquefort types of cheese,
which are now extensively imported from abroad, and in demon-
strating the value of cold storage for cheese, especially as applied to
products which would otherwise be of a very low grade. The Wis-
consin Station has demonstrated the practicability of recovering the
fat from whey at Sw'iss cheese factories as whey butter, the i)ractice
of which would add $150,000 a year to the value of dairy products in
that State alone.

The extension of the area of general agriculture or of special crops
is also a notable feature of station work. The development of dry
farming has received a great impetus in recent years, and the com-
mercial features of this development have been much in evidence.
The stations have had a very active part in working out the crops
and culture methods for these dry areas, and have been supported
by State appropriations which ha\(' enabled them to maintain many
branch farms and demonstration fields. Their work is undoubtedly
contributing in large measure to a safe and sane solution of arid
farming, which is fraught with grave danger to the uninformed
settler.

The date-palm orchai'd in Ai'izona, iu cooperation with the Bureau
of riant Industry, yielded a crop of about ;i,()()() pounds of dates this
year, which were pronounced of excellent quality'.

The Arkansas Station has demonstrated that as far north as the
central |)()rti(tn of the State rice can be grown w ith success on prairie
lands under irrigation. Stands of alfalfa and I'ed clover are now
secnrccl in ninny localities of the Northwest whei'i' pi'ior to station
investigations u\h)U the subject ellorts to grow these crops were
generally regarded as useless. The area of successful cultui'e of
alfalfa has also been largely extended in tlu' East. In Oklahoma,

PROGRESS OF THE STATIONS. 53

where Bermuda grass grown from seed is a failure, the station has
selected hardy strains of this plant and has worked out an easy
method of proi^agating it by means of sod planting.

The improvement of tobacco b}^ breeding, its culture, and its cur-
ing are receiving attention from a number of stations, with note-
worthy results. A new method of corn culture, which diminishes the
size of the stalk by stunting the growth in the early stages by with-
holding cultivation and fertilizers, has been tested with success by
several of the stations in the South. Under certain conditions the
method appears to give increased yields of corn, with much less
fodder.

The large amount of attention to problems relating to the soil and
to soil fertility is one of the newer developments in station work.
This work is not confined to systems of management, rotations, cul-
ture, and the economical use of fertilizers, but extends to funda-
mental studies of such factors as humus, humus formation, the biol-
ogy of the soil, the agency of micro-organisms in rendering materials
available to plants, the associative action of these organisms, and a
variety of other questions of first importance to a clearer understand-
ing of this great subject. In several States appropriations have been
made for soil surveys, including a study of the soil types. These
studies are usually supplemented by field experiments to determine
the methods of improvement, carried out on various soil types and in
pot cultures at the station. Closely related to this work is the study
of inoculation for legumes, which has been in progress for some time
and is continued to learn more about the conditions of inoculation
and the cultures, the effect of nitrogen assimilation upon the compo-
sition and growth of the plant, and a variety of other questions.

The concerted action throughout the Southern States under the
cooperation of the Bureau of Animal Industry and with a Federal
appropriation, looking to the eradication of the tick transmitting
Texas fever, is a very important development in its jDractical and
scientific aspects. This effort grew in large measure out of the initi-
ative of the stations in working out methods for successful eradication
and in arousing public interest in the matter. The stations are tak-
ing an active part in this work and are contributing by their labora-
tory studies of the tick's habits, as well as b}^ assistance in actual
eradication.

The year has been marked by increased attention on the part of
the stations to the scientific study of farm sanitation in farmhouse,
stable, and dairy, and there has been further growth of the tendency
toward the development of more advanced studies of the funda-
mental principles of the nutrition of farm animals, as exempli-
fied probably in their highest form in work with the respiration
calorimeter.

54 EEPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

The amount of work done over the several States is constantly in-
creasing. A part of this is through branch stations maintained by
State appropriation, a part through temiv)rary stations, and a great
deal through direct cooperation with farmers. In Illinois investi-
gations on soil fertility problems are conducted at no less than 25
places. The Indiana Station carries on cooperative experiments with
over 700 farmers, representing each of its 92 counties. In Missouri
corn improvement work is conducted with over 100 farmers, and in
Nebraska there is cooperative work with about 1,800 farmers. In all
the States the stations are working in direct contact with their con-
stituents and are having a great influence on the improvement of their
practice.

DISSEMINATION OF INFORMATION.

During the year the stations published 418 circulars and bulletins,
and 45 annual reports, aggregating 17,501 pages, and amounting to
y,000,000 copies. In addition to this, a large number of more fugitive
publications Avere issued, i^opular articles prepared for farm papers,
and the like. The stations, as a rule, report rapidly growing mailing
lists and increasing correspondence, and in some cases the demands
of this nature have been more than they could meet. The publica-
tions of the stations are widely referred to in the agricultural press
and in modern books on agricultural topics, so that the station, work
as a whole is being given wide publicity and is exerting a widespread
and potent influence.

The special train continues to be an import^int means of reaching
the farmer and teaching better methods. This has been operated
extensively in the Middle Western States for several years, notably in
Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, and Nebraska, niid during the last
year or two lias been introduced in llic Kast. in Maryland and in
New England. The ])opularity of tlu>se (rains has been as great in
the East as in the West, and the results i)r()bably equally important.

But to adequately j^rovide for (he wieler dissemination of infor-
mation among the farming i)e()])le and (he introduction of improved
methods, earnest efl'orts are being niadi' to establish agricultural
extension woi-k, organized as a special branch of the agricultural
work and on such a liasis as to relievi' (he stations of nnieh of the
burden which- now rests n|)on them. This t'xtension work is recoo--
nized as strictly <'(luea(ional in chai-acter. and heiire not coming prop-
erly within tlie -colic of the elation when carrieil on svstematicallv ;
and its grade and methods di tlerent iate it Irom that of (he colleo-e
work projHT.

In Iowa an e.\(ension department lias been organized unclei' a
State appropriation and is in acti\e operation. It has a corps of

INSPECTION OF THE STATIONS. 55

workers of its own and supplements the work of both the college
and the station, extending the influence of both. Such a depart-
ment can render the work of a station more efficient by relieving it
of certain miscellaneous duties, and make it more effective by carrying
the results directly to the farmer.

STATISTICS OF THE STATIONS.

Each of the States and Territories, including Alaska, Hawaii, and
Porto Rico, has at least one experiment station receiving Federal
aid. In Connecticut, New Jersey, New York, Hawaii, Missouri,
Alabama, and Louisiana separate stations are maintained wholly
or in part by State funds or by private contributions. A number of
substations or branch stations are also maintained in several States.
Excluding the substations, there are now GO stations in the United
States, 55 of which receive appropriations provided for by acts of
Congress. These stations have in their employ 950 administrative
officers and scientific workers.

The total income of the stations maintffined under the act of 1887
during 1906 was $2,017,492.12, of which $960,000 was received from
the National Government, and the remainder, $1,057,492.12, from
State governments, individuals, and communities, fees for analyses
of fertilizers, sales of farm products, and miscellaneous sources. In
addition to this, the Office of Experiment Stations had an appropria-
tion of $197,900 for the past fiscal year, including $18,000 for the
Alaska experiment stations, $15,000 for the HaAvaii Experiment Sta-
tion, $15,000 for the Porto Rico Experiment Station, $20,000 for
nutrition investigations, $74,200 for irrigation and drainage investi-
gations, and $5,000 for farmers' institutes.

INSPECTION OF THE STATIONS.

The inspection of the operations of the experiment stations has
continued to be one of the most important features of the work of
the Office. In this the Office represents the Department in the gen-
eral administration of the funds given by the Federal Government,
and seeks to promote the work of the stations in a broad way.

The inspection is of broader character than the term would imply.
It is not confined to an examination of the accounts and a scrutiny of
the financial reports, but extends to the various activities of the sta-
tions and to their relations to other agencies in the State. This
diversity is practically necessitated by the terms of the law which
places the general supervision of the stations in the hands of the
Secretary of Agriculture. This stipulates that in addition to pre-
scribing the form and detail in which the expenditures shall be

56 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

reported, he shall " ascertain whether the expenditures under the
appropriation * * =i= a^.p jj^ accordance with the provisions of
the said act" (the Hatch Act), and shall make a report upon these
matters to Congress.

The determination of the legality of the expenditures involves a
consideration of the whole business and work of the stations, their
efficiency, relations, and general influence, for no fixed rules can be
laid down as to the kinds of supplies which may be purchased, the
amounts which may be spent for salaries, for administration, for
labor, for heat and light, and other expenses of maintenance. These
are all incidental to the carrying out of the purposes of the act, and
hence the determination of whether these purposes are being realized
requires the general consideration of the administration, the work,
and the influence of the stations in each individual case. A station
might comply with the letter of the law so far as its expenditures
were concerned, and its work still be of a negative value, and hence
the kind and amount of work in progress, the methods of procedure,
and the results which are being obtained are gone over in considerable
detail on the occasion of the annual visits to the stations.

The relation of the stations to the colleges of agriculture with
which they are connected also receives careful attention, especially
the division of salaries of station men who are also instructors in
the college, the purchase of equipment, maintenance of buildings,
live stock, farms, orchards, etc. The prime functions of the colleges
and the stations are distinct, and each have appropriations espe-
cially for their l)enefit. Although the operations of these institutions
necessarily run into each other and overlap to a considerable extent,
it is found feasible and practicable to separate the legitimate expenses
of each class so that the P^ederal funds of the stations will be used
exclusively for station work', and not in ihi' general maintenance of
facilities for teaching. (Jreat progress has been made in this dif-
.ferentiation and tlie attitude of the colleges is very generally liberal.

There arc numerous adjustmt'nts between the colleges and the sta-
tions whicli could not l)e insisted upon under the law, but have to
be brought about by an api)eal to good policy and the interests
involved; and these things are ob\ iously Ijcst accomplished through
personal conferences. A very material change of attitude has been
effected in mnncrous instances, which is working to the advantage of
the stations in greater liberality or a more favorable arrangement
of teaching duties or in other ways.

Another point of inquii-y is as to the inspection work of various
kinds which is assigned to the stations by State laws. This inspec-
tion includes a great varietv of materials such as foods, feedino-
stuffs, fertilizers, insecticides. i)aints, nursery stock, seeds, etc. It has
a rather intimate relation to the general functions of the stations.

INSPECTION OF THE STATIONS. 57

and it is often an advantage to the stations in that it helps to bring
them into closer relations with the farmers and to establish them
more firmly as agencies for their protection from fraud, as well as
for the working out of their agricultural problems. But since this
service is purely State police work, the Department has held that
the Federal funds should not be used for it, and that it must be so
organized as not to interrupt or interfere with the activity of the
stations in their more legitimate field. As the States have not
always made adequate provision for this inspection work, the rela-
tion of the stations to it has required quite constant attention.

The position which the stations occupy leads them to be called
upon for a variety of other services not within their legitimate do-
main, and the restrictions placed about the Federal funds by the
Department have served to hold these demands in check. The at-
tempt is made, w^hile taking a broad view of the functions -of the
stations under the Hatch Act, to see that their funds, as far as the
Federal appropriations are concerned, are restricted quite closely
to expenses directly connected with the work of experimentation and
investigation and the dissemination of the results. The Hatch Act
is so broad in its language that without a quite close construction
the funds might readily be dissipated for a variety of work, undoubt-
edly useful to the people, but which would in a large measure pre-
vent the stations from realizing their true function. While the De-
partment's construction has not been free from objection, its position
is now generally recognized and has helped greatly in convincing the
States that they must assume the burden of certain kinds of work.

In a general way the insj^ection of the stations is going on through-
out the year. The annual visitation is the most important means of
keeping informed as to the station work and business, general condi-
tion and progress, plans for the future, and the like; but there is
steady correspondence with the stations throughout the year upon
matters of policy, progress of work, use of funds, etc. And at the
end of the 3^ear the financial reports are carefully examined in the
light of the inspection reports and other data. This examination
involves a considerable amount of work, as it can not be assigned to a
purely clerical force, and requires much correspondence in order
that the approval or disallowances maj^ be made on an intelligent
basis. But taken in connection with the general attitude of the
Department, it has prevented dissipation of the Federal funds and
has resulted in a steady development of the stations in point of
efficiency, grade of work, and concentration of effort. The wisdom
and advantage of this are now recognized by station officers and
workers generally, who have found in the Office a champion of their
cause and a promoter and defender of their highest interests.

58 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

In another capacity the Office serves as a central agency of the
stations, being in advisory relations with them to a constantly increas-
ing extent. This is promoted by its broad knowledge of the general
conditions in the States, the trend of development in relation to agri-
cultural experimentation and education, and the needs of this work.
It has stimulated State appropriations to supplement Federal funds,
especialW for practical demonstrations, the application of known
facts to local conditions, the maintenance of branch stations, and the
like. It has set up a high standard for the station work, has urged
the provision of improved facilities for that work, and pointed out
the requirement for thoroughly trained men on the station staffs. On
account of its acquaintance wdth the station workers as a whole, and
with the character of their work apart from that which had reached
publication, it has been able to offer much assistance to stations in
recruiting their forces with men adapted to their needs.

In its relations with the stations, therefore, the Office lays quite as
much stress upon stimulating the stations to develop along lines of
increasing efficiency and usefulness as it does upon the inspection of
their funds to guard against their being diverted from proper uses.
Its functions in this respect were given increased importance by the
passage of the act of March 16, 1900 (popularly knoAvn as the Adams
Act), which also conferred upon the Department larger authority in
the administration of the funds appropriated.

THE ADAMS ACT.
The text of the Adams Act is as follows:

AN ACT To provide for ;in incivasivl iimmal appropriation for agricultural experiment
stations and re;i:iilalintr tlie expenditure thereof.

Be it enacted hy the Senati and Jloiisc of Representatlces of the United States
of America in Congress assembled. That there shall he. and herehy is, annually
appropriated, out of any money in the Treasury not otherwise a])propriated,
to he ]K\\(\ as hereinafter provided, to each State and Territory, for the more
complete endownient and niainlen.-mce nf ;ii,'rirn!tural experiment stations now
estahlished or whieh may hereafter i)e estahlished in aecordance with the act
of Congress aiiproved March second, eighteen hundred and eighty -seven, the
sum of five thous.nnd dollars in addition to the sum named in said act for the
'year ending .Iiiiic thirtieth, niiirtecii h\iiidred and six, and an anniial increase
of the amount t)f such .•ipi)roi)riation theri'after for five years hy an additional
sum of two thousand dollars over the ]ireceding year, .and the annual amount
to he paid thereafter to each Stat*' and Territory shall he thirty thousand dol-
lars, to he ,i])i>lied only to i>aying the necessary expenses of conducting original
researi'hes or «'xperiments Itearinu' direelly on the agricidtnral industry of the
Ignited States, having due regard to the varying conditions and needs of the
respective States or Territories.

Sec. '_*. That the sums herehy apiiroj""';'*""'! to the States and 'I'crritorles for
the further endowment and snppoi'l of agricidtur.al exi>criment stations shall
be annually paid in equal tjuarterly payuiouts ou the iirst day of January, April,

THE ADAMS ACT. 59

Jul}', and October of each year by the Secretary of the Treasury, upon the
warrant of the Secretary of Agriculture, out of the Treasury of the United
States, to the treasurer or other officer duly appointed by the governing boards
of said experiment stations to receive the same, and such officers shall be
required to report to the Secretary of Agriculture on or before the first day of
September of each year a detailed statement of the amount so received and of
its disbursement, on schedules prescribed by the Secretary of Agriculture. The
grants of money authorized by this act are made subject to legislative assent
of the several States and Territories to the purpose of said grants : Provided,
That payment of such installments of the appropriation herein made as shall
become due to any State or Territory before the adjournment of the regular
session of legislature meeting next after the passage of this act shall be made
upon the assent of the governor thereof, duly certified by the Secretary of the
Treasury.

Sec. 3. That if any portion of the moneys received by the designated officer
of any State or Territory for the further and more complete endowment, sup-
port, and maintenance of agricultural experiment stations as provided in this
act shall by any action or contingency be diminished or lost or be misapplied,
it shall be replaced by said State or Territory to which it belongs, and until so
replaced no subsequent appropriation shall be apportioned or paid to such State
or Territory ; and no portion of said moneys exceeding five per centum of each
annual appropriation shall be applied, directly or indirectly, under any pretense
whatever, to the purchase, erection, preservation, or repair of any building or
buildings, or to the purchase or rental of land. It shall be the duty of each
of said stations annually, on or before the first day of February, to make to the
governor of the State or Territory in which it is located a full and detailed
report of its operations, including a statement of receipts and expenditures, a
copy of which report shall be sent to each of said stations, to the Secretary
of Agriculture, and to the Secretary of the Treasury of the United States.

Sec. 4. That on or before the first day of July in each year after the passage
of this act the Secretary of Agriculture shall ascertain and certify to the
Secretary of the Treasui'y as to each State and Territory whether it is comply-
ing with the provisions of this act and is entitled to receive its share of the
annual appropriation for agricultural experiment stations under this act and
the amount which thereupon each is entitled, respectively, to receive. If the
Secretary of Agriculture shall withhold a certificate from any State or Terri-
tory of its appropriation, the facts and reasons therefor shall be reported to
the President and the amount involved shall be kept separate in the Treasury
until the close of the next Congress in order that the State or Territory may,
if it shall so desire, appeal to Congress from the determination of the Secretary
of Agriculture. If the next Congress shall not direct such sum to be paid, it
shall be covered into the Treasury ; and the Secretary of Agriculture is hereby
charged with the proper administration of this law.

Sec. 5. That the Secretai-y of Agriculture shall make an annual report to
Congress on the receipts and expenditures and work of the agricultural experi-
ment stations in all of the States and Territories, and also whether the appro-
priation of any State or Territory has been withheld ; and if so, the reason
therefor.

Sec. G. That Congress may at any time amend, suspend, or repeal any or all
of the provisions of this act.

Approved, March 16, 1906.

Under the provisions of this act the several States and Territories
each received $5,000 last year, making a total of $-240,000. As the

60 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

act passed late in the year, only a short time remained in which to
plan for the expenditure of this fund, and this period was mate-
rially lessened by events following the passage of the act, the history
of which is necessary to an understanding of the use made of the
funds in 1906.

HISTORY OF FIRST YEAR'S APPROPRIATION.

Immediately upon the signature of the bill by the President tele-
grams were sent to all the stations notifying them of this fact, and
the following circular letter was then mailed :

March 20. 190G.

Dear Sir : You are doubtless informed of the passage of the Adams bill and
its signature by the President, making it a law. The funds of this year will
become available to the several States and Territories upon the assent of the
legislature to the provisions of the act, or of the governor in case the legis-
lature is not in session. This assent should be forwarded to the Secretary of
the Treasury, and should designate the beneficiary of the fund and the rate of
division in States where it is to be divided. The treasurer or officer of the
board designated to receive the fund should qualify by furnishing the usual
credentials. As payment of the fund is to be made upon the warrant of the
Secretary of Agriculture, a copy of the assent sent to the Secretary of the
Treasury should be forwarded to this Office in order that the initial steps may
be taken.

I inclose a copy of a circular letter from the Secretary of Agriculture, re-
lating to the Adams Act and its administration. [See beyond.] Copies of the
act will be mailed as soon as printed, aud the new financial schedules will fol-
low a little lattT. These will necessitate a separate account being kept of the
Adams fund, but the classification of expenditures will remain unchanged.
Very truly, yours,

E. W. Allen,
Acting Director.

Some weeks later it was learned that the Secretar}' of the Treasury
had called upon "the Comptroller for a decision as to whether the
initial appropriation under the act became available in the fiscal
year 1900, and that the Comptroller had indicated an adverse opin-
ion. This fact was communicated to the stations in the following
circular letter, which had the effect of suspending plans for using the
fund :

April 21. inOC.
To the Directors of the Agricultural Experiment Stations :

Doubt has arisen as to whether the stations will receive any portion of the
Adams fund this fiscal year. The Comptroller has under consideration the
question whothor the act apiilies to the present fiscal year, and has indicated an
adverse opinion. In view of the present uncertainty, stations are warned
against incnrriii.t: expense under this new tiiiid nntil the matter has been
settled.

Very truly, yours, . A. C. True, Director.

THE ADAMS ACT. 61

The opinion of the Comptroller upon the points raised by the
Secretary of the Treasury is as follows :

April 7, 1906.
The honorable the Secretary of the Treasury.

Sir : In your communication of March 27, 1906, you request an expression of
my views upon the questions which you therein present as follows :

I have to invite your attention to "An act to provide for an increased annual
appropriation for agricultural experiment stations and regulating the expendi-
ture thereof," approved March 16, 1906, copy inclosed ; and in connection there-
with to "An act donating public lands to the several States and Territories
which mav provide colleges for the benefit of agriculture and the mechanic arts,"
approved July 2, 1862 (12 Stat., p. .503) ; and to "An act to establish agricultural
experiment stations in connection with colleges established in the several States
under the provisions of an act approved July 2, 1862, and of the acts supple-
mentary thereto," approved March 2, 1887 (2-1 Stat, p. 440).

Relative to the provisions of the act of March 16, 1900, the views of the
Comptroller are requested as follows :

1. The annual appropriation for experiment stations having already been
made for the fiscal year 1906 in the agricultural act of March .3, 190.5 (.33 Stat.,
p. 881), including appropriations for Alaska. Hawaii, and Porto Rico, does the
first annual increase of .$5,000 for each State and Territory become available for
the fiscal year 1906, with yearly increase thereafter, as provided in the act, up^
to the maximum of $.30,000; and does said act of March 16. 1906, provide for a
specific annual appropriation from the Treasury for the full sums to be paid
each State and Territory?

2. As Alaska. Hawaii, and Porto Rico appear not to have established col-
leges for agriculture and the mechanic arts in accordance with the act of July
2, 1862, yet have established experiment stations under approjiriations made
annually for several years in the agricultural appropriation acts, does the act
of March 16, 1906, apply to those stations?

The bill reads :

That there shall be. and hereby is, annually appropriated, out of any money
in the Treasury not otherwise appropriated, to be paid as hereinafter provided,
to each State and Territory, for the more complete endowment and maintenance
of agricultural experiment stations now established or which may hereafter be
established in accordance with the act of Congress approved :March second,
eighteen hundred and eighty-seven, the sum of five thousand dollars in additiou
to the sum named in said act for the year ending June thirtieth, nineteen hun-
dred and six, and an annual increase of the amount of such appropriation there-
after for five years by an additional sum of two thousand dollars over the pre-
ceding year, and the annual amount to be paid thereafter to each State and
Territory shall be thirty thousand dollars, to be applied only to paying the
necessary expenses of conducting original researches or experiments bearing
directly on the agricultural industry of the United States, having due regard to
the varying conditions and needs of the respective States and Territories.

Sec. 2. That the sums hereby appropriated to the States and Territories for
the further endowment and support of agricultural experiment stations shall
be annually paid in equal quarterly payments on the first day of January, April,
July, and October of each year by the Secretary of the Treasury, upon the war-
rant of the Secretary of Agriculture, out of the Treasury of the United States, to
the treasurer or other otticer duly appointed by the governing boards of said
experiment stations to receive the same, and such oflicers shall be required to
report to the Secretary of Agriculture on or before the first day of September of
each year a detailed statement of the amovuit so received and of its disburse-
ment, on schedules prepared by the Secretary of Agriculture. The grants of
money authorized by this act are made subject to legislative assent of the several
States and Territories to the purpose of said grants: Provided, That payment of
such installments of the appropriation herein made as shall become due to any
State or Territory before the adjournment of the regular session of legislature
meeting next after the passage of this act shall be made upon the assent of the
governor thereof, duly certified by the Secretary of the Treasury.

62 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

This bill became a law ou the ir.th of March. 190ti. While its language is
somewhat obscure ou the questious raised by you, yet reading the bill as a whole
it appears to be reasonably certain that the first annual increase of $5,000
therein provided for the agricultural experiment stations for the States and
Territories is not available for the present fiscal year 1!)0(). It is found in an
independent act, not in a regular annual ai)pr(ii)riation bill. It is provided in
section 3 of the act " that the sums hereby appropriated * * * shall be
annually paid in equal quarterly payments on the first day of January, April,
July, and October of each year * * *." it would be a physical impossibility
to comply with this provision for the present fiscal year.

Section 4 thereof provides :

That on or before the first day of July in each year after the passage of this
act the Secretary of Agriculture shall ascertain and certify to the Secretary of
the Treasury as to each State and Territory whether it is complying with the
provisions of this act and is entitled to receive* its share of the annual appropria-
tion for agricultural experiment stations under this act and the amount which
thereupon each is entitled, respectively, to receive. * * *

It is apjiarent from this language that the first payment under the terms of
the act should be made to those States and Territories complying with its terms
on July 1 next. This will throw the payments for ■a year all within a given
fiscal year, resulting in the payments being made at the beginning of a quarter
instead of at its close.

The appropriating chmse of the act. fcmnd in section 1. reads :

That there shall be, and hereby is. annually appropriated, out of any money
in the Treasury not otherwise ai>propriated. to be paid as hereinafter provided,
to each State and Territory, for the more complete endownuMit and maintenance
of agricultural ex])eriuu'nt stations now established or wliich may hereafter be
established in accordance with the act of Congress approved March second,
eighteen hundred and eighty-seven, the sum of five thousand dollars in addition
to the sum named in said act for the year ending June thirtieth, nineteen hun-
dred and six. and an annual increase of the amount of sut-h approiuMation there-
after for five years by an additional siun of two thousand dollars over the pre-
ceding year, and the aiunial ainoiuit to be paid thereafter to each State and
Territory shall be thirty thousand dollars, * * *

The language " in addition to the sum named in said act for the year ending
June thirtieth, nineteen liundrcd and six * * * - js evidently used as de-
scriptive of the ^l.l.OOO carried for each agricultural experiment station in the
api)ropriation act for tlie fiscal year lOOt!. and not intended to make tlie appro-
priation therein provided applicable to tlie present fiscal year.

If a connna had separated the words "act" ;nid "for." suiirn. Congress
would have evidenced its intent to make the apimiprialiun of .$.">.(KK> carried for
the first year to each station ai>i)Iicable to the fiscal year l!M)t;. lint the comma
is not there. Punctuation may be supjilied to make an act intelligible and oiiera-
tive. but shoulil iint be supi)lie(l by constfuctinii wIkmi ils cffecl wimlcl be to con-
fuse and make a bill wiiolly or iiartially inoperative. Sucii would be the case if
the conmia were supplied in (be langiiasc suiira. I tberet'ore answer your first
question in the negative.

There is nothing in the act to evidence the intent of Congress to ajipropriate
more than th«> ."f."i.(t(i(> to c;icli experiineiit station aiuiually for the jieriod of five
years and an aiuuial incri'ase tbcrciif of ."s'J.uoii |)cr ye:ir for five years. The agri-
cultural ex]terinient stations in .Maska. Hawaii, and Porto Rico were not estab-
lished in accordance with the act of Congre.ss of March 2. 1887. but by independ-
ent act ; hence they do not fall within llie class <»f cxi)eriinent stations for which
the appropriations in this bill were intended.

I therefore have to answer yotn* last question in tlic negative also.

Respectfully,

II. .). TUACEWELL. CoinptroUer.

THE ADAMS ACT. 63

Upon receipt of this opinion at the Department of Agriculture an
argument was presented to the Secretary of the Treasury as a basis
for reconsideration of the Comptroller's ruling, and evidence was
presented to indicate the intention of Congress in passing the act.
To this the Comptroller replied as follows :

Treasury Department,
Office of the Comptroller of the Treasury,

Washington, April 28, 1906.
The Honorable Secretary of the Treasury.

Sir : I am in receipt, by the hand of your private secretary, this day, of the
communication of the Acting Secretary of Agriculture to you, dated the 17th
instant, in which he requests that I be directed to reconsider my decision of the
7th instant, as regards my holding that the appropriation made in the act of
March 16, 1906, entitled "An act to provide for an increased annual appropria-
tion for agricultural experiment stations and regulating the expenditures
thereof," did not become operative until the beginning of the next fiscal year.

On the 23d instant the Secretary of Agriculture submitted the following
request for a decision :

By the terms of the act of Congress approved March 16, 1906, entitled "An
act to provide for an increased annual appropriation for agricultural experiment
stations and regulating the expenditures thereof," is a specific annual appro-
priation made from the Treasury for the full amounts to be paid each State and
Territory under the terms of the act?

In the consideration of the latter request I had occasion to review my decision
of the 7tb instant, being the one which I am now requested to reconsider. On
such review I arrived at the same conclusion set forth in the decision of the 7th
instant as to the availability of the appropriation in question for the present
fiscal year. I inclose you a copy of said latter decision.

If the contention of the Secretary of Agriculture is correct as to the intent of
Congress to make an appropriation of $5,000 for each agricultural experiment
f.tation for the present fiscal year 1906. that intent could easily have been evi-
denced by some appropriate and intelligible language, and then for future years
provide, as the bill does provide, that the sums therein appropriated, which
include the $5,000 appropriation, shall be paid quarterly, as therein provided.

I must in construing acts of Congress take the language used, and all the
language of a bill, and not the individual intent of some person, or give undue
importance to any particular word or phrase. Applying the ordinary and usual
rules of interpretation to the act in question, I am still of opinion that my con-
struction thereof in the decision of the 7th instant is correct.
Respectfully,

(Signed) R. J. Tracewell, Comptroller.

In view of these opinions of the Comptroller that the act did not
carry an appropriation for the fiscal year 1906, the Secretary of
Agriculture addressed the following letter to Senator Proctor, chair-
man of the Senate Committee on Agriculture, a duplicate of which
was also sent to Hon. H. C. Adams, the author of the bill, together
with an amendment which it was proposed to add to the agricultural
appropriation bill, interpreting the act and making it applicable to
the fiscal year 1906 :

May 1, 1906.

Dear Senator Proctor : I am sending you herewith copies of decisions of the
Comptroller of the Treasury dated April 7, 1906, and April 28, 1906. You will

64 EEPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

note that the Comptroller will uot reeetU; from his construction of the law that
the act of Congress approved March 1(>. inOO, commonly known as " The Adams
Act," appropriates no money for the fiscal year 1906, and that the item of .fo.OOO
is not availahh' until the fiscal year 1007, with an increase each year for five
years until the year 1012, when the appropriation will be $15,000. It was the
understanding of the Department, and this understanding was general among
the experiment stations, that the bill as passed appropriated $5,000 for the fiscal
year 1906, and a good many of the stations will he handicapped if this money,
is not made available.

In this connection I inclose a provision which, if added to the appropriation
bill for the Department, will make the sum of $5,000 available for the fiscal
year 1906.

Very truly, yours, • (Signed) James Wilson,

Secretary.

Hon. Redfield Proctor,

United States Senate, WusliiiKjton, D. C.

[Inclosure.]

Provided, That the act of Congress approved March 16, 1906, entitled "An act
to provide for an increased annn;il appropriation for agricultural experiment
stations and regulating the expenditure thereof," shall be construed to appro-
priate the sum of $5,000 for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1906, the sum of
$7,000 for the fiscal year ending June 30. 1907, the sum of $9,000 for the fiscal
year ending June .30. 190S, the sum of $11,000 for the fiscal year ending June 30,
1909, the sum of $i:!,000 lor the fiscal year ending June 30. 1910. and the sum of
$15,000 for the fiscal year ending June ;50, 1911, to be paid as provided in the
said act to each State and Territory for the more comitlete endowment and
maintenance of agricultural expcrini(>nt stations now established or which may
hereafter be established in accijrdance with the act of Congress approved ^larch
2, 1887.

Owing to the consideration of the provisions for meat inspection
which were incorporated in the agricultural appropriation bill, that
bill was not passed until the closing da}^ of the fiscal year. As soon,
however, as the conferees had agreed upon the bill — June 29 — the
stations were advi.sed of the fact by telegraph. They actually had,
therefore, less than two days in which to ai'rango for spending the
first ajipropriation under the act. hut in (|uite a large number of
cases work had been begun soon after the act was passed and con-
siderable expense incurred, and in dther cases plans had been laid
lor the lines of work to be inidertaken and orders made out for
apparatus, scientific books, etc., which would be necessary to the con-
duct of these investigations.

A circular e.\i)1aining the limitations of the fund, the period for
which it was available, etc., was mailed on .Tune .'?0. Following is a
copy of the circular:

Junk .30, 1906.

To the DutECToits oi iiii; Acitii n.i lEtAi, IIxitkimk.nt Stations:

I'nder an ainrniliiicnl i;iri-if(l liy llif nu'rirnlt nr;il ,ippro|iri,iIinn ad jitissed
June 29, the benefits of llw Adams .\ct are made to apply to the fiscal year

THE ADAMS ACT.

65

ending June 30, 190G. Each State and Territory will receive the full amount of
the tirst year's appropriation — .$."),000 — and any unexpended balance will be
deducted from succeeding payments.

Since the passage of the above act construing the Adams Act it has been pos-
sible to secure a more liberal interpretation as to the period to which the first
year's appropriation can be applied. The Solicitor of the Department holds that
the rider on the agricultural bill construes an act which went on the statute
books March 16, 1906, and hence that the fund directed to be paid for the
fiscal year 1906 " is available for piiynient of all proper expenses from March 16,
1906, to and including June 30. 1906."

In a considerable number of cases it appears that stations have incurred
expenses in anticipation of receiving the Adams fund, or have already .started
investigations under the Adams Act. Where practicable, such expenses may be
charged to this first apin-opriation under the act. Apparatus, material for per-
manent equipment, books, etc., ordered prior to July 1 will be construed as con-
tracted for and may be paid for out of the Adams fund for 1906. but in all
such cases evidence should accompany each voucher that the materials were con-
tracted for before the close of the fiscal year. A copy of the order for the
materials will be regarded as satisfactory evidence. Bills for goods so pur-
chased should not be dated back, but should bear the date of delivery of the
goods.

All Adams fund vouchers should be clearly indicated as such, either by a
stamp or otherwise. Schedules for reporting expenditures from both the Hatch
and the Adams funds will be sent out in a few days. In future it is planned to
have the financial reports on both funds made upon a single schedule, but the
uncertainty of this year prevented the printing of schedules in this form.

The Adams fund for the coming fiscal year (1907) will be $7,000. It is the
intention of the Treasury officials to combine the first installment for that year
with the quarterly installment of the Hatch fund.

Very truly yours, E. W. Allen,

Acting Director.

Under the conditions and in the short time remaining, four of the
stations found it impracticable to use any of the fund last year;
eighteen others, as shown in the following table, reported unex-
pended balances, which under the law have been deducted from the
appropriation for the folloAving fiscal year.

rucriicndcd hahuicoi of Adams fiiitd, fl.sval year ended June 30, 1906.

Alabama .$2, 9S0. 11

California 73. 16

Delaware 2,949.66

Idaho 1,817.96

Indiana 5,000.00

Maryland __1 236. 11

Michigan 3,308.40

Montana 2,582.87

Nevada 227. 06

New York (Cornell) 117.15

Ohio 1,485.98

294b— 07 5

Oklahoma $5,000.00

Oregon 5,000.00

Pennsylvania 4.59

Rhode Island 2, .53.5. 80

South Carolina 1,439.88

South Dakota i 5,000.00

Texas 2,123.09

Utah 178.06

Virginia 2.05

Washington 3,919.89

West Virginia 2, 140. 88

66 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

«

The classified summary of expenditures given on jiage 210 indicates
the manner in Avhich the first j^ear's appropriation was expended.
As the money became avaihible so hite in the fiscal year it was used to
a very large extent in providing facilities for the investigations and
researches to be inaugurated under the act. These facilities consisted
to a ver}^ large extent of scientific apparatus, laboratorj' equipment,
special implements and machiner}^; scientific books and periodicals,
and in some cases of live stock purchased with special reference to the
requirements of the new investigations. In this way a large amount
of necessary equipment was obtained, which was frequently one of the
first requirements in inaugurating the Avork.

In the examination of the expenditures of the stations under this
fund, the character of the material i^urchased, and its relation to
investigation as distinguished from the routine work of the stations,
has been made a subject of special inquiry. Xo charges for mis-
cellaneous supplies, live stock for general purposes, supplies and
fixtures for the administrative offices of the station, and the like,
have been permitted. Special care has been exercised to confine the
expenditures allowed to those directly connected with investigation
already in hand or planned for. From our examination of the
accounts and the fi.nancial reports upon this fund it is, in general,
clear that the money has been wisely and judiciously expended in
a manner that will greatly facilitate the new investigations and
relieve subsequent ai)propriations.

ADMINISTRATION OF THE ADAMS ACT.

The Adams Act places the general administration of the fund in
the hands of the Secretary of Agriculture, and gives him duties
connected Avith it which are not carried by the Hatch Act. The
quarterly payments are 'to be made " upon the warrant of the Secre-
tary of Agriculture,"' and the act directs that the treasurer, or other
officer appointed b}' the governing boards of the stations, shall
" report to the Secretary of Agriculture on or before the first day of
September of each 3'ear, a detailed statement of the amount so re-
ceived and of- its disbursement, on schedules ])rescribed by the Sec-
retary of Agriculture."' It further j^rovides that "the Secretary of
Agriculture shall ascertain and certify to the Secretary of the Treas-
ury as to each State and Territory, whether it is complying with the
provisions of tliis act and entitled lo receive its share of the annual
ap|)r()j)riati()n." It states specifically that "■ the Secretary of Agri-
culture is heicby charged with the pi-ojxM- administration of this
law,'' and provides that he "shall make an annual ivport to Congress
on the receipts jind exju'iiditures and work of the agricultural
experiment stations in all of the States and Territories, and also

THE ADAMS ACT. 67

whether the appropriation of any State or Territory has been with-
held, and if so the reason therefor."

In accordance with the authority so conferred, a circular letter
was issued by the Secretary of Agriculture to the experiment sta-
tions, outlining the policy of the Department with reference to this
fund, calling attention to the character of expenditures to which the
fund is restricted, and designating the Director of the Office of
Experiment Stations as his representative m all matters relating to
the business of the Department in connection with the administra-
tion of the law. The text of this letter is as follows :

Makch 20, 1906.
To the Directors of the Agricultural Experiment Stations:

Congress having passed the Adams bill, which provides for an increased an-
nual appropriation for agricultural experiment stations, and the measure having
lieen approved by the President, it becomes my duty to undertake the adminis-
tration of this law.

In order to facilitate the prompt and effective organization of worlv under
this act and to provide for a proper accounting for expenditures authorized
by said act, I have prescribed a schedule for the report of such expenditures
for the fiscal year ending June .30. lOOf!. and until further ord(>rs. in accordance
with section 2 of said act. Copies of this schedule will be sent later.

The Director of the Office of Experiment Stations is hereby designated my
representative in all matters relating to the business of this Department in
connection with the administration of this law. and the Olfice of Experiment
Stations will aid in promoting effective work under this act in the same general
way as it has heretofore in relation to the Hatch *Act.

Under the terms of the act it will be necessary that a sepai'ate account of
the Adams fund shall be kept at each station, which should be open at all
times to the inspection of the Director of the Office of Experiment Stations or
his accredited representative.

In the interpretation of this act and the examination of the work and ex-
penditures of the stations under it, I have instructed the Director of the Office
of I"]xperiment Stations to be guided In* the following principles:

The Adams fund is "to be applied only to paying the necessary expenses of
conducting original researches or experiments bearing directly on the agricul-
tural industry of the United States." It is for the " more complete endowment
and maintenance " of tlie experiment stations, presupposing the provision of a
working plant and administrative officers. Accordingly, expenses for admin-
istration, care of buildings and grounds, insurance, office furniture and fittings,
general maintenance of the station farm and animals, verification and demon-
stration experiments, compilations, farmers" institute work, traveling, except
as is immediately connected with original researches in progress under this
act, and other genei-al expenses for the maintenance of the experiment stations,
are not to be charged to this fund. The act makes no provision for printing
or for the distribution of pulilications. which should be charged to other funds.

In order that there may be no doubt as to the disposal of the Adams fund,
each station should outline a definite programme of experimental work to
which it will devote this fund, and expenses for other work should not be
charged to it. The work contemplated by this act will, as a rule, necessarily
cover more than one year, and changes in the programme once adopted should

68 REPORT OF OFP^ICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

not be made until the problems under investigation have been solved, or their
solution definitely shown to be inipraeticable. This will give ample opportunity
for making plans for winding ui) any piirtieular piece of work and beginning
another with such deliberation as will provide for the suitable and economical
expenditure of this fund without resort to doubtful expedients or expenditures.
It is much to be desired that this fund shall be a strong incentive to the careful
choice of problems to be investigated, thorough and exhaustive work in their
solution, and the securing of permanent and far-reaching results on \Ahich can
be safely based demonstration and verification experiments leading to the
general improvement of farm practice in many particulars.

No change will be made in the attitude of this Department toward expendi-
tures under the Hatch Act. The Hatch fund should be as carefully guarded
as ever, and be devoted to substantial experimental work and the printing and
dissemination of the results of such work.

The increased liberality of the Federal Government in providing for the
endowment of research and experimentation in agriculture should be a further
incentive to the States and local couununities to supplement these funds for
the extension of demonstration experiments, farmers' institutes, agricultural
colleges, schools, and coiu'ses of instruction, and the general education of the
rural communities along industrial lines, in order that the masses of our
farmers may be so educated frdiu cni'Iy youth that th(\v will appreciate the
benefits of original research and experimentation ;is applied to agricultural
problems, and be able to appropriate in the most effective manner for their
own benefit and the general welfare of the nation whatever practical results
are obtained from the work of the agricultural experiment stations.
Very truly, yours,

James Wilson, Sccretaru-

As many questions arose "regarding the kind of work provided for
by the Adams Act and the character of expenditures appropriate
under it. it was deemed wise for the Office to pass upon the investi-
gations proposed to be undertaken with it before the work was en-
tered u])on and expense incurred. The object of this was to avoid
misunderstancHng of the interpretation phtced upon the act by the
Department, and to guard against expenditures which it might be
imj^o.ssible to approve at the ('k)se of the yenv. A circuhtr was there-
fore i.ssued, outlining the metliod of procedure in inaugurating work
undei- this new fund, and calling foi- the presentation of a list of the
projects, giving their aim, general character, and approximate ex-
pense. The following is a copy of the circular sent to all the sta-
tions:

tiubjvrt: J'rojcct.f under llir AduDis fund.

April 30, lOOG.
To the DiKECTORs of the Agrkui.tcu.m. Experiment Stations:

The circuhir Icltcr of the Secretary of .VgiiciiUiuc issued March 20, relative
to the ,\dams fund, suggested th;it " e;icii station should outline n definite pro-
gramm<> of experimentnl work to which it will devote this fimd." The dr.iwing
up of such a progranune slionld be the initial step in preparing for work under
the new fund, jind this should lead to a careful choice of problems, definite and

THE ADAMS ACT. 69

specific iu character, ami phinued to involve thorough and exhaustive investi-
gation. It is important that the scientific spirit of the new act should be
appreciated. In planning for work under it, "original researches or experi-
ments " should be contemplated rather than activities of a more general or
miscellaneous character.

Since under the ruling of the Comptroller of the Treasury the benefits of the
Adams Act will not be derived until the beginning of the new fiscal year, there
will be more time for considering and matiu-ing plans for work under it. These
plans are the more important, as they will presumably be for work to be contin-
ued for some time and will continue the basis for the expenditures. The
project will be the determining factor iu the matter of charges which will be
legitimate under the fund ; hence it is important that these projects should be
definite and specific and sharply differentiated from the general activities of
the staticm. In this way it will be possible to outline a budget for the expendi-
tures and to make an intelligible showing of the use to which the funds are
being put.

Obviously only a few projects can be planned for at present, as they will
usually be rather large, important undertakings, involving considerable expense,
and it is essential that suOicient funds be allotted to each so that the investiga-
tions may be carried out in a thorough and effective manner. Our investigation
work in the past has freiiuently suffered from lack of sufficient definiteness of
plan and from shortage of funds at critical junctures. Under the new fund
interference from the latter cause should be guarded against, and the mapping
out of the plans for work under each i)roject in considerable detail will be a
material aid to the investigators themselves and to the administrative officers
of the stations as well. Such plans should have a definite object, should not be
too broad in their scope, and should contain a statement of the probable
expenses, including salaries from the Adams fund. The latter should be based
on the proportion of time of the several workers which the projects will call
for. While no expenses for general administration can be allowed from this
fund, administrative officers who are conducting investigations under it may
receive a part of their salaries from that source, the same as any other station
worker.

As an illustration of the manner in w^hich these projects may be outlined, a
memorandum is inclosed of one in our nutrition investigations, showing the
method taken in this Ofllce to fix the scope and character of the undertaking,
the amount of work to be performed, and the estimated expense. Some such
plan would appear to be not only feasible in experiment station work, but a
practical necessity.

It is such a programme as this which the circular letter of the Secretary of
Agriculture contemplates. It will furnish the basis for an examination of the
work and expenditures under the Adams fund, as provided for in the act. In
order to promote a clear understanding upon the kind of work which may be
regarded as appropriate, and the expense involved, it is suggested that a copy
of the programme of each station be sent to this Office for inspection as soon
as it has been completed. Obviously it will not be our intention to determine
what lines of work it will be most advisable to undertake with the fund in the
several States, but only to reach such an agreement as to the character of work
to be undertaken imder this act as will facilitate the passing of intelligent
judgment on the legitimacy of expenditures of the Adams fund.
Very truly, yours,

A. C. True, Direct or.

70 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

PKOJECT.

A study of the relation oT various foods and diets to the amount of muscular
work performed by men. This iuvestisation to be made through metabolism
experiments in the respiration calorimeter.

Estimated expense for titc fiscal i/car oidi)!;/ Jiinr 30. 1906.

Salary of expert in charge a $1. 800

Salary of analyst "750

Salary of editorial assistant and tabulator "750

Salary of stenographer « 300

Salary of temporary assistants ^ — "500

Construction of modifications in api)aratus — • 500

Repairs to iii)!)aratus .- 100

Chemical and other supplies 300

Total 5,000

Not less than twenty experiments should be made during the year, with
analyses of food and feces, and detailed calculation of results and preparation
of report.

The wisdom of this plan has been fully evidenced by the corre-
spondence which has followed the issuance of the circular. This
correspondence has brouoht out a considerable diversity of opinion
as to Avhat constitutes original investigation in agriculture, and has
enabled the Office to illustrate clearly its ideas in a wide range of
cases. This action has, moreover, resulted in a widespread discus-
sion of the subject of agricultural investigation among various
classes of station men, which has led to a clarifying of views and
a higher conception of the ultimate importance to agricidtural prac-
tice of more systematic and fundamental research. The outlining
of the projects in a clear and dehnite way, with a plan for their
continuance until a definite answ^er has been secured, has also been
beneficial to the station workers, and has served to systematize the
plans of the stations themselves.

It is gratifying- to report that there has been very general accept-
ance and approval of the high standard established by the Office for
the work under this fund, and the plan of procedure adopted. The
administration of this fund was the most important theme dis-
cussed by the Association of American Agricultural Colleges and
Experiment Stations at its convention at Baton Kouge in Xovember,
190G, and received nnich attention. There was a broad discussion of
the subject of agricultural ivsearcli. its relation to the other activi-
ties of the experiment station and to the general public. There
was a general disposition to recogniz(> the great opportunity ])re-
.sented by this act, wholly apart from I lie legal r(>quirements which

" Only a jmrtion of the tim(> of those pi>rsons 1o be <»mi)loyed on respiration
calorimeter work U>r the Department.

THE ADAMS ACT. 71

it carries, and to realize in full measure the provision it makes for
adding to our fund of definite scientific knowledge in agriculture.

The general attitude of the association was well expressed in the
report of the new standing connnittee on station organization and
policy, which is composed of the following representative station
directors: E. Davenport, of Illinois, chairman; C. D. Woods, of
INfaine ; W. A. Henry, of Wisconsin ; H. J. Waters, of Missouri ; M.
A. Scovell, of Kentucky, and C. E. Thorne, of Ohio. This report
states that —

The committee found itself in accord with the Office of Experiment Stations
in regard to the general scope of investigations that can properly he under-
taken under the Adams Act. There has been during the year the most cordial
relation and a very complete understanding between the committee and the
Office of Experiment Stations in regard to the policy to be pursued, and the com-
mittee heartily indorsed the letters and circulars of the Office relative to the
Adams Act.

While the committee deemed it impracticable at that time to deter-
mine in detail the kinds of work to be fostered under the new fund,
it laid down the following broad proposition :

It is evidently the intention of the Adams Act to provide the means for carry-
ing on investigations of a relatively high order with a view to the discovering of
principles and the solution of the more difficult and fundamental problems of
agriculture. To this end it is very desirable that careful attention shall he
given to the choice of definite problems to be studied and the methods by which
the solution of these problems is to be sought. Investigations in connection
with which there is good reason to expect the establishment of principles of
broad application should be preferred to those which have only local or tem-
porary importance or from which only superficial results are to be obtained.

The ideal college should be symmetrical, in that it is equally developed in all
lines. A station need not be symmetrical. One or two strong departments are
better than many weak departments. In selecting the lines of work due refer-
ence should be given to the special needs of the State in which the station is
located, but the lines of work adopted should be only such as have a reasonable
expectation cf leading to the establishujent of principles of broad application.
These lines of work need not be new lines. Indeed, strengthening lines of
investigations now in progress may be fully as important as the establishment
of new lines.

At the present time we must confine ourselves to general principles in select-
ing the line of research to be taken up under the Adams Act.

To be sure that these lines ai-e in the scope of the Adams Act, it will be neces-
sary for the station administration to clearly understand what constitutes
research.

Only a few lines can be advantageously undertaken at a time. What these
lines of investigation shall be must be determined chiefly by the equipment of
the station in men and facilities.

The commanding position of the man as the most important factor
in research w^as strongly emphasized by the committee, and almost
as a corollary to this it was urged that " the man and his line of work
must be suitable to each other."

72 KEPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

KINDS OF WORK UNDER THE ADAMS ACT.

While very little investigation was actually coiidiicted with the
Adams fund during the fiscal year 190G, the provision for filing with
this Office a list of projects to be undertaken with the jund makes it
possible to give a general idea of the character of these undertakings.

In passing upon these projects the Office has undertaken to deter-
mine only their suitability and appropriateness under the terms of
the act. It has left to the individual initiative of the station Avorkers
the planning of the investigations and the selection of the topics most
important to their localities. The Office has insisted onl}^ that the
projects as outlined should be such as to characterize them as scien-
tific investigations, embracing some original features. It has not
presumed to pass, except in an advisory way, upon the feasibility
of the investigations, the method of procedure, or the j)i"obability of
the work leading to conclusive results. While it has made many sug-
gestions for the strengthening of the investigations, these suggestions
have necessarily been advisory, rather than mandatory, since the re-
sponsibility for the i^lanning and execution of the investigation must
rest witli the station worker. Every elfort has been made to lead by
suggestion, to inspire the spirit of investigation, and to preserve the
individuality and the initiative of the investigator. The reasons for
failure to approve certain j^rojects submitted have been fully stated,
and the general principles which have governed the Office in its
examination of these projects and the standards it has established
have been fully presented in publications and in correspondence.

The most evident difficulties in planning Avork under this fund
have been (1) a lack of clear discrimination between investigation
in a strict sense and the ordinary expei-imental Avork, (2) a lack of
definiteness in the purpose and plan of the investigation. (3) a tend-
ency to take up too large or broad problems, and (-1) the outlining
of too large a number of projects. The terms " research " and " in-
vestigation " have been used freely in reference to experiment sta-
tion Avork, and often more broadly than they are employed in science
generally. Wo have fallen into the habit of speaking of much of
the Avork as iuA^estigation Avhich in a strict sense can not be regarded
as of that grade. The result has been considerable confusion in the
minds of station Avorkers, as Avell as the general public, as to the dis-
tinction between tliis and other grades of AVork less technical and
fundamental in character. Research is Avorthy of the name only as
it is directed to tlic answering of (h^fuiite problems by scientific
methods of procedure. This will imohc a definite plan of opera-
tions and f lioroiigh consideration of wlial is known of the subject and
its bearing, and should lead (o a knowledge of the reasons for the
results secui'cd.

THE ADAMS ACT. 73

Again, research presupposes a definite aim and a definite problem
to be soh'ed, a specific end to be attained rather than the mere ac-
cnmnlation of data. In the matter of projects the Office has insisted
that this definite aim should be apparent, and that the work should
be directed toward some problem or phase of a problem which would
result in a contribution to our knowledge, making it less empirical
and more definite. It has declined to approve plans for conducting
surveys, the making of collections of and for themselves, the making
of compilations and of monographs, studies of broad questions rather
than specific problems or phases, the making of analyses or experi-
ments merely to add to the general fund of data, the accumulation
of observations not correlated with a definite line of investigation,
the mere attempt to secure agricultural products of a superior quality
without a recognition of the scientific principles involved and an
attempt to add to our knowledge of them, or the conduct of experi-
ments which add merely to our empirical knowledge but do not aim
to throw light upon the fundamental principles. In a word, the
effort has been made to set up the same standards for investigation
and research in agriculture that are generally recognized in older
branches of science.

While it is not planned to publish the projects presented by the
different stations, a review of the list as a whole, with some of its
salient features, will indicate the character and high grade of the
work proposed and the broad field Avhich these investigations cover.

As was natural to expect from the present interest in the subject,
a large number of projects were proposed in plant breeding. These
include thorough studies upon heredity' in plants, the variability in
morj^hological characters in cultivated wheat, the extent of Iwbricl-
izing in nature and the environmental conditions associated there-
with, effects of external environmental factors upon hereclitable
morphological characters, and the correlation of visible morphological
characters with the presence and distribution of such constituents as
gliadin, glutenin, and starch in the grain. Corn breeding for the
semiaricl region is being taken up from the standpoint of the factors
which constitute drought resistance as a basis for such breeding, and
the development of immune disease-resistant strains of crops on
the basis of studies upon what constitutes immunit}^ in different
cases and the principles underlying development of disease resistance.
These physiological studies will take up anatomical and chemical
phases of the subject, such questions as the functions of tannin in the
economy of the plant, its presence in pathological tissues, effect on
parasites, etc.

In general, the pathology and physiology of disease is to be studied
in a more comprehensive way than heretofore, taking up such matters
as the relation between the character of the soil and certain diseases,

74 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

notably tlie relation of marl}' soils and of lime to chlorosis of citrus
fruits, the specific iniiuence of the dirt'erent factors Avhicli go to make
up climate upon the health of plants and their susceptihilitj^ to dis-
ease, and the relation of nutrition to the latter. Naturally a quite
large number of plant diseases are to be made the subject of s^'ste-
matic study. In some cases these are new or little-understood dis-
eases, and in others the object is to clear up doubtful points as to the
organisms inducing them, their life CA^cle, relationships, susceptibility
to various influences, means of dissemination, etc., as a more intelli-
gent basis for combating them. There is opportunity for much prof-
itable work of this kind, for in the jjressure for results Avhich should
indicate remedies to be applied, it has often been impossible to go as
deeply into the nattire and cause of the disease and the influences
affecting it as is clearly desirable.

The same is true to a considerable extent in the case of economic
insects and the use of sprays and other treatment. Xow that the
opportunity is offered, it is found desirable to go back to some of our
most common insect pests and study more thoroughly certain points
in their habits and life histories, ('n\ironmental conditions which
affect them, and similar matters, as bearing ultimately on methods
of control. The entomological work proposed is, as a whole, of high
order, indicating for the most part a clear conception of the features
of research and an appreciation of its importance as applied to that
branch of science. The list of i:)rojects is also relatively large and
varied. Several investigations have to do with the toxicity of various
insecticides, the manner in which they act, and similar points, as well
as of their physiological effects on the trees and plants receiving the
treatment.

In horticulture there are seyeral physiological studies Avhich are
of special interest and importance, such as the causes and means of
control of fruit-bud formation on the apple and peach ; the pyhsiology
and i:)hilosophy of pruning and of grafting, both of which as planned
involve extensive systematic studies; the elimination of the color of
peach twigs by breeding to make them less susceptible to early frost;
the factors affecting the setting of fruit on the tomato, to determine
the cause of failure to set in dry localities where the i)lants bloom
freely, and other studies of the effect of environmental conditions.

The subject of dry farming, in which there is such active interest
of late, naturally suggested a considerable number of projects. A
mnnber of special investigations have been undertaken, such as the
absolute water reciuirements of plants, the periodicity of this require-
ment, the water-holding capacity of the soil and factors Avhich affect
it, the conservation of the soil moisture, the breedina" of drouirht-
I'esislanl crops, and Ihc like.

THE ADAMS ACT. 75

The large number of soil investigations is a noteworthy feature of
the list of projects. Aside from studies of the fertilizer requirements
of soils and of laboratory methods and the composition of certain
crops as indicative of these requirements, the work includes the
nature and extent of the influence exerted upon crops by the previous
gi'owth of other kinds of plants, the relation between soil conditions
and the quality of crops, such as the staple of cotton, the effect of
sodium salts applied to the soil upon the organic and inorganic con-
stituents of plants, the role of phosphorus and of ])otassium in plant
nutrition, and the role of lime in the soil.

There are also several projects dealing with humus, its nature and
determination, relations to soil fertility, rate of formation under
different conditions, behavior and conservation in the soil, and effect
of various factors on the humus content. To these are added studies
in soil bacteriology as related to humus formation and change, rela-
tion of microscopic life of the soil to fertilit}'- in general, nitrif3'ing
and other biological properties of the soil, determination of the
number, character, and biochemic functions of bacteria within the
zone of tillage, to ascertain the part these organisms play singly and
collectively in the setting free of plant food, and the bacteriological
conditions in irrigated and unirrigated soil in the arid region, with
special reference to the formation of nitrates and to the decomposi-
tion of barnyard manure. The number anel character of these in-
vestigations give much encouragement for a better understanding
of the complex factors which go to make up soil fertility and
adaptation.

Closelv related to these studies are various chemical investigations
on plants and their products, such as the nonsugars in sugar cane,
their nature and amount and the conditions which affect their forma-
tion, with special reference to sugar manufacture ; the gluten content
of wheat, cause of its deterioration and methods of correcting, the
milling qualities of wheat as related to this and other factors; and the
factors affecting the lupulin, volatile oils, and other active principles
of hops. An investigation of the various sugars and coloring matters
in cacti is also in progress, and the rationale of the ripening of the
date is to be taken up.

Animal nutrition does not claim a large number of investigations,
but these are of quite a different type from the ordinary feeding
and digestion experiments to v>'hich the work has in the past been
quite largely confined. Digestion experiments have been undertaken
with reference to some particular point, rather than the determination
of digestion coefficients for themselves. Among these are the be-
havior of the constituents of the nitrogen-free extract in digestion
and their relation to nutrition, the influence of certain feeding stuffs

To KKI'OR'I (>|. OIMCK <»)■• KXI'KlilMKN'r '^'lATIONH.

ill (Ifpicssii)^'- llic <li^n's(il>ili( y of riilioii-. ;iii<l lln- ii;ilii)'' sirid cause
of lliis circcl, I lie iMoccHH of (li^cslioii iis i II (1 iM'i !*•(•( | Ijy certain factors,
and llic cMcr-l of I n-iil nicnl «ir |)r<'|>aralioii of tlw feed on the dif^t'sti-
Mlil y of ils cons! il ik-iiI . A iiion^'' I In- fiindaniciiliil studies in animal
mil III ion iir<- llic inlliicncc of ap' and indisidiialily f»n metabolism
ill lalllc, an cxlciisixc in vest i//al ion iijxiii llic use uliicli animals
ailiially make of I heir food a( diOfrcnl |»criod:-: of <.'-ro\v(li, considered
IKnii ;i |>li vsiolo^ical slaiidpoinl, lln- i<i\>- of |)lios|)lialcs in animal
mil ril ion. lln- cMcels and iniporlancc of sar-ioiis oilier mineral con-
slitiienls, and I lie Kpecilic eH'ccI ofecilnin foods on llie jnodiict, such
US the haidiie : oi- solidity of pork niid lie- (limncAi'l of llie fal in

iMlller.

'I'liere are sc\'ei';il ((iiile elalK)rale projects dealinjj^ with llie less
iiiidei-slood proiieilie- of milk and I heir rehilion lo differences in its
niilrilive \aliie and Hie manner in which il aj/i-ees with |)er)ple; but
asitle from Ihese the dairy work is((iiile lar<4('ly on the hacteriolof^ical
side. I ii\ i's( i«;al ions are proposed upon haeleria oilier ih.ui disease
evi'ins in milk which are <le|i'imeii(al lo <li<;es(ion. the lein;ocytes
in milk iiiiijer normal and aluiormal comliiions and Iheir sanitary
sie;ni(ic;i lice, (he eoiisl il iieiil s (d" cheese and llieir chan<j:cs under the
iiilliieiicc (d' cerhiiii ehi^ses of l»;icteria, and l/iK'lei-iolorficjil and clieiii-
ic;il iii\ csl i<^al ions upon I he disposal of ci'eamei'v sewage, which is
found much more resislanl (Inn municipal sewujL^e, necessitating
inodiliciil ion of (he septic-tank method.

In animal l)reedin<i', in\'esl ieal ions are lo he made in heredity and
upon (he elfeels of ilihreedinir. the latlei" heilief |)laiilie(| to he til'?
most systematic at(em|tt ever iiia<le (o sdidy the ellecis of inbreeding
upon <l(»iiiestic animals. In oilier invest i^atit)ns the breediui; of
aniiiKils iiiidc!' normiil and al)iiorm;il conditions is to b(? studied, th(>
elfect of <('rlaiii feeds, like co((oii-seed iiieiil. uj)on prepotency, and
the whiile problem of aililicial ini|)re<;na( ion. It is «'ncoura,i2;iu^ to
SCI' llie breeilin;- III' ;iiiiiiials (akeii lip ill a way to contribute moiv
exact and reliable kiiowlede-c. Se\fr;il odicr iii\'es( iii'a( ions in (hat
field lire beiii<i,° planiie(|.

\'e(erinary science presents (|uile a list of niulerlakines of a thoi--
oii<^h character relating' (o specific diseases, the imumni/in^- of ani-
mals, with a sliidy <d' the canes of naliiial iiiimiini(\. s(able \'eutila-
I ion ill relation lo the ret|iiiremenl> of lienlih, ihe jiclixc |)i'inci|)les of
plants |)oisonous to slock, and se\-eral (|nile ehiborate studies upon
I he li fe histoi-y of (he cad le ( ick as rclaletl to 'I'exas fe\ er eradication.

ScNi-ral less usual topics are: .\ study of the conditions in the
incubation (d' ee;es under the hen as reeards leases and physical
factors, and (heir reprodiic( ion in ar(ilicial incubation; theo|)(imnm
condilioiis for ail ilieial incnbation in dr\ cliniate->; i-oiidiiions deter-

ALABAMA. 77

mining the egg-laying capacity of fowls and the fertility of eggs;
the cause of deca\' in eggs ; and an investigation into the factors influ-
encing wool production, the scouring of avooI, and related topics.

While this list is in no sense a complete one in scope or extent, it
serves to show something of the variety of topics undertaken and
indicates in a general Avay the character of the undertakings. It
will be evident that the subjects have been selected in a discriminating
manner and are being attacked in a way to give a scientific answer
which will disclose the various factors which are operative and some-
thing of tlieir relative importance. Coni^idering the r-onditions under
which the first year's work had to be planned, the difficulties of secur-
ing men. the lack of uniform standards, and the like, the programme
must be regarded as a verv satisfactorv one.

REPORTS ON THE STATIONS.

The following reports on the work and expenditures of the individ-
ual stations are, like previous reports, based on three sources of in-
formation, viz. the reports of personal inspection of the work and
expenditures of the stations, the annual financial statements of the
stations, rendered on the schedules prescribed by the Secretary of
Agriculture, and the printed reports and bulletins of the stations.
The personal inspection of the stations has been made by the Di-
rector, the assistant director (E. W. Allen), W. H. Beal, and Walter
H. Evans, who during the year visited all of the stations and reported
the results of their examination. Mr. II. L. Knight has assisted in
the compilation of the statements regarding the individual stations
under direct supervision of Dr. E. W. Allen, the assistant director.

ALABAMA.

Agricultural Experiment Station of the Alabama Polytechnic Institute,

Auburn.

Department of the Alabama Polytechnic Institute.

.J. F. Dlggab. M. S., Director.

An experiment was made al the Alabama Station during the year
in growing tomatoes under glass, with results which indicate that the
commercial growing of vegetables in greenhouses may be a profitable
industry in the State. Studies of poultry, of cultural questions rela-
tive to the oat crop, and of the shedding of the squares and bolls of
cotton have been brought to a close. A feeding experiment with beef
cattle was completed b}- the sale of the cattle in New Orleans. As
this experiment was successful as a commercial enterpri.se, it is be-
lieved that it will prove of service to the animal industry of the State.
The availability of fertilizers is being studied, particularly as to the

78 EEPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

effects of '' fillers " — i. e., materials put in to add to the weight of fer-
tilizers, but not of themselves of fertilizing value. The influence of
vegetable matter on the solubility of ditl'erent phosphates is also
being investigated. The cooperative field experiments with numer-
ous farmers of the State to ascertain the fertilizing requirements of
cotton on different soils have been continued, and the botanist has
carried on corn-breeding experiments near JNIontgomery. A compar-
ative study of the quality of different lards as affected by various
feeds has been begun, and the cane-sirup investigations previously
undertaken have received special attention.

As a result of the i^assage of the Adams Act a department of ento-
molog}' has been established and additional assistants have been em-
ployed in chemistry and veterinary science. Purchases of equipment
have been made for the departments of entomology, chemistry, and
agriculture, including an improved outfit for the manufacture of
sirup.

During the past fiscal year the following publications have been
received: Bulletins 131, Cooperative fertilizer ex[)eriments Avith cot-
ton in 1901, 1902, 1903, and 1901; 133, The manufacture of cane
sirup; and 134, Corn culture; and the Annual Report for 1905.

The income of the station during the past fiscal 3^ear was as fol-

loAvs :

United States appropriation, Hatch Act $15,000.00

United States appropriation. Adams Act 5.000.00

Fees 10, 488. 33

Fai'm products (iOC. 44

Miscellaneous 1,027. 21

Total .33,111.98

Reports of the receipts and expenditures for the United States
funds have been rendered in accordance with the schedules prescribed
by this Department and have been approved.

"With the growth of the business of the Alabanui Station and the
increase of its funds there is need of a stronger and more unified
organization in order that the plans of work and the expenditures
of funds may be more directly under (he siij)er\ision of the director
and the station thus more clearly differentiated from the other de-
partments of the college.

Canebrake Agricultural Experiment Station, Vnl<>iihnr)i.

.T. F. DcGOAK. M. S.. IHrcclor, Aiihiini: .T. M. Ru ukson. M. S., Ansi.'<t<nit

Diicflnr. I niiiiiloini.

The Can('I)rake Station has conlinucMl to devote its attention largely
to the breeding of cotton on tiiV worn-out .soils in the region. From
three years' experiments the results of plowing under various legum-

ALABAMA. 79

iiious and nonlegnminons crops indicate that such soils need nitrogen
rather than humus. The yields of corn were but slightly affected by
different methods of preparing the soil and planting the crop, and
subsoiling for cotton was not successful.

The Bureau of Plant Industry is carrying on a denionstration farm
near by, at which swine raising and alfalfa are being combined as
supplements to cotton growing in the rotation, the results being very
successful. Owing to the soil peculiarities there are difficulties in
drainage Avhich it is hoped to study. Tests of the relative value of
commercial fertilizers have been carried on and some attention has
been given to seed improvement. The Office of Public Roads has
recently built an improved road between the station and Uniontown.
These enterprises have stimulated a desire among the people of the
vicinity for better agricultural conditions, and more interest is being
manifested in the station work.

Bulletin 23, Experiments with cotton and corn in 1005, Avas the
only publication received.

The income of the station during the past fiscal year Avas as folloAvs :

State appropriation $2, 500.00

Farm products 900. 00

Total 3, 400. 00

Tuskegee Agricultural Experiment Station, Tuskegce Institute.
DepartiiK'Ut of the Tuskegee Xurmai and Industrial Institute.

G. W. Carver. M. Agr., Director.

The Tuskesoe Station has continued to deA^ote its attention A^erv
largely to the problem of improA'^ing the tilth and productiveness
of the worn-out and eroded soils of the region. The results indicate
that by the selection of clean seed, thorough preparation of the soil,
and proper rotation of crops the A'arious diseases may be reduced
to a minimum, and that cotton, Avheat, r3'e, oats, and barley can be
made paying crops on even the poorest soils. Variety tests haA'e
been carried on Avith cotton, corn, cowpeas, jjeanuts, and SAveet pota-
toes, and some attention has been giA-en to the feeding of poultry
and to poultry diseases. During the summer an agricultural wagon
was equipped b}" the station and under the supervision of one of the
staff was used in extension Avork throughout the coimty.

The publications of this station received during the fiscal year
Avere Bulletins 7, Cotton growing on sandy upland soils, and 8,
Successful yields of small grain.

The income of the station during the past fiscal year was as folloAvs:
State appropriation $1,500. 00

The Tuskegee Station is doing useful Avork along practical lines
suited to the needs of its constituents. Taken in connection Avith

80 REPORT OF officp: of experiment stations.

the agricultural depailnu'iil ol" the institute it is exerting a consider-
able influence for good.

ALASKA.

Alaska Agricultural Experiment Stations, ,s; //.'/. Keiiai. Copper Center, and

l\'(nnpart.

Under the supervision of A. C. 'I'nic. Direetor. Office of Experiment Stations.
United States Department of Asi-iculture.

C. (.'. (.iEORGESON. M. S.. SixcidI AiKiit ill ('li(ir{/c, Hitka.

The policy of reslricling the work at the Alaska stations to a few
lines has been continued with good results, and in spite of unfavor-
able weather conditions in some sections considerable progress is
reported, l^he special appropriation by Congress for the introduc-
tion of live stock was expended for 11 head of Galloway cattle and 2
horses. The cattle have been divided between the Kenai Station and
Wood Island. Although they lune received no feed except the natu-
ral pasturage since their arrival, they are reported as being in fine
condition. In response to a petition to the Secretary of Agriculture
from the settlers of the Tanana Valley an investigation of its agricul-
tural possibilities was made by the special agent in charge, who
reported that the valley is well adapted to agriculture, as the term is
understood in Alaska. A tract of about 1.400 acres at the junction
of two railroads, and near the prosperous towns of Fairbanks and
Chena, was surveyed and later reserved b}'^ Executive proclamation as
a future station site.

At Sitka the horticultural investigations have been further devel-
oped. Tlu' nursery stock made a growth during the season that was
considered on the whole satisfactory. Of a large number of varie-
ties introduced several have been selected as quite promising, and
these A\ill Ik' cxtcnsix cly piopagated and given as wide a trial as
])ossible. Experiments liaxc been coiitinucMl in the domestication of
iiative varieties ol" raspberries and strawberries, and breeding ex-
periments are being carried on to develop forms especially adapted
to Alaskan conditions. During the past season attention has l)een
given especially to tin- testing of \arieties of potatoes, cabbage, and
(aulillower, and liulletin 2, \'egetable Growing in Alaska, lias been
issued. 'JMie seed distribution to settlers of the Territor}' and to
the natives has been conlinniMJ in cooperation with the Bureau of
Plant Industiv. A nietlioil i'oi- llu- ])i-oduction of lime in small
(piaiitities fioni tlie native limestone has l)een de\i>ed by the special
agent, which will make practical llu' liming of many of the acid
soils, which could not hitlieilo be ireati'd because of the [)rohibitive
cost of iniporte(l lime.

At Coj^per Center. J. \\ . Neal. who has been in charge of the work
since its inception in I'.'O-J. has resigned. The year has again been

ARIZONA. 81

devoted mainly to grain growing. About 40 acres have now been
cleared and subdivided into about 200 plats, most of which are de-
voted to cereals and grasses. As in previous years, although most
of the cereals were killed by frost about the middle of August, a few
varieties matured their crops, from which it is hoped to breed earlier
and more hardy sorts. Fall plowing has been found essential for
crop production in this district, as it reduces very materially the
spring work and enables the crops to be sown earlier in the season.

At Eampart grain groAving has also been the chief line of work.
Although this station is 3|° farther north than that at Copper Cen-
ter, winter wheat, winter rye, barley, and oats matured and all hardy
vegetables were successfully grown.

Animal husbandry and dairying have been the main lines of work
at the Kenai Station. About 25 acres are under cultivation, most of
which are in grass or have been sown wdth oats for grain and hay.
Besides the Galloway cattle recently added, there is a small native
herd, making a total of IT head of cattle, all in good ■ condition.
Butter and cheese are being regularly produced and find a ready
market.

The income of the stations during the past fiscal year was as
follows :

United States annual appropriation 1 $1,500.00

United States appropriation for live stock 3,000.00

Farm products 350.70

Total 18,350.70

The Alaska stations are doing invaluable pioneer work, but their
usefulness could be much extended if additional funds were available.
The equipping and development of the experimental tract in the
Tanana Valle}'^ are urgently needed, since the results from the exist-
ing stations shoW' clearly that remarkable variations of climate
exist in different parts of the Territory and that the possibilities of
the great valleys can only be ascertained by a separate investigation
of each. The live-stock investigations should also be broadened to
include other breeds of cattle and some hardy breeds of sheep.

ARIZONA.

Agricultural Experiment Station of the University of Arizona, Tucson.

Department of the University of Arizona.

R. H. Forbes. M. S., Director.

The Arizona Station is continuing its chemical studies on the ef-
fects of mining detritis and other sediments on irrigated lands, espe-
cially with regard to the toxic effects of copper on plant growth.

294b— 07 6

82 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIOISrS.

The evidence thus far indicates that copper is filtered out to such
an extent that it does not injure the phmts, but that the injurious
effects often observed are due to the physical action of the detritis on
the soils over Avhich it spreads.

The botanist has published some observations on the life history
and feeding- value of altihiria, a forage plant extensively introduced
into the Territory about thirty-hve years ago and widely dissem-
inated through the agency of sheep. As the plant produces a large
amount of nutritious spring forage and is well adapted to southwest-
ern conditions, it is recommended for grazing areas. Grazing range
investigations near Tucson have been continued, as have also studies
of the economic value of cacti and of the viabilit}^ of native grasses.
AVork in the forage garden at the station has resulted in the selection
of several varieties for more extensive experimenting. The botan-
ical work of the station is to be enlarged to include vegetable physiol-
ogy and pathology under the direction of W. B. McCallum, Ph. D.,
of the University of Chicago.

Date-palm culture continues to be a prominent feature in coopera-
tion with the Bureau of Plant Industry. A date orchard (PL I,
fig. 1) of 7 acres has been, established at Yuma on land donated for
the purpose, aiul a special appropriation has provided funds for a
small cottage. Progress is also being nuide at the Tempe orchard,
where a dwelling for the foreman, pumi)ing plant, barn, and other
equipment have recently been j)rovided. About 3.000 pounds of dates
were harvested this year, Avhich were marketed as fresh fruit. A dis-
tril)ution of suckers Avas made to growers so far as the supply per-
mitted. The interest in this project is very great.

A beet-sugar factory, costing $800,000, and Avith a capacity of 800
tons of beets per day, is being erected near Phoenix, largely as a re-
sult of the work of the station in stimulating beet culture. As soon
as the factory starts, feeding experiments Avith beet pulp Avill be
begun.

Other invest ligations recentlv* inauiiuiated include feedino; and
pasture experiments with sheep and pigs, the pi'otection of small
fruits and veiretables fi'om excessive heat anil cold l)v shadiuij:,
horticultui'al and economic problems in olive growing, and the
culture of miscellaneous crops in the Colorado EiA-er flood j^lain.
The station now lias an appropriation of $2,700 for farmers' insti-
tutes, and the animal husbandman is giving special attention to this
Avork. The equipment of I'Mrni buildings (1*1. T, fig. 2) at Phoenix
has been matcriallv added to during the A'ear.

The publications of this station receiA^ed during the year comprise
Bulletins 51, Timely hints for farmers, and 52. Alfilaria {ErocUum
ciciif(iriiint) as a forage })lant in Arizona, and the Annual Kei:)ort
for 1905.

An. Rpt. Office of Experiiment Stations, 1905.

Plate I.

Fig. 1.— Date Orchard of the Arizona Station Near Tempe now Coming Into

Bearing.

[Recently set i)Uints in the foreground.]

Fig. 2.— New Barn, Stockyards, and Feeding Pens at Arizona Station Farm

Near Phoenix.

ARKANSAS. 83

The income of the station during the past fiscal year was as follows:

United States appropriation. Hatch Act $15,000.00

United States appropriation. Adams Act 5,000.00

State appropriation ,— 10.396. IG

Farm products 1. 041. 56

Miscellaneous, includiuj; balance from previous year — 325. 19

Total 31,762.91

Reports of the receipts and expenditures for the United States
funds have been rendered in accordance with the schedules prescribed
by this Department and have been approved.

Active and aggressive w^ork characterizes the operations of the
Arizona Station, and it is having a strong influence on the develop-
ment of agriculture in the Southwest.

ARKANSAS.

Arkansas Agricultural Experiment Station, Fai/ettcville.

Department of the University of Arkansas.

W. G. ViNCENHELLER, Director.

During the past year the Arkansas Station has completed investi-
gations along several lines. The experiments in rice growing under
irrigation, which have been carried on in Lonoke County in coopera-
tion with this Office, are reported to have been an unprecedented suc-
cess. About 5,000 acres have been planted with rice this year by the
farmers of the county. The horticulturist has brought to a close his
studies of the improvement of old orchards. His results show that
the failure of orchards in Arkansas is due chiefl}^ to soil exhaustion.
By the use of fertilizers and cover crops, and by pruning and spray-
ing properly conducted, a production of 90 per cent of first-class
fruit may be expected even from orchards 15 years old. The chemist
reports that analyses of foods on the market indicate that 47 per
cent of such articles are adulterated. The veterinarian has completed
some preliminary investigations with anthrax, together with a study
of the Aalue of vaccination with the commercial vaccines as a pre-
ventive, and the efficacy of field sanitary work in its control. Addi-
tional investigations as to the toxic effects of cotton-seed meal for
swine and poultry indicate that adult poultry may be fed cotton-seed
meal in large proportions without detriment, but that this can not
safely be done with hogs.

Investigations now under way include tests of various grain and
forage crops, corn breeding, crop rotation, dietary studies of private
families and student organizations in the vicinity, a chemical method
for destroying stumps, and studies of the digestibility of the forage
crops of the State, and of the origin and chemical composition of the

84 EEPOET OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

so-called " prairie dog " mounds. An entomological survey of the
State has been begun. Tick eradication Avork is being carried on,
and there is some variety testing of apples.

As a result of- the additional funds jirovided by the Adams Act,
new departments have been organized in animal husbandry, dairying,
and entomolog}^, and additional assistance has been provided for
research Avork in horticulture and animal diseases. All divisions
of the station have received additional and improved equipment and
new investigations have been initiated.

During the year the following publications of this station have been
received: Bulletin 87, Glanders of horses; 88, Food adulteration, in
Arkansas; 89, llice growing in Arkansas; 90, The cattle tick in
Washington and Benton counties; and 91, Suggestions upon the care
of apple orchards; and the Annual Report for 1905, which includes a
financial statement for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1905, a list of
fertilizers registered for sale in Arkansas in 1905. and a reprint of
Bulletins 83-87.

The income of the station during the past fiscal j-ear was as
follows :

United States appropriation. Hatch Act $15,000.00

United States appropriation. Adams Act 5,000.00

State appropriation o34, 084. 92

Farm products 1,472.95

Total 56, 457. 87

Reports of the receipts and expenditures for the United States
funds have been rendered in accordance Avith the schedules prescribed
by this Department and have been approved.

NeAv buildings haA^e been erected for the agricultural and dairy
departments (PI. II) of the university, portions of which Avill be
occupied by experiment station officers, thereby proAnding largely
increased acconnnodations. These, together Avith the additional
equipment, Avill materially strengthen the station AAork as a Avhole.
Liberal appropiiations Avere made to the station by the State, and
the outlook is very ])romising.

CALIFORNIA.

Agricultural Experiment Station of the University of California. Berkeley.

I)('l>Mrlnicnt of (ht> riiivcrsity of ( 'alifornia.

E. J. Wu'KKoN, A. M., Arliii;/ Director.

'I'he policy of the California Station has proceeded toAvard a fuller
distribution of responsibility and clearer specialization anu)ng mem-
bers of the stall', with manifest improA'ement in spirit and confidence.

o For two years.

An Rpt. Office of Experiment Stations, 1906.

Plate II.

Fig. 1.— New Agricultural Building, Arkansas Station.

Fig. 2.— New Dairy Building, Arkansas STATior

CALIFORNIA. 85

Opportunities, for extension of work have l^een provided Ijy special
State appropriations for the purchase and equipment of a farm ; for
a laboratory for the study of plant diseases in southern California;
for investigations of pear blight, walnut blight, and viticulture; for
improvement of cereals, and for studies of poultry problems and dis-
eases. A farm .of 780 acres has been secured near Davisville in the
Sacramento Valley about 85 miles from Berkeley, and is being put
in condition for instruction and investigation Avork. Uiuler the State
appropriation for a study of plant diseases, plans are being made for
a pathological laboratory at Whittier and for a cultural station at
Riverside which will be chiefly devoted to work with citrus fruits.
The farm at Davisville will incidentally be utilized to extend the
scope of the cereal investigations which are now^ being conducted at
Yuba City and Modesto. Some work is also being carried on at the
substation at Tulare, and the forestry substation at Santa Monica is
being restored under the State appropriation for that purpose.

The most notable development of the work lias been in plant dis-
eases, entomology, and agricultural technology. Although handi-
capped by inadequate equipment, the entomologist has made marked
progress in investigations on mosquitoes, the codling moth, corn
worm, cherry worm, woolly aphis, oak caterpillars, tussock moth, a
new pear thrips, food of orchard birds, and spraying problems, be-
sides expanding the courses of instruction in the university and estab-
lishing a correspondence course. The work in agricultural technol-
ogy has been mainly devoted to studies concerning the effect of envi-
ronment on the composition of sugar beets, the canning of cured
prunes, and the improvement of cereals in yield, composition, earli-
ness, resistance to drought and disease, and milling, baking, and
bleaching quality by means of cross breeding, selection, and improved
methods of culture. Improved special laboratory facilities for this
work have been added, and the cultural work will soon be amply pro-
vided for.

A small zymological laboratory for special studies relating to
vinification has also been equipped, and an efficient method of con-
trolling the product and preventing losses from spoiled wine has been
worked out. The ^nticultural work has also included studies of
adaptation, diseases (particularly Anaheim disease and mildew)
and disease resistance, grafting, pruning, fertilizers, etc.

An important line of work has been poultry investigations, in-
cluding digestion experiments with hens, and studies of roup and
chicken pox. A study of the San Francisco milk sujjply has been
made in cooperation with the city authorities, and considerable data
have been collected regarding the control of bovine tuberculosis. Soil
studies have continued as formerly, including analyses of soil samples
from various sources, studies of soil moisture, green manures, and

86 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

summer fallowing in their niutiuil relations, growth of. legmnes with
inoculation and irrigation, and movement and loss of water in furrow
irrigation and witli soil mulches. Some attention has also been
given to a study of the efficiency of various canal linings, drainage
problems, and seepage losses. The nutrition investigations in coop-
eration with this Office have comprised largely studies of the diges-
tibility of fruit and nuts.

The university ha,s recently been the beneficiary of a bequest by the
late Theodore Kearney, of Fresno, of property valued at about
$1,000,000. If the property is finally awarded to the university by
the probate coin-t, it is expected that the income of about $50,000 per
year will be used for agricidtural instruction and research in the San
Joaquin Valley.

The station is now well provided with funds for printing the re-
sults of its investigations and the volume of its publications has
materiallv increased. During the past year bulletins were received
as follows: IGG, Spraying for scale insects; IGT, Manufacture of dry
wines in hot countries; 168, Observations on some vine diseases in
Somona County; 169, Field observations upon the tolerance of
the sugar beet for alkali; 170, Studies in grasshopper control; 171
and 173, Commercial fertilizers; 172, Tomato diseases in California;
176, Sugar beets in the San Joaquin Valley ; and 177, A new method
of making dry red wine. The station has also issued a number of cir-
culars on the culture of the sugar beet, codling-moth control, recent
problems in agriculture, agricultural education, seed wheat, cater-
pillars on oaks, and teaching agriculture in the public schools.

The income of the station during the past fiscal 3'^ear was as
follows :

United States appropriation. Ilatoli Act $15,000.00

United Sates a])pi'oi)riation, Adams Act 5,000.00

State approjtriatious for sju'cial iiivesiicatioiis. including

substaticjns 27. 277. 0-i

Fainn products 1,440. 77

Individuals 2:^2. 42

Miscellaneous, including' halance from ]irevious years •' 18, 118. 81

Total l")7, 0<>n. 04

Reports of the receipts and (he expenditures for the United States
funds have Ikhmi rendered in accordance with the schedides prescribed
by this Department and have been ai)proved.

The State has shown a disposition to be liberal in appropriations
for agricultural investigations, but generally for specific pieces of
work. There is still need for appropriations which can be used for

" Includiiitr !?10.0(tit, csliuiatrd porticin of s.ilaries paid from the .eeneral funds
of the universit.v to nit'iiii)ers of statitm slalf who are emplo.ved in both instruc-
tion and res(>:ircli.

COLOEADO. 87

general j^urposes. One of the great needs of this station, viz, im-
proved facilities for field work under more perfect control of the
central station has, however, in large measure been met.

COLORADO.

Agricultural Experiment Station, Fort Collins.

Department of the State Agricultural College of Colorado.

L. G. Carpenter, M. S., Director.

The principal lines of work of the Colorado Station have remained
substantially the same as in previous years. The most notable recent
development has been of what are termed " western-slope fruit inves-
tigations " at Grand Junction. These include a variety of studies on
diseases, insects, and cultural methods, as well as seepage and drain-
age investigatibns. This work is done in cooperation with local fruit
growers and fruit growers' associations, who have contributed about
$1,500 besides the use of lands and orchards. A field entomologist
has been employed for this work and the assistant horticulturist has
been transferred to it.

Steady progress has been made in the horse-breeding investiga-
tions in cooperation with the Bureau of Animal Industry, in deter-
miniup- the value of the American trotter as foundation stock for an
American carriage breed. Thirteen of the 19 mares now have fine
colts by Carmon, the head of the stud, some of which give excellent
promise as material for the continuation of the investigations. Addi-
tional mountain pasture land has been secured for the breeding stock,
making about 900 acres now available, and a horse-breeding stable
has been erected at a cost of about $5,500. In other lines of animal
industry experiments have been carried on in the wintering of steers,
feeding experiments with pigs and sheep, and studies of the cause and
nature of loco poisoning.

In entomology especial attention has been given to the pine and
spruce lice, the potato flea-beetle, the codling moth, and local insects.
The chemist is continuing studies on the deterioration of manure
under Colorado conditions, the digestibility and available energy of
Colorado hays, and on alkali.

The tract of 73 acres of land recently secured near the station for
experimental purposes has been systematically laid out for work
in agronomy, including variety, breeding, fertilizer, irrigation, and
culture tests of cereals, sugar beets, potatoes, alfalfa and other for-
age plants. The effect of alkali and other conditions on the brewing
quality of barley is being studied, and attempts are being made to
breed a winter durum wlieat and better seed-producing and disease-
resisting alfalfa. Cooperative experiments with farmers in the
improvement of potatoes, with a view to producing local-grown seed

88 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

potatoes, and the growing of durum wheat, oats, and vetch at differ-
ent altitudes have considerably increased. The Arkansas Valley sub-
station has been utilized chiefly for experiments on the improvement
of cantaloupes and alfalfa.

During, the past fiscal year 11 bulletins and 2 annual reports were
received from the station, as follows: Bulletins 102, The value of
sugar-beet pulp, alfalfa hay, and ground corn in fattening steers;
103, The thorough tillage system for the plains of Colorado; 104, A
rust resisting cantaloupe; 105, A new apple rot; lOG, Pruning fruit
trees; 107, Peach mildew; 108, Development of the Kockyford
cantaloupe industry; 109, Cultural methods for sugar beets;- 110
and 111, Alfalfa; and 112, xV hopperdozer; and tlie Annual Reports
for 1901 and' 1905.

The income of the station during the past fiscal j'ear was as follows:

United States appropriation, Hatch Act .$15,000.00

United States appropriation, Adams Act 5,000.00

State appropriation " 14, 000. 00

Miscellaneous, inclndins balance from previous year 3,274.28

Total 37, 274. 28

Reports of the receipts and expenditures for the United States
funds have been rendered in accordance with the schedules prescribed
by this Department and have been approved.

The Colorado Station has many useful lines of work in progress
and under consideration. Clo.ser organization and clearer differen-
tiation of college and station work and funds would be of great
benefit, as would also be an increase of supplementary lump sum
appropriations by the State for experimental purposes under fewer
restrictions than are the Federal funds. Such ai)propriations will be
especially necessary in order to secure the most efficient use of the
funds made available under the Adams Act.

CONNECTICUT.

The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, \rir Haven.

E. H. Jenkins, I'll. I)., Director.

The corn-breeding experiments of the Connecticut State Station
have been a new feature of its work during the past year. The prin-
ciple of .selection has been an increased sugai" content, and a study of
thei effect of climate on this has been begun. Additional land lias
been leased near the station for the purpose, and six farmers in dif-
ferent pai'ts of the State are coo])(M"ating under (ho direction of the
agronomist.

a Two years.

CONNECTICUT. 89

The investigation in tobacco improvement by methods of seed
selection and hybridization has residted in the establishment of two
hybrid varieties of decided promise. Several years' tests in plats
of an acre or more indicate that both the broad leaf and Connecticut
Habana seedlings are superior in shape, size, and vein of leaf to
those from which they originated, while in other respects the quality
is in no way impaired.

The station forester has given attention to a study of the growth
of chestnut trees and to the establishment of small plats of woodland
for the future stud}^ of forest problems. The entomologist and bota-
nist have carried on cooi3erative work and demonstration experiments
with a number of farmers. There has also been some extension work,
chiefly through farmers' institutes and other farmers' organizations.

A substantial brick laboratory building, costing $15,000, has been
completed, the cost being met in part from fees accumulated from the
inspection work. An exceptionally well-equi2;)ped laboratory has
been fitted up on the first floor for the researches on proteicls, carried
on under a grant from the Carnegie Institution. The second floor is
to be used for the work in plant breeding and forestry.

The Adams fund available for 1906 for Connecticut was divided
by the governor equally between the State and Storrs stations. A
permanent division will be effected by the legislature at its next
session. The inspection work required of this station by the State
is increasingly heav3^

During the year the following publications of this station were
received : Bulletins 152, The improvement of corn in Connecticut;
and 153, The gypsy moth and the brown-tail moth; and the An-
nual Report for 1905. Parts 1-3 of this report are devoted to the
results of the inspection of fertilizers, food products, and commer-
cial feeding stuffs; part 4, to the report of the entomologist, includ-
ing notes on scale insects, mosquito investigations, and insects visit-
ing fruit blossoms; part 5, to the report of the botanist, giving
notes on fungus diseases ; and part 6 to tobacco-breeding experiments
in Connecticut.

The income of the station during the past fiscal year was as fol-
lows :

T'nited States appropriation. Hatch Act $7. .500.00

T'uited States appropriation. Adams Act 2, .500. 00

State appropriation, including balance of .$4.50 15,9.50.00

Individuals 7, 949. 30

Fees, including balance from previous year 20,491.92

Miscellaneous, including farm products 443.70

Total 54,834.92

90 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

Reports of the receipts and exiDenditures for the United States
funds have been rendered in accordance with the schechiles pre-
scribed by this Department and have been approved.

The Connecticut State Station is better equipped than ever before
for thorough investigations in the lines in which it has undertaken
work, and is thus in a position to make its work of greater usefuhiess
to the agriculture of the State.

'to'

Storrs Agricultural Experiment Station, Storrff."

Department of the Coniiecticut Agricultural College.
Jj. A. Clinton, M. S., Director.

The policy of the Connecticut Storrs Station to concentrate its
Avork along a few lines has been continued. Particular attention has
been given to the poultry investigations. A wooden brooder outfit,
holding 300 chickens, has recenth' been built at a cost of about $75.
This will be comjiared with a more substantial house built at a cost
of over $300. A poultry house is also being built for work in breed-
ing. In experiments thus far a wooden house holding about 25
hens and costing about $25 has proved best. The investigations with
pigeons and the production of squabs have been brought to a close.

The station has inclosed about 30 acres of land with woven-wire
fence and connected the pasture with the college water system. This
equipment is being utilized for experiments in sheep raising. A flock
of 25 pure-bred Shropshires has been purchased by the station, and
the adaptability of sheep breeding and feeding to New Eifgland Avill
be studied.

The soft-cheese investigations in cooperation with the Bureau of
Animal Industry have been continued. The manufacture of Camem-
bert cheese has been ])nt upon a working basis, and problems in
the making of Rocpiefort cheese are now being taken uj). The State
appropriation for work on the nutrition of man has been used for
this puri)()se, and the investigations at ISfiddlotown in coopei-at ion
with this OfKce have l)een discontinued.

Some extension work is being done b}' the station, chiefly through
the farmers' institutes and other farmers' organizations. A numbei'
of changes in the personnel have recently taken phu-e, notably ihe
resignations of the dairvnian. chemist, and bacteriologist. ^^'. M.
Esten has been |)lac(Ml in charge of the work in bacteriology and
C. D. Jarvis in horticulture.

Pending final action by tlic legislature at its next session the go\-
ernor dixided the Adams fiiiKl axailable foi' l'.H)('> e(|ually between
the Storrs and State stations.

" Telegr;i|)li luldress, slurrs via WilliiiKiiific: railroad station, express, and
Irciixlit .■ulilress. F.HfiU riU<-.

DELAWARE. 91

Diirino- the rear Storrs Hall, the new coUeoe dormitory, has been
completed at a cost of $G0,000. A legacy of the late Edwm Gilbert
bequeathed to the college a farm at Georgetown of about 356 acres,
together with all tools, machinery, agricultural implements, live
stock, and buildings, upon condition *' that the same be taken and
maintained in connection with said college as a farm and for the
purpose of teaching or instruction in farming practically.'' In
addition $60,000 was left to the college, the interest of which is to
be used for caring for the farm and for instruction in agriculture,
especially animal husbandry.

Bulletins 36, Poultry suggestions for the amateur; 37, The so-
called " germicidal property '' of milk ; 38, The marketing of poultry
products; 39, Pig- feeding experiments; 40, Creamery problems ; and
4L Spraying notes, 1904-5, were received during the year from this
station.

The income of the station during the past fiscal year was as
follows :

United States appropriation. Hatch Act $7,500.00

United States appropriation, Adams Act 2,500.00

State appropriation 1,800.00

MiscellaueoHS 581. 33

Total 12,381.33

Reports of the receipts and expenditures -for the United States
funds have been rendered in accordance with the schedules pre-
scribed by this Department and have been approved.

The Connecticut" Storrs Station has materially improved its equip-
ment and has made its work more thorough. It is also broadening
its relations with the farmers of the State and securing their confi-
dence and support in increased measure.

DELAWARE.
The Delaware College Agricultural Experiment Station, \eicark.
Department of Delaware College.
H. IIaywari). :M. S. Agr.. Director.

The un.settled conditions surrounding the Delaware Station cul-
minated toward the close of the fiscal year in the retirement of the
director, who was retained in charge of agronomy and animal hus-
bandry. A new director. H. HayAvard. has since been appointed.

The bacteriologist has been engaged in a study of nitroculture
organisms, as to their condition in commercial cultures. These cul-
tures were found unreliable for general farm use because of the in-
ability of the organisms to withstand drying for any considerable
time and retain their vitality. Field tests of fresh cultures of

92 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

Pseiidomonas radicicola prepared in the laboratory, however, gave
very gratifying results, especially \vlion used in conjunction with
lime, and are believed to be of value. The varieties of P. radicicola
found on different species of legumes could not be differentiated by
bacteriolooical methods and are c(msidered to be identical.

A study of the mushroom iiulustry has also been begun, particu-
larly as regards buildings and market conditions from the standpoint
of the anuiteur grower. American spawn cultures have been tested,
and ex[)eriments are under wa}' looking toward the control of the
iwushroom maggot.

Experiments with dust and licpiid sprays for apples have been
completed with satisfactory results. For Keiffer pears dust sprays
have been a failure, while liquid sprays have been a complete suc-
cess. Other horticultural woi-k has included pollination experiments
with apples, dipping nursery stock for the San Jose scale, further
tests of various petroleum emulsions and insecticides, and cooperative
experiments in ai)ple breeding, i)runing, and other orchard pi'oblems.
There has also been cooperative work in spraying cantaloupes Avith
Bordeaux mixture for macrosporium blight.

The chemist has been studying leguminous crops with reference to
the jiniouiits of iniinurial constituents removed from different soils
with and without fertilizers, is carrying on cooperative experiments
Avith crimson clover, and has continued work on petroleum enndsions.

The entomologist is studying, among other things, methods of con-
trol for the apple leaf miner and the plum curculio.

The publications of this station received during the past hscal 3'ear
were Bulletins 71, The action of formaldehyde in the preservation of
milk; 72, Dust and licjuid spraying; 73, The K-L emulsions and
spraying; and 74, Some experiences with insecticides for the San
flose scale.

'I'he income of the station (hu'ing the i)ast fiscal year was as
follows :

United States Mi.pn.i.rintioii. llntcli Act $1.'), 000. 00

TTiiited States aiJiiroiiriatimi. Adaius Act 5,000.00

Fees LiSG. 00

MisceUaneoiis ., 32.00

Total 20. 818. 00

Ke])orls of the i'eceii)ts and expeutlilures for the I'niled States
funds have bi'en rendered in acconhince with th(> schmbdes j)rescribed
by this Department and have been approved.

'I'he i^assage of the Adams .Vet made possible the }mrchase of some
nnich-needed e(|ni|)nieiit I'oi' investigations in chemistry and soil
bacteriology, but the needs of the station contiinie to be very urgent.
Land for experimental work is especially necessary, as no funds are

FLORIDA. 93

available for even the rental of the necessary areas. A bill providing
funds for the purchase of a farm to be used jointly by the college and
station has been passed by the Stale legislature.

The new director has entered upon an aggressive and energetic
campaign for strengthening the station work in a number of direc-
tions. If he receives the support of the governing board and the
farmers of the State, it is believed that much will be accomplished,
but without this the station can not expect to advance in effectiveness.

FLORIDA.

Agricultural Experiment Station of Florida, Gainesville.

Department of the University of the State of Florida.
P. H. Rolfs, M. S., Director.

The removal of the Florida University and Station from Lake City
to Gainesville has been the leading event of the year. In consequence
of it no new projects have been attempted by the station, but a num-
ber of lines of work have been brought to a close, including an exten-
sive study of pineapple culture and marketing, and an investigation
by the veterinarian of " salt sickness," or bovine uncinariasis. Con-
siderable progress has also been made in the publication of accumu-
lated material, the publications of the year including Bulletins 79,
Insects of the pecan; 81, Fertilizer suggestions; 82, A preliminar}^
report on growing Irish potatoes; 83, Pineapple cidture. III — Fer-
tilizer experiments; 84, Pineapple culture, IV — Handling the crop;
and 85, Second report on pecan culture ; and the Annual liej^orts for
1903, 1904, and 1905.

Cooperative tests with alfalfa and Irish potatoes and of the fer-
tilizer requirements of cotton and citrus fruits have been continued
with the farmers of the State, as have also tests of the adaptability
of different varieties of potatoes and cotton and the introduction and
acclimatization of a number of subtropical plants.

The income of the station during the past fiscal j-ear was as follows :

United States appropriation, Hatch Act $15,000.00

United States appropriation, Adams Act 5,000.00

Farm products 853.04

Total 1 20,853.04

Eeports of the receipts and expenditures for the United States
funds have been rendered in accordance with the schedules prescribed
by this Department and have been approved.

At Gainesville the station has been provided with laboratory facil-
ities, farm outbuildings, a greenhouse, and a dwelling house. An
experimental tract of about 40 acres has been reserved adjacent to

94 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

the station headquarters, besides additional fields for growing forage
for the. station live stock. About 15 acres are to be devoted to
horticultural plantations. The facilities in most respects are better
adapted to the requirements of the station than were those given up at
Lake Cit}^, and the soil is much superior. On the whole the outlook
for the Florida Station in its new location is encouraging. A period
of adjustment to its new environment is inevitable, but the ultimate
ejffect should be the rapid development and strengthening of its work.

GEORGIA.

Georgia Experiment Station, Experiments
Department of (Georgia State College of Agriculture aud Mechanic Arts.

M.'V. Calvin, Director.

The Georgia Station has continued its extensive field experiments
on fertilizers, cultures, etc., of feed crops, which have been carried
on systematically for several years. A three years' study of the life
history of the peach borer has been completed, which is believed to
be the most important work from a practical standpoint that the
horticultural department has as yet eifectecl. Experiments looking
to the discovery of means of control of the borer will be continued.
A special study of varieties of figs is being made in cooperation with
farmers in southern Georgia and Alabama and northern Florida.
The station has obtained from California, France, and elsewhere
over 100 varieties, and has arranged for the importation of other
varieties from Italy. The introduction of the Smyrna fig in the
southern part of the State is hoi:)ed for. The nomenclature and
synonymy of the domestic fig and the process of caprification are to
receive attention. Other horticultural investigations recently under-
taken include cultivation tests with peaches, variety tests of seed corn,
and field exi)erimentation with soil inoculation for crown gall and
the wilt of Japanese plums.

Feeding exjieriments liave been undertaken to ascertain tlic relative
value of cotton-seed hulls for wintering steers, the amount of cotton-
seed meal which can safely be fed to i)igs. aud the relati\e value for
dairy cows of silage versus hay, and soiling crops versus pasturage.

As a result of the passage of the Adams Act departments have bfen
organized in plant breeding and ]ilant pathology and in bacteriology.
Additional assistants have been engaged in biology and horticulture^
and in dairy and animal industry, and the scope of the work has been
increased. Considerable equipment has been purchased for these de-
partments and additional buildings are to be erected.

"Telegraph, freight, and express address. Griffin.

GEORGIA. 95

The demand for the station j)ublications has increased during the
past year. Cooperation of the horticulturist and animal husband-
man with the State associations of fruit growers and live-stock
breeders has helped to bring the farmers of the State into closer
relations with the station, with mutual benefits.

The publications of this station received during the year were as
follows: Bulletins G8, Japan and hybrid ])lums; GO, Corn culture; 70,
Cotton culture; and 71, Some field notes on soil inoculation; and the
Annual Report of the station for 1905.

The income of the station during the past fiscal year was as follows :

United States appropriation, Hatch Act .$15,000.00

United States appropriation, Adams Act 5, (X)0. 00

State api)ropriation 1 851.42

Farm products 2,711.11

Balance from previous year 2,566.41

Total 26,128.94.

Reports of the receipts and expenditures for the United States
funds have been rendered in accordance with the schedules prescribed
by this Department and have been approved.

Since the close of the fiscal year a new director has been elected to
succeed R. J. Redding, who has been in charge of the station almost
from its establishment.

The agricultural people of Georgia have evidently become awak-
ened to the importance of the wide diffusion of agricultural educa-
tion as the basis for improved agricultural practice in that State.
This is evidenced by the recent passing of a State law providing for
the establishment of eleven agricultural high schools and the remark-
able liberality of the local communities in providing means for the
equipment of these schools, and also by a movement to strengthen and
develop the State Agricultural College.

Since sound agricultural education is based on the facts and prin-
ciples established by the careful and thorough experiments and re-
searches Avhich it is the business of the agricultural exi3eriment sta-
tions to conduct, it is now more important than ever before that the
station in Georgia, as well as elsewhere, should be directed and
manned by men competent to supervise and. conduct investigations
which will steadily add to that knowledge of agricultural problems
which the agricultural colleges and schools require to make their
courses of instruction thorough and efficient.

96 KEPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPEKIMENT STATIONS.

HAWAII.
Hawaii Agricultural Experiment Station, Honolulu.

Under the supervision of A. C. True. Director, OfBce of Experiment Stations,
United States Department of Agriculture.

JARED G. Smith, B. S., M. A.. Hpcc'ml Agent in Charge.

The AYork of the Hawaii Station has been continued along the
general lines of previous years, with especial attention to the intro-
duction of promising industries. An experimental planting of sev-
eral hundred varieties of grapes has been made at Makawao, on the
island of Maui. In view of the continually increasing Portuguese
population it is believed that grape growing and wine making may
become profitable home industries.

The experimental w^ork with tobacco which has been in progress
for three years at Hamakua was attended with such marked success
that arrangements have been made for growing the crop on a com-
mercial scale. Drying and curing sheds have been erected and at-
tempts will be made to prepare the crop for market. Considerable
quantities of leaf tobacco were produced, cured, and manufactured
during the year under the direction of the special agent in charge.
A crop of Sumatra tobacco gave fully 20 per cent of leaves of excel-
lent texture, valued by an expert tobacconist as worth from $2 to
$4.50 per pound for cigar wrappers, and the remainder of the crop
was nearly all adapted to use as filler. The tobaccos of the Cuban
type were also of excellent quality, and when the yield per acre and
the proportion of high-grade tobacco are considered, the jDossibilities
of profit in this new industry seem manifest.

The greatly increased demand for rubber and the consequent in-
crease in price have led the station to experiment with various kinds
of rubber-producing plants with a view to ascertaining their relative
worth under Hawaiian conditions. A considerable planting has been
made on the slopes of the upper part of the station grounds, and the
special agent has supervision of an experiment on the island of Maui
in the cultivation of rubber and the fertilizer requirements of the
trees.

The special agent has also devoted nnich of his time to coffee prob-
lems and is assisthig in experiments relating to cultivation, topping,
shading, curing, and marketing, as well as to diseases and insect pests.
Efforts are being made to create a s^jecial market for the Hawaiian
coffees based on the superior quality of the product.

With a view to rehabilitating the rice industry of the island, in-
vestigations pertaining to rice cultivation have been begun in the
hope of offsetting the drawbacks of primitive Chinese methods and
high land rent by the use of iuiproved machinery, fertilizers, the

HAWAII. 97

breeding and introduction of new varieties, irrigation, etc. Through
the cooperation of the Bureau of Plant Industry, about 150 varieties
were obtained for testing, among them several of superior merit.
F. G. Krauss, for several years agriculturist at the Kamehameha
schools, has been appointed to carry on this work. The use of land
for the experiments has been donated and other assistance provided
by various citizens.

The entomologist is continuing investigations along economic lines,
including studies of the mango weevil and experiments for its
control. Investigations are also being pursued on forest insects,
those attacking coffee, citrus fruits, etc., and data are being collected
for a report on the principal insect pests of the island. The experi-
ments begun last year with bees and silkworms have been continued
with satisfactory results, and it is believed that these home industries
can be made profitable. The entomologist continues to act in connec-
tion with the committee having charge of the campaign for the elim-
ination of mosquitoes, and largely through his efforts an experiment
with top minnows from Texas has been undertaken. These minnows
feed quite extensively on mosquito larvae, and b}^ their introduction it
has been found possible to treat extensive breeding places that could
not otherwise be reached.

The chemist has made a study of the composition of some Ha-
waiian-grown fodders and feed stuffs, which, while not complete,
shows a decided deficiency in the lime content. Pie has also investi-
gated the utilization of the waste products connected with the can-
ning and shipping of fruits and of sugar making. In research lines
he has pursued his studies on the nitrogen content of Hawaiian soils,
paying especial attention to the pyridin compounds, which he has
shown to be present in considerable quantities. Recently studies of
the manganese content have been begun. In some parts of the island
this element occurs in large quantities, and it is desired to learn its
effect on plant growth. He has also studied the nature of fats and
carbohydrates in some Hawaiian plant products, and poisonous prin-
ciples in a number of plants of economic importance, such as sor-
ghum, cassava, and arrow root, and in cooperation with the entomolo-
gist he is carrying on a study of Hawaiian honeys.

The collection of local varieties of bananas, avocados, mangoes, cit-
rus fruits, and other economic plants is being continued by the horti-
culturist. Especial attention has been given to the marketing of
tropical fruits and to tests of various methods of handling, packing,
and storage. A large experimental shipment of pineapples, bananas,
avocados, papayas, etc., was accompanied to San Francisco, Portland,
and Seattle in order to study the conditions. This investigation is
considered of great importance, as little attention has been given to

294b— 07 7

98 REPORT OB" OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

the mtirketing of such products, and with the possible extension of
horticukure in the islands an outlet for the surplus must be pro-
vided.

During the year the station has issued Bulletins 9, Citrus fruits in
Hawaii; 10, Insect enemies of tobacco in Hawaii; 11, The black
wattle (Acacia decurrens) in Hawaii ; 12, The mango in Hawaii ; and
13, The composition of some Hawaiian feeding stuffs.

The income of the station during the past fiscal year was as follows:

United States appropriatiou $15,000.00

Insular appropriation 3, 204. 55

Individuals 124.50

Fees 30.00

Farm products 522. 10

Total 18, 881. 15

The Hawaii Station is making considerable progress in aiding in
the diversification of the agriculture of the islands. Its investiga-
tions have shown the possibilities of new industries and in a number
of instances individuals have undertaken new enterprises. The in-
creasing demands made upon the station for its publications and for
scientific assistance show that it is being recognized as an important
factor in the development of the country.

Hawaiian Sugar Planters' Experiment Station, Honolulu.
C. F. BcKAKT, M. S.. Director of Division of AgricuUurr and Cheniifitrit.

The work of the Hawaiian Sugar Planters' Station has continued
along the lines of previous years. The division of pathology and
physiology has made a thorough study of the root disease affecting
cane and measures have been formulated for effectively combating
this fungus. Considerable attention has also been paid to cane di^
eases of lesser importance. The division of entomology has con-
tinued its efforts toward checking the ravages of the leaf hopper
through the introduction and distribution of parasites. The efficacy
of these methods has been strikingly demonstrated through a radical
reduction of the damage by the hoppers, and while further work
will be pursued along this line a large part of the time of the ento-
mological staff will be concentrated on the eradication of the borer
and other insects.

The division of agriculture and chemistry has confined its atten-
tion, as formerly, to questions dealing with the agriculture of cane
and with sugar technology. A large j)art of the field work has been
devoted (o the ))r<)pagation and selection of .seedling canes. Ninner-
ous substations have been established on the various islands and
tests are being conducted to determine the relative economy of dif-

IDAHO. 99

ferent agricultural processes under special plantation conditions, and
also the relative suitability of different varieties in diversified
environments.

The income of the station during the past fiscal year was as
follows :

Hawaiian Sugar Planters' Association $65,517.72

Fees 7, 842. 97

Total 73, 360, 69

The publications of this station received during the year were as
follow^s: In the division of agriculture and chemistry, Bulletins 13,
Field experiments with sugar cane; 14, Irrigation experiments of
1905, and 15, Fertilizer experiments, 1897-1905 ; from the division of
entomology, Bulletin 1, Parts 1-10, Leaf hoppers and their natural
enemies; from the division of pathology and physiology. Bulletins 1,
The inspection and disinfection of cane cuttings; 2, Preliminary
notes on root disease of sugar cane in Hawaii, and 3, Gumming of
the sugar cane ; and the report of the station committee for 1905.

IDAHO.

Agricultural Experiment Station of the University of Idaho, Moscow.

Department of the University of Idaho.

H. T. French, M. S.. Director.

The work of the Idaho Station has been seriously interfered with
by the disastrous fire in March, 190G, which destroyed the main
building of the university wdth most of the laboratories and collec-
tions and the library. The university authorities took steps toward
rebuilding at once, and one of the new buildings under way is to be
for the use of the agricultural department of the university and the
station. In the meantime, notwithstanding the difficulties of the
situation, considerable progress has been made by the station except
in its laboratory work, and the investigations in several lines have
expanded. The irrigation investigations in cooperation with this
Office have been developed, especially on the cultural side, the inves-
tigations being confined very closely to questions relating directly
to the use of irrigation water in the production of crops, with only
secondary consideration of engineering problems. Considerable
attention is to be given, as heretofore, to the study of general condi-
tions and methods employed in the regions being opened up for
settlement by new irrigation projects, as in the Snake River Valley;
but efforts will be made to concentrate the more strictly experimental
work at Caldwell in southern Idaho, where the station has secured
a half section of land well suited to experiments in both dry and
irrigation farming.

100 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

The station has successfully continued its demonstration work
in spraying private orchards, and the results are being widely applied
by fruit growers of the region.

Among other important investigations are studies of the nature
and treatment of the San Jose scale, apple and elm aphis, pear blis-
ter mite, peach-leaf curl, and apple scab. There have also been experi-
ments with a combination of Bordeaux mixture and arsenicals for
apple scab and codling moth, with hot water versus formaldehyde
for smut in oats, with formaldehyde for potato scab, with a treatment
for the tomato blight which is doing serious injury to the canning
business, with the injury to apples by applications of Bordeaux
mixture at the time of blossoming, and with the carbon bisulphid
treatment for squirrels.

The horticultural work of this station has been considerably de-
veloped during the year. Studies are being made of varieties of
apples, pears, and plums, the marketing of apj)les, top grafting,
grafting pears on quince stocks, breeding plums, mulching apples,
cover crops, fertilizers for orchard fruits and strawberries, forest
and fruit tree plantings, pruning, tests of a large number of varieties
of tomatoes, cabbage, sweet corn, and strawberries, and a study of
the methods of utilizing fruit by-products as in the manufacture
of cider, vinegar, etc.

The work in agronomy has also been extended during the year
and includes studies of several new rotations and of the use of
manure, mainly Avith a view to finding a substitute for the bare
faUow so generally practiced in the region. Tests and development
by selection and crossing of corn and wheat, potatoes, flax, alfalfa,
and other forage plants and grasses, sugar beets for seed, fall and
spring seeding of grains, and field and pot experiments to determine
the fertilizer requirements of Idaho soils have also been carried on.

In animal husbandry there has been a study of available feeds
for cows and hogs, especially alfalfa and field peas. The breeding
of a dual-purpose cow from Shorthorn stock is being continued,
and a herd of Angora goats has been secured for use in clearing wild
land.

The university has recently established a school of agriculture,
which provides a four-year course preparatory to the regular college
work. A four-year course in domestic science has also been added.

The publications of this station received during the year were:
Bulletins 48, Raising calves on separator milk ; 49, Soil temperatures
1903^, a summary of weather data 1894-1904; 50, Trap rocks of
Pahiuse region as road jnaterial, part 2; 51, Alkali conditions in the
Payette Valley; 52, Potato scab; and' 53, Experiments with wheat
and oats for smut; a circular on weather data; and the Annual
Eeport for 1905.

ILLINOISo 101

The income of the station during the past fiscal year was as follows :

United States appropriation, Hatch Act $15,000.00

United States appropriation, Adams Act 5, 000. 00

Balance from previous yeai* 4.58.41

Farm products 1, 460. 71

Total 21, 919. 12

Reports of the receipts and expenditures for the United States
funds have been rendered in accordance with the schedules prescribed
by this Department and have been^approved.

The Idaho Station is doing valuable work of a practical character.
Through the agency of its publications, demonstration experiments,
the organization of an agronomy association, and fanners' institute
work it is exerting an important influence on the agricultural practice
of the State. It is handicapped to some extent in carrying on ad-
vanced work by the difficulty of securing and holding well-equipped

men.

ILLINOIS.

Agricultural Experiment Station of the University of Illinois, Vrbana.

Department of the TTniversity of Illinois.

Eugene Davenport, M. Agr., Director.

The Illinois Station has continued to receive generous appropria-
tions from the State for special work upon practical problems, and
the demonstration of the results. The live stock and soil investiga-
tions each receive $25,000, and the orchard, crop, and dairy investi-
gations $15,000 each, making a total of $95,000. The work in these
lines is planned with the aid of advisory committees chosen by the
respective State associations, an arrangement which is found to be
very successful and advantageous.

Experiments are carried out at various places in the State upon
land rented from farmers for the purpose, rather than in direct coop-
eration with them, and practical demonstrations are made in dairying
wherever the opportunity offers. This work is in addition to that at
the station, but forms a quite prominent feature.

The department of agronomy has provided two additional fields
during the year, one in Dekalb County on typical brown silt loam
soil of the early Wisconsin glaciation, primarily for crop experiments,
and the other in Wliiteside County on soil typical of the deep
loess silt, chiefly for soil investigations. Studies of the effects of
crop rotation, legumes and catch crops, farm manure, phosphorus
and potassium in various combinations are being undertaken on these
fields. The w^ork on soil fertility is carried out at the station and at
about twenty-three other places in the State. A somewhat extensive

102 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

system of pot-cultiire experiments, to determine the depth to which
phmts feed, has been started during the year. Breeding experi-
ments with wheat, oats, and clover have also been inaugurated, and
corn-breeding experiments have been extended to cover a great variety
of points, including the breeding of corn upon some of the poorer
lands of the State. The laboratory for soil analysis has been enlarged,
and some new and larger laboratories have been provided for investi-
gations in farm mechanics (PI. Ill, fig. 1), soil physics, and crop
production.

Studies are being made with swine to determine the protein re-
quirements, with sheep to determine the proper ratio of roughage to
concentrates, and in fattening draft horses for market. The breeding
of beef cattle of a dual-purpose type for economy of production is
receiving attention, and studies of market conditions are continuing.
A field agent is traversing the State to ascertain from actual observa-
tions leading problems in cattle feeding and to introduce improved
methods. A building for swine feeding, costing about $2,000, has
been completed.

The horticultural department is studying, with the aid of a chem-
ist, changes in the composition of spraying materials after applica-
tion, and is conducting a large amount of demonstration work with
vegetables and fruits at various places in the State. Studies of the
bitter rot, drainage, fertilizers, renovation, storage, etc., have been
made with reference to local conditions in each case.

The dairyman is conductiiig feeding experiments to show the
value of clover. He is meeting with good success in an endeavor to
build up the station herd by the use of a high-grade Holstein bull.
He is testing herds in the State, to show the diH'erences in individ-
uality of cows, and is also studying the milk supply of the larger
cities.

During the year 5 bulletins, 12 circulars, and an annual report
were received from the station, as follows: Bulletins 102, The con-
struction of silos; 103, Comparison of methods of preparing corn
and clover hay for fattening steers; 104, Field experiments and ob-
servations on insects injurious to Indian corn; 105, The farmer's
vegetable garden ; and IOC), Spraying apples — relative merits of liquid
and dust applications; Circulars 90, Sampling of milk for composite
tests of individual cows; 91, 92, 94, and 98, Present methods of beef
production; 93, Should dairy cows be confined in stalls? 95, Sug-
gestions for the improvement of dairy barns; 9G, Soil improvement
for the Illinois corn belt; 97, Soil treatment foi' wheat on the poorer
lands of the Illinois wheat lu'lt : 00. The gist of 4 years' soil investi-
gation in the Illinois wheat belt; 100, The gist of four years' soil
investigation in the Illinois corn belt; and 101, Methods of testing
\:iriai)ility in coin; and the Annual Keport for lOOo.

An. Rpt. Office of Experiment Stations, 1906.

Plate III.

Fig. 1.— New Farm Mechanics Building, University of Illinois.

[.Vpproxiniately lUO feet square: cost, S32.000.]

Fig. 2.— Incubator House, Maine Station.

INDIANA. 103

The income of the station during the past fiscal year was as
follows :

United States appropriation. Ilatcli Act $15,000.00

United States appropriation, Adams Act 5,000.00

State appropriation 95, 000. 00

Fees 890. 00

Farm products 708.84

Miscellaneous, including balance from previous year 1,418.91

Total 118, 016. 75

Reports of the receipts and expenditures for the United States
funds have been rendered in accordance with the schedides pre-
scribed by this Department and have been approved.

The Illinois Station is in a thoroughly prosperous condition. It
is making a special effort to keep in touch with the farmers of the
State, and the practical demonstrations in their midst, together
with the farmers' institutes, special trains, and the like, have brought
about their cordial support and confidence. In the further devel-
opment of its work, researches of a more fundamental nature will
doubtless be needed. Extension work through the college of agri-
culture continues to be vigorously developed, and a new instructor
has been added to cover the subject of agriculture in the schools.

INDIANA.

Agricultural Experiment Station of Indiana, Lafayette,

Department of Purdue University.

Arthur Goss, M. S., A. C, Director.

The liberal State appropriations to the Indiana Station have
enabled it to continue the expansion and development of its work,
especially those phases relating to specific problems of rather imme-
diate practical importance and demonstrations of crop improvement
by better .seeds and methods. Fertilizer, spraying, variety and plant
breeding work has been carried on at the station, at county poor
farms, and in a. cooperative way with over TOO farmers representing
all counties of the State. A number of very successful special trains
have been run, besides farmers' excursions to the station. During the
winter the .station held a corn growers and stockmen's convention in
the nature of a short course for farmers, lasting a week, vv'ith an
attendance of about 1,200 farmers.

Among the investigations now under way are those by the botan-
ical department of the plant rusts, particularly that of flax, for which
the full life cycle has now been completed. The chemists have experi-
ments in progress on rendering fertilizing materials available in the
soil, and especially the effect of irrigation. The requirements of

104 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

muck soils have been studied, with resuUs which indicate that the
most needed element is potash.

A large feeding experiment with steers to compare tlie relative
value of different roughages is being carried on, together with a
similar experiment with pigs. A cross is being made of the Poland
Chinas and Berkshires to increase fecundity. The dairyman is study-
ing the efficiency of creaming by various systems prevailing on the
farms of the State, the making of cottage cheese from pasteurized
buttermilk, and methods of curing the same. Considerable work
has been done bv the veterinarian in the treatment of hog cholera and
some attention has been given to the cornstalk disease.

The publications of this station received during the year were as
follows: Bulletins 107, xVgriculture at Purdue University; 108, Soy
beans, middlings, and tankage as supplemental feeds in pork pro-
duction; 109, P^xamination of horses for soundness; 110, Corn im-
provement; 111, Indiana plant diseases in 1905; and 112, Com-
mercial fertilizers; and the Annual Report for 1905.

The income of the station during the past fiscal year was as follows:

Uuited States appropriation. Hatch Act $15, 000. 00

United States appropriation, Adams Act 5,000.00

State appropriation « 2.^. 000. 00

Miscellaneous 14, 657. 45

Balance from previous year 3,306. 12

Total 62. 963. 57

RejDorts of the receipts and expenditures for the United States
funds have been rendered in accordance with the schedules prescribed
by this Department and have been approved.

During the year the mailing list of the station was enlarged from
11,400 to 17,000 names, and the correspondence has also very largely
increased. The station is getting into much closer relations with the
farmers, and its work is becoming very popular. Owing to the
character of the State appropriations and the present demands upon
the station, there is some danger that its attention will be too largely
absorbed by the immediately practical needs of the farmer, especially
the demonstration to him of methods which are ^"^11 kno\A'n. The
station has become, however, one of the active, aggressive stations of
the Middle West in its work for improved agriculture.

" For the fiscal year ended October 31.

IOWA. - 105

IOWA.

Iowa Agricultural Experiment Station, Ames.

Department of Iowa State College of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts.

C. F. CuRTiss, M. S. A., Director.

Important changes in the plan of organization of the Iowa Station
have been effected during the past year. The funds from the Adams
Act and increased State appropriations have enabled a more clearly
defined distinction between the experimental, instruction, and exten-
sion work than has formerly been the ca^se. The general direction of
the various lines of work in the college and station will still be under
the heads of departments, but the assistants are in most cases assigned
definitely to one field or the other. During the coming year twelve
members of the staff will devote their time exclusively to station
work. In addition the agricultural extension work, for which a
State appropriation of $15,000 is available, has been organized as an
independent department under the direction of the former agrono-
mist and a corps of seven specialists. The total staff in the division of
agriculture of the college and station now numbers 41. Among the
recent additions is a photographer, whose time will be exclusively
utilized for station work.

The work in agronomy has been subdivided into separate depart-
ments of farm crops, soils, and agricultural engineering. The farm-
crops department has continued investigations for the selection and
improvement of seed corn. The demand for its bulletin on this sub-
ject was so great that a second edition of 50,000 copies was published.
The seed-corn trains were again sent out to all sections of the State
and aroused much interest. Breeding experiments are vmcler way with
wheat, corn, alfalfa, clover, oats, and various grasses. The depart-
ment of soils has completed a preliminary survey of the more impor-
tant soil types in the State, and has conducted numerous cooperative
experiments with farmers. Extensive studies of the physical and
chemical characteristics of soils and of soil fertility are to be in-
augurated. Farm engineering problems have included cooperative
drainage investigations with this Office, studies of the use of alcohol
for heat, light, and power, the draft of farm vehicles, and means for
the storage and utilization of power from windmills.

The horticultural work of the station has been largely increased to
include breeding experiments with various fruits, tests of hardy
stocks and ornamentals, the winter storage of apples, and extensive
spraying experiments. In this and similar work the station has
again cooperated with the Bureau of Plant Industry and the State
horticultural society and has conducted demonstration experiments
with a number of comity poor farms and individual farmers.

106 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

The equipment of a new dairy farm will provide for additional
work in animal production. Extensive feeding experiments are now
under way in pork production. Comparisons are being made between
pasteurized and nonpasteurized milk with reference to the spread of
tuberculosis, between Avhole and ground corn, and between corn,
shorts, and tankage. The dairy section has carried on an educational
butter test open to the creameries of the State, and has continued its
Avork on the moisture content and keeping qualities of butter.

An investigation of commercial feeding stuffs by the chemical secr
tion and the State board of agriculture indicates the necessity of leg-
islation regulating the sale of these products. The entomologist is
making a mosquito survey of the State, and the botanist a plant-
disease survey. Other Avork in these departments includes the life
history of the codling moth and other insects, seed adulteration, the
apple rust, and the bacteriological examination of water supplies.

Bulletins 81, Experiment in beef production ; 82, The principal
soil areas of Iowa; 83, Quack and wheat grasses; Some soil-binding
grasses of Iowa ; 84, The cedar apple fungi and apple rust in Iowa ;
and 85, Spraying calendar; and a revision of Bulletin 77, Selecting
and preparing seed corn, have been received from the station during
the year.

The income of the station during the past fiscal year was as follows :

United States appropriation, Hatch Act $15,000.00

United States appropriation, Adams Act 5,000.00

State appropriation 31, 509. 36

Individuals 100. 00

Farm products 9, 821. 82

Miscellaneous 1, 515. TO

Total 02, 946. 94

Reports of the receipts and expenditures for the United States
funds have been rendered in accordance with the schedule prescribed
by this Department and have been approved.

The Iowa Station is making decided progress and its outlook is
exceedingly promising. Its policy of further difl'erentiating the
duties of the college and station staff should result in increased
efhciency, especially in i-esearch, and through the extension staif
the station should be in an excellent position to nuiko its findings
immediatelv available to the farmers of ''^•e State.

KANSAS. ' i07

KANSAS.

Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station, Maiiliattan.

Department of Kansas State Agricultural College.

C. W. Bl'rkett. M. S.. Director.

The work of the Kansas Station has been undergoing a radical
reorganization. Increased responsibilit}' has been given the newl)''
appointed director, who will devote himself exclusively to adminis-
trative work. A policy of concentration of the lines of work has
been outlined and it is hoped to bring about a better coordination of
the several dei^artments. The department of dairying and animal
husbandry has been divided, the former head remaining in charge of
the dairy work and his assistant taking up the work in animal hus-
bandry. The Fort Hays substation has been placed in the immediate
charge of the director, and is to be used largely for acclimation tests,
plant breeding, feeding trials, field demonstrations, and studies in
farm management.

The experiments in irrigation from wells which were carried on by
the substation in cooperation with this Office have been concluded
and reported upon. A tract of 40 acres has been .leased near Fort
Hays for cooperative experiments in dry farming.

An investigation of the nature and extent of adulteration of alfalfa
seed and of a number of grasses has led to the development of a satis-
factory method for detecting Canada blue grass in Kentucky blue-
o-rass seed. An effort has been made to eradicate the San Jose scale,
Avhich has been discovered in several localities. Other work of the
entomological department includes studies of insect pests of corn,
alfalfa, and of stored grain. A large cooperative experiment in
spraying apple trees for the prevention of apple scab and the ravages
of the codling moth has been carried on by the horticulturist and a
number of commercial orchardists. Several hundred acres were
sprayed with Bordeaux mixture and either arsenate of lead or arse-
nate of soda, with the result that less than 25 per cent of the fruit
was injured, whereas the year previous there w^as almost total loss.

Studies of cattle dips, extensive variety testing of grains and
forage crops, breeding experiments with small fruits, and crop-rota-
tion trials have been continued as in previous years. An egg-laying
test of the leading breeds of hens, to include cost of production and
similar factors, has been started and will continue a year.

An extensive study of wheat is to be undertaken, to include breed-
ing experiments by the Svalof method and milling, chemical, and
baking tests of Kansas wheat, with a view to studying the yield of
flour and its baking qualities, especially as influenced by the proteid
constituents. Experiments to ascertain the nutritive value of the

108 RirPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

more important Kansas feeds will also be taken up, and studies of
the causes and treatment of blind staggers and the efficacy of a
remedy for hog cholera recently devised by the station.

The publications of this station received during the year were
Bulletins 129, Kansas mammals in their relation to agriculture; 130,
Steer feeding experiment VII, 1903-4; 131, Care of dairy utensils;
132, Western feeds for beef production ; 133, Alfalfa seed, its adulter-
ants, substitutes, and impurities and their detection ; 134, The alfalfa
seed crop and seeding alfalfa ; and 135, Grading cream ; and the
Annual Report for 1905.

The income of the station during the past fiscal j'ear was as

follows :

United States appropriation, Hatch Act .*p 15, 000. 00

United States appropriation, Adams Act 5,000.00

State appropriation for substations 15, 000. 00

Balance from previous year 679. 19

Miscellaneous, including farm products 2, 081. 16

Total 37,760.35

Reports of the receipts and expenditures for the United States
funds have been rendered in accordance with the schedules pre-
scribed by this Department and have been approved.

A horticultural building has been completed, costing, with green-
houses and equipment, about $50,000. The college continues to in-
crease very rapidly in size, causing very heavy demands for instruc-
tion work from the station men. Additional instructors are urgently
needed to allow more opportunity for fundamental research work.
In some cases problems of a more scientific nature could be substi-
tuted for the extensive field tests carried on at present to good
advantage.

KENTUCKY.

Kentucky Agricultural Experiment Station, Lejuu/ton.

Dep:irtiHciit of the A^ricuitural and Mechanical College of Kentucky.

M. A. ScovELL, M. S., Ph. D., Director.

The Kentucky Station continues to give much attention to tobacco
investigations, partly by breeding experiments for the production of
a leaf with smaller waste and with special qualities, and also by
studies of the burn or wilt, which during the last two years has caused
damage to at least 20 per cent of the crop while drying in the barn.
An organism has been discovered winch produces the disease when
inoculated into the leaf, and its prevention is being studied in the
field and in a specially constructed series of eight incubators, in which
conditions of lieat, moisture, and ventilation can be controlled at will.
The latter will also be used in studies of the prt)duction of desirable

KENTUCKY. 109

shades of color in curing. To determine the potash requirements of
the crop, soil tests are in progress.

Clover diseases, especially " clover sickness," are receiving attention
through cooperative experiments in several portions of the State.
Temporary substations have been established at Hopkinsville and
Bowling Green, 4 acres being under observation in each case.

Among lines of work continued as in previous years are soil inves-
tigations, including numerous analyses to determine the relations
existing between their composition and the character of the crop;
analyses of wheat, which seem to indicate that the kernels near the
middle part of the head are richer in protein than those at the extrem-
ities, and of corn, in which in general the butts of the ears are
richer; studies of insects infesting grain and young trees; nitrocul-
ture; Kentucky weeds; bee keeping; and the value of artificial
shade for vegetables.

The chemist is making a study of the availability of soil constitu-
ents as determined by fifth-normal nitric acid. A department of
animal husbandry has been established, in charge of E. S. Good, of
the Illinois Station.

A feed-inspection law was passed by the last legislature, which is
expected to yield from $10,000 to $12,000 a year to the station. An
appropriation of $10,500 is available for food inspection and the fer-
tilizer inspection yields about $23,000. Fees are charged for the
nursery inspection sufficient to cover actual expenses, while the seed
inspection is performed gratis. The inspection w^ork, as a whole, is
increasingly heavy, but interferes very little with the station work.

During the year the following publications have been received from
this station: Bulletins 117, 121, and 123, Analyses of commercial fer-
tilizers; 118, Corn — field tests; 119, Labels on adulterated and imita-
tion foods; 120, Some tree and wood infesting insects; cabbage
snakes; 122, Corn; 124, On the adulterants and weed seeds in Ken-
tucky samples of blue grass, orchard grass, timothy, red clover, and
alfalfa seeds; 125, Observations and experiments on clover, alfalfa,
and soy beans ; and 126, Soils ; and the Annual Keports for 1901 and
1902.

The income of this station during the past fiscal year was as

follows :

United States appropriation, Hatch Act $15,000.00

United States appropriation, Adams Act 5, 000. 00

State appropriation 10,498.49

Balance from previous year .3,478.59

Fees 22, 924. 2.3

Farm products, including the balance from previous

year 6,965.88

Miscellaneous 1,552.12

Total 65, 419. 31

110 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATONS.

Reports of the receipts and expenditures for the United States
funds have been rendered in accordance with the schedules pre-
scribed by this Department and have been approved.

The extension work in this State is chiefiy in the form of farmers'
institutes, for which a State appropriation of $2,000 is avaihible.
The station is well equipped and enjoys the hearty support of its
constituents.

LOUISIANA.

No. 1. Sugar Experiment Station, Auduhon J'ark, Xeiv Orleans.

No. 2. State Experiment Station, Baton Rouge.

No. 3. North Louisiana Experiment Station, Calhoun.

Department of Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical

College.

W. R. DoDSON, A. B., B. S.. Director, Baton Rouge.

The Louisiana stations have completed a study of the composition
of the roots, stems, and leaves of sugar cane at definite stages of de-
velopment and at maturity. The results are of service in dealing with
problems in clarification of cane juices and in the handling of prod-
ucts in the sugarhouse, and will furnish much valuable data for
future investigations. The germination of seedling canes, the value
of deep preparation of the soil, and the fermentation of sugarhouse
products for the manufacture ofalcohol are now receiving attention.

The veterinarian has brought to a close his investigations on the
nodular disease of the intestines of sheep. He concludes that by
keeping them in lots cleared of vegetation up to the time of weaning,
lambs from infected ewes may be raised practically free from the
disease. Investigations recently: inaugurated include a study of the
influence of stable manure and fertilizers on the quality of sirup made
from cane in north Louisiana and of methods for improving the
grapes, apples, and })eaches of the vicinity. Poultry breeding has
also been begun, numerous feeding experiments with cattle and
hogs are being conducted, and rice investigations are under Avay at
Crowley. Considerable time is required foi- tlio State fertilizer and
feed inspection, Avhich under a law recently passed is expected to net
the station about $5,000 a year additional revenue. The director re-
mains in charge of the State geological survey, and is a member of
the Crop Pest Commission which is investigating the cotton boll
weevil.

The additional funds provided by the Adams Act have been used in
the employment of a research chemist for investigations on the car-
bohydrates of cane-sugar piodiicls and the j)iii(liase of equipment for
work in animal and plant pathology. Specialists have been engaged
in both these lines.

MAINE. Ill

The station staff has taken part in the farmers' institute work,
tauglit at the summer normal school for teachers, and accompanied an
industrial train run by one of the railroads, delivering addresses on
farm topics along the route. The equipment and buildings of the
North Louisiana Station have been greatly improved (PI. V, fig. 1).

The following publications of the stations have been received dur-
ing the past fiscal year : Bulletins 80, Analyses of commercial fertil-
izers and Paris green; 81, Results of experiments in production and
marketing fruits and vegetables, and canning fruits and vegetables
on a small scale, at the North Louisiana Station ; 82, The Texas fever
cattle-tick situation, and the eradication of the tick by a pasture rota-
tion system; 83, Results of further experiment with nodule disease
of the intestines of sheep — the "bare-lot '' method of raising lambs;
84, Texas fever; and 85, Blackleg; Bulletins of the Lousiana geo-
logical survey : 1, Underground waters of Louisiana ; 2, Terrestrial
magnetism and meridian-line work; and 3, Establishment of tide-
gauge work; and the Annual Reports for 1901 and 1905.

The income of the stations during the past fiscal year was as
follows :

United States appropriation, Hatch Act .$1, .KX). 00

United States appropriation, Adams Act 5, 000. 00

State appropriation 15, 000. 00

Balance from previous year 1,5, 612. .33

Refund J 550.00

Farm products 3, 385. 33

Miscellaneous .3, .332. 26

Total 57. 879. 92

Reports of the receipts and expenditures for the United States
funds have been rendered in accordance with the schedules prescribed
by this Department and have been approved.

The Louisiana stations are devoting their attention more largely
to research investigations, and the increased funds at their disposal
will enable them to extend their fields of usefulness along several
new lines. A progressive policy is being followed and should yield
results of decided scientific and practical value.

MAINE.

Maine Agricultural Experiment Station, Orono.

Department of the University of Maine.

C. D. Woods, Sc. D., Director.

The Maine Station continues to make a special feature of its poul-
try investigations, which, as carried out during the year, have in-
cluded questions in both breeding and management. A comparison
of the chick-producing capacities of eggs from hens that had been

112 REPORT OF OFFICP^ OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

mated for several months, Avith those from recent mating, demon-
strated the entire fitness of long-mated birds for breeders, and
monthly tests of eggs from the same pen showed no decrease in the
fertility of eggs after the hens had been laying steadily for five
months. Early laying was found in general to be a reliable indicator
of good laying qualities. Investigations in progress include the selec-
tion of breeding stock by the use of trap nests, studies of how hirge
a flock should be, how much floor space each fowl should have, and
a comparison of cut clover and mangolds as a i)art of the ration. A
residence for the poultryman has been erected at a cost of about
$1,800, the basement of which is occupied as an incubator cellar, with
space for sixteen incubators (PI. Ill, fig. 2).

The nutrition investigations in cooperation with this Office have
consisted largely of digestion experiments with corn meal. The
results indicate thorough digestibility and comparative ease of
digestion.

The entomologist has published reports on the cottony grass scale
and the strawberry girdler, and is now working chiefl}^ on plant lice,
their life history and relation to crop injury. A small insectary has
been built and equipped and the library, which was hitherto poorly
provided with entomological books, has received liberal additions.

As a result of the passage of the Adams Act the department of
horticulture has been replaced by departments of pomology and vege-
table ])athology, W. M. Munson, the former horticulturist, becoming
pomologist and W. J. Morse, of the Vermont Station, being appointed
pathologist. The station has taken up work in seed inspection and
has published one bulletin giving analyses.

The university has withdrawn almost entirely from the station
building, thereby affording the station enlarged quarters. A granite
building is being erected for a university library, for which Mr.
Andrew Carnegie has given $50,000 besides $5,000 for equipment.

Increasing attention is being given to extension Avork. Reading
and correspondence courses in sixteen topics are now offered, and a
beginning has been made in introducing the study of agriculture and
horticulture into the normal schools. A " better farming special *'
train was run with the aid of the station, which was visited b}' over
20,000 people and proved a great success.

The publications of this station received during the year were
the Annual Reports for 1904 and 1905 and Bulletins 116-129, as fol-
lows: 116 and 119, Food inspection; 117. Poultry experiments; 118,
Cereal foods; 120 and 127, Fertilizer inspection; 121, The cottony
grass scale; 122, Experiments in orchard culture; 123, The straw-
berry crown girdler: 124, Finances, meteorology, index; 125, Seed
inspection; 126, Field experiments in 1905 — The effect of the ration

MARYLAND. 113

on the value of the manure ; 128, Orchard notes ; and 129, Feeding-
stuff inspection.

The income of the Station during the past fiscal year was as
follows :

United States appropriation. Hatch Act $15,000.00

United States appropriation, Adams Act 5,000.00

Inspectors' fees, sales, etc 8,407.36

Balance from previous year 1,108.80

Total 20, 516. 16

Reports of the receipts and expenditures for the United States
funds have been rendered in accordance Avith the schedules prescribed
by this DejDartment and have been approved.

The Maine Station is in better position than ever before to do a
considerable amount of thorough work. It has secured the confidence
and support of the farmers by the practical work done in spraying
and inspection and by the cooperative experiments. Under its pres-
ent organization its work is more clearly differentiated from that of
the college, and it is the desire to sej^arate the inspection and other
routine duties as thoroughly as possible from the work of investiga-
tion. The outlook for its greater success in the future is therefore
promising.

MARYLAND.

Maryland Agricultural Experiment Station, College Park.

Department of Maryland Agricultural College.

H. J. Patterson, B. S.. Director. ,

The Avork of the Maryland Station has continued along the lines
of previous years, although there has been some interruption Ijecause
of numerous changes in personnel. The poultry and dairy investiga-
tions, temporarily suspended from this cause, have been resumed.
The horticulturist has been succeeded by C. P. Close, of the Delaware
Station, and V. M. Sheesmith, of the Kansas Station, has recently
taken up the work in agronomy. A number of additional assistants
have also been provided, including an assistant in demonstration
•work.

In agronomy attention has been chiefly directed to corn breeding
and tests of cowpeas. Trials of alfalfa showed it to be well adapted
to Maryland conditions. An effort is to be made to develop wheat-
breeding exj^eriments on an extensive scale.

The chemist has been making studies on the digestibility and feed-
ing value of some sugar foods, particularly molasses. Sweet-corn
breeding work is being continued by the assistant chemist, the object
being to secure a grain with higher sugar content and better adapted

294b— 07 8

114 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

to canning purposes, and also a variety which will give higher yields.
Some phases of this work are being conducted in cooperation with the
Bureau of Chemistry of this Department. Feeding experiments and
fertilizer trials are ])eing continued.

In horticulture the principal investigations of the year were on the
picking, packing, storing, and marketing of fruits, particular atten-
tion being given to the marketing of peaches. The horticulturist
accompanied various shipments to a number of large markets in order
to determine the relative value of different methods of packing and
marketing. Coojoerative studies are being carried on in various parts
of the State to determine the effect of potash salts on ajjples, peaches,
pears, and plums. The effect of frost on fruit buds is also being
studied, and investigations have been made of nitrocultures for beans
and peas.

The veterinarian is continuing his studies on spinal meningitis and
the von Behring method of imnnmization against tuberculosis. He
is also studying the role of leucocytes and their relation to disease
and its control.

The departments of botany and entomology are occupied chiefly
with State inspection work, Ijut some investigations are proceeding
on the cause of diseases, life history of insect pests, and remedies.

The publications included a report and six bulletins. Those re-
ceived during the fiscal year were as follows: Bulletins 100, The wild
legumes of Maryland and their utilization; 101, Common injurious
and beneficial insects of iMaryland; 102, Leucoc^^tes in milk and their
significance; 103, Method of tobacco seed selection; 104, Tests of
materials for bedding cows; 105, Experiments with fumigating nur-
sery stock; IOC); Tlie influence of the size of the grain and the germ
of corn upon the plant; 107, 1005 Spraying experiments for the San
Jose scale ; and 108, Irish potato diseases.

Tlic income of the station during the past fiscal year was as
follows :

T'nited States appropriatinii. H;it<Ii Act ^ $1.". OOO. 0(t

I'liited Statos ai)propriati(^in, Adams Act ."». 00(1. 00

State appropriatidu 10,000.00

Farm products 5.182.63

Balance from previous year 1.208.21

Total rtO. 800. 84

Eeports of the receipts and expenditures for the Fnited States
funds have been rendered in accordance with the schedules pre-
scribed by this Department and ha\e been approved.

The mailing list now numbers about 20,000, being 46 per cent more
tlian that of eight years ago, and the correspondence is increasingly
heavy. The State has recently shown a disposition to come more

MASSACHUSETTS. 115

largely to the support of the station. A poultry plant has been pro-
Abided, and construction Avill soon begin on new barns for dairy and
feeding work. While suffering somewhat from the numerous changes
in personnel, the station has made progress in the better differentia-
tion of its work from that of the college and by its adherence to the
policy of restricting its investigations to a few definite lines of work.

MASSACHUSETTS.

Massachusetts Agricultural Experiment Station, Amherst.

Department of the Massachusetts Agricultural College.

W. P. Brooks, I'll. D.. Director.

During the year the organization of the Massachusetts Station has
been given more definite form b}^ the election of a director distinct
from the office of president. A division of veterinary science has been
established, in charge of the college veterinarian. The station has
entered into cooperation Avith the Bureau of Plant Industry and local
growers in a study of cranberry growing on Cape Cod, and is carry-
ing on cooperative fertilizer trials with asparagus at Concord in an
endeavor to produce a more rust-resistant type.

Some interesting observations are under way on the physical con-
stants — heat, light, etc. — in relation to plant and insect development.
The botanist has nearly completed studies of light intensity and meas-
urements of the light units used by plants, together with the bearing
of these points on construction of greenhouses, exposure and related
problems. He is also continuing his work on electricity both as
regards its influence on plant growth and its stimulating effect on
bacteria. The horticulturist has taken up the heat and light require-
ments of different stages of plant growth, using the cress as a type.
In entomology, the heat units required for the metamorphosis of dif-
ferent insects are being worked out as a guide to determining the date
of their appearance.

The botanist is still investigating the diseases of greenhouse crops
and the injuries to shade trees by illuminating gas, banding sub-
stances, and other agencies. Seed testing for onion and tobacco
growers has been taken up, and a pure culture of yeast has been pre-
pared for trial in the production of a medicinal wine from the cran-
berry. Experiments with soils of different textures as related to the
germination and growth of plants have also received attention.

The horticulturist has developed a collection of dwarf fruit trees
which attracts much notice. He is also studying the Mendelian and
Galtonian laws of variation on squashes and nasturtiums, the effect
of stock and scion in grafting, and pruning with reference to develop-
ment of a system. The entomologist, aside from the work men-
tioned above, is testing proprietary sprays and studying the relative

116 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

susceptibility of plants and insects to hydrocyanic acid and other
insecticides.

Feeding and digestion experiments have been carried on with cattle
which indicate that the feeding- value of Porto Rico molasses for
dairy stock is about 80 per cent that of corn meal. With sheep, diges-
tion coefficients have been obtained for a ninnber of by-products and
forage crops. An experiment has also been completed to show the
physiological and economic value of protein in milk production.
The inspection of fertilizers, feeding stuffs, nurseries, etc., continues
to occupy considerable time.

During the j^ear'the college and station have continued to prosper
and have made numerous additions to equipment. The horticultural
building has been occupied, and the ncAv college barn is nearing com-
pletion. An addition to the insectary and a new greenhouse have
provided increased facilities for the entomologists, and a new build-
ing for the department of botany and vegetable ]:)athology is under
construction. This building, which will be called Clark Hall, will be
designed for the special needs of both the college and station work,
and will cost, without equipment or greenhouses, about $45,000.

The most important step in extension work was the participation
of the college and station in the equipping and management of the
first railway special to be operated in New England in the interests
of agriculture. The " Better farming special," Avhich traversed a
considerable part of the State and later portions of Vermont and New
Hampshire, attracted much attention, there being at least 10,000
visitors in Massachusetts, of whom a noticeably large proportion were
young people.

The publications of this station during the year were as follows:
Bulletins 103, 101, and 107, Analyses of fertilizers; 105, Tomatoes
under glass, methods of pruning tomatoes; 106, Condimental stock
and poultry foods; 108, Inspection of concentrates; and 109, Analyses
of fertilizers and insecticides; Meteorological bulletins 198 to 209;
and an index to Massachusetts Station publications, volumes 1 to 12,
1883 to 1894.
The income of the station during the past fiscal j'^ear was as follows:

Unitod Rtiitos approprintioii. Hatch Act $14,017.70

ruitt'd States aijpropriation, Adams Act 5,000.00

Balance of United States funds frum previous year 382. 30

Stat*' ai)propriation 13, 500. 00

Fees 4.745.00

Farm products 2. 8:30. 02

Miscellaneous 4.993. 76

rp.

Total __ 40, 074. 78

MICHIGAN. 117

Reports of the receipts and expenditures for the Unit'ed States
funds have been rendered in accordance with the schedules prescribed
by this Department and have been approved.

There are many indications of an increasing interest in agricultural
affairs in this State. The last legislature appropriated $5,000 for
normal work at the college as the result of the report of an industrial
commission appointed by the governor. An agricultural department
of ^ high school was opened at Petersham in charge of a recent
graduate from the college. The demands on the college and station
are steadily increasing, and they enjoy the cordial cooperation and
support of the people of the State. The station is doing a large
amount of work of scientific value, together with much of more imme-
diately practical importance. Its outlook, with a director at its head
to give a large share of his attention to its interests, seems very

encouraging.

MICHIGAN.

Experiment Station of Michigan State Agricultural College, Agricultural

CoUeye.a

Department of Michigan State Agricultural College.
C. D. Smtth. M. S., Director.

The work of the Michigan Station is progressing along practically
the same general lines as formerly. Some strong work is being done
in agricultural bacteriology on the effect of various organisms, alone
and associated, on rendering the i^hosphates available in the soil,
the effect of different amounts of green manure with soil on devel-
opment of acid, the organisms of nitrogen assimilation by legumes,
etc. Studies of the associative action of bacteria with certain combi-
nations in connection Avith lactic-acid organisms in souring milk have
shown differences of as much as ninety-six hours in the time of
souring.

The field work is being carried on much as in previous years,
and includes a wide variety of culture, fertilizer, breeding, and
variety tests. The study of the effect of inoculation on the compo-
sition of peas and other legumes is continued. Some improved
strains of oats and wheat which have been distributed through the
State are giving excellent results and receive many compliments
from farmers and millers. An investigation of mint growing has
been begun, both as to the culture of the crop and the extraction of
the oil. To this end fertilizer trials have been conducted upon large
mint fields near Kalamazoo, and studies are progressing as to the
diseases of mint.

The department of animal husbandry has been making experiments
with substitutes for skim milk for hogs, and also with cull beans,

a Freight and express address, Lansing.

118 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

soiling crops, beets, etc. Work is going on with grade dairy cows
bred to Holstein, Jersey, Guernsey, and Shorthorn bulls. The station
now has the first generation of progeny, and it is believed that in
four generations animals can be produced practically equivalent to
pure breds. The department is doing some work with beef cattle
and sheep, and is also raising calves in different ways. Experiments
on the amounts of unground corn and oats voided by cows, heifers,
and calves showed that from 20 to 26 per cent of the material passed
through the digestive tract undigested, indicating that the feeding
of grain without grinding can seldom if ever be economical. Dried
beet pulp is being fed as a substitute for silage, and cooperative
experiments are under way with farmers in the use of beet pulp for
cows as a supplement to failing jDastures.

The horticultural department has begun the selection of strains
of potatoes resistant to blight. Studies of the cross pollination of
varieties of apples and pears have been continued, as have also those
of the pollination of strawberries as a means of improving the ship-
ping qualities and prolonging the season. There is some work with
fertilizers, catch crops, and tillage of orchards, and cooperative
spraying trials for grape rot, San Jose scale, and potato rot are
proceeding at several points in the State.

During the past year the following publications of this station
have been received: Bulletins 225, Alfalfa in Michigan; 226, The
work at the substations ; 227, Legumes other than alfalfa ; 228, The
discussion of the milk problem from the standpoint of production;
229, A popular review of special Bulletin No. 33 ; 230, Some bacterial
diseases of plants prevalent in Michigan; 231, Suggestions concern-
ing legume inoculation; 232, Fertilizer analyses; 233, Insects of the
garden; 234, Feeding dairy cows; 235, Succotash as a soiling crop;
236, Spraying for potato blight in 1905 ; and 237, Digester tankage
for swine; Special Bulletins 32, Investigation regarding succulence;
33, Extended studies of the associative action of bacteria in the sour-
ing of milk; 34, Corn improvement; and 35, Eeport of the South
Haven Substation for 1905 ; and the Annual Eeport for 1905.

The mailing list now numbers 43,000 and is continually increasing.
The cost of the publications is borne by the State.

The income of the station during the past fiscal year was as
follows :

United States appropriation, Hatch Act .? 15, 000. 00

United States appropriation, Adams Act 5,000.00

State appropriation for substations 15.530.17

Fees 2. 8G0. 00

Farua products, including substations 2, GIO. 10

Balance from previous year 1,259.27

Total 42,259.54

MINNESOTA. 119

Reports of the receipts and expenditures for the United States
funds have been rendered in accordance with the schedules pre-
scribed by this Department and have been approved.

The Michigan Station is doing a large amount of work for the
improvement and development of the agriculture of the State, and
has a strong hold on its constituents, with whom it maintains very
close relations. A conservative policy is being pursued which is
resulting in a fortunate combination of directly practical work with
the more thorough investigations.

MINNESOTA.

Agricultural Experiment Station of the University of Minnesota, »S'^

Anthony Park, St. FauL

Department of the University of Minnesota.

W. M. Liggett, Director.

At the Minnesota Station, the department of agricultural chemis-
try has been expanded to include a new division dealing with soils
and fertilizers. The work with soils will be largely confined to a
study of soils of reduced fertility and means for their improvement,
especial attention being given to the organic constituents. A ten-year
series of field tests has shown that rapid and heavy losses of humus
and nitrogen result under exclusive grain farming, while under stock
farming and crop rotation these losses are minimized. The frequent
shriveling of cereals, which has been attributed to drought, frost, and
other factors, has in many cases been found to be a direct result of
unbalanced fertilizers. Studies have been begun on the digestibility
and feeding value of emmer, the protein content of various forage
crops, and chemical methods of determining available plant food
versus actual field check experiments. Nutrition Avork has been con-
tinued in cooperation with this Office, the principal studies being
investigations of the digestibility and nutritive value of flour when
prepared in other forms than bread, such as crackers, biscuits, pan-
cakes, and cookies.

The veterinarian has been making extensive investigations of the
physiological aspects of stable ventilation. It is found that steers of
sound health can })e subjected to close confinement and a high carbon
dioxid content in the air wiithout apparent injury, and the conclusion
is drawn that the importance of ventilation is from hygienic con-
siderations and as a preventive of the spread of contagious diseases,
rather than because of any deleterious influence of an excess of carbon
dioxid itself. Studies have also been made of the means of transmis-
sion of tuberculosis, and about seventy calves have been inoculated
with von Behring's tubercle vaccine to determine immunity. Under

120 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

a special Congressional appropriation a study of hemorrhagic septi-
cemia will be made in cooperation with the Bureau of Animal
Industry.

Extensive plant breeding experiments have been continued, espe-
cially with durum wheat, oats, flax, and barley. A series of crop
rotation and farm management experiments is proceeding in different
parts of the State in cooperation wdth former students of the school
of agriculture and the Bureau of Statistics. The main object is to
determine the lines of farming most j^rofitable for the various parts
of the State, and valuable data have been secured as to the cost of
production of farm crops and the income of farms.

Feeding exj^eriments with milch cows have been continued upon
the relationship between the maintenance requirements and those for
milk production, and experiments have been undertaken with cattle,
sheep, and swine, with a view to ascertaining the influence of breeding
and feeding on the value of the finished products. The entomologist
has given special attention to bee keeping and to an investigation of
the cabbage maggot.

An administration building for the agricultural department of the
university, costing about $200,000, is nearing completion, which will
furnish quarters for the director of the station and the departments
of agriculture and entomology. An insectary, costing $2,500, has also
been erected. Special State appropriations of $4,500 for the purchase
of live stock, $4,000 for experiments in plant breeding, and $1,000 for
soil investigations, have been available.

The following publications of this station were received during
the year: Bulletins 92, The digestibility and nutritive value of cot-
tage cheese, rice, peas, and bacon ; and 93, The diptera of Minnesota —
two-winged flies affecting the farm, garden, stock, and household;
and the Annual Report for 1904.

The income of the station during the past fiscal year was as follows :

United States appropriation, Ilatoh Act $15,000.00

United States appropriation, Adams Act 5, 000. 00

State appropriation, including substations 37, 189. 18

Farm products, including substations 11,188.21

Total 08, 877. 39

Reports of the receipts and expenditures for the United States
funds have been rendered in accordance with the schedules prescribed
by this Department and have been approved.

The Minnesota Station, from a material standpoint, is in a very
flourishing condition, and its influence for good is being widely recog-
nized. The supj)ort given it by the State is very encouraging and the
extensive cooperative enterprises between the station, former student
organizations, and others show a considerable widening of its sphere

MISSISSIPPI. 121

of influence. The rapid increase in the attendance at the school of
agriculture of the university, and the agricultural high schools, is
evidence of greater interest in improved agriculture, and the station
will doubtless still further profit from this condition.

MISSISSIPPI.

Mississippi Agricultural Experiment Station, Agricultural College.^

Department of Mississippi Agrioultui'al and Mechanical College.
W. L. Hutchinson, M. S., Director.

The Mississippi Station has continued its investigations on the im-
provement of agricultural practice in the South. Under existing
conditions it is estimated that the labor of two men and a mule is
barely sufficient to produce crops which, aside from what is consumed
on the premises, will yield a cash income of $200 a year, and even un-
der this system the productiveness of the soil is being steadily
diminished. With the proper equipment and improved methods,
however, it is believed that one man can make the same amount of
land mainly self-supporting, maintain the fertility of the soil, and
sell from $500 to $2,000 worth of product annually. Efforts are
being made by the station to introduce more diversified farming as
a means to this end. Tlie department of animal industry, recently
established, has carried on feeding experiments which indicate that
beef production may be made a profitable industry. Preparations
are being made further to develop the work in poultry raising, dairy-
ing, and agronomy. Pure-bred stock is to be bought and experi-
ments made with a larger number of animals. One problem to be
undertaken is that of the better utilization of pastures and woodlands
in the State, so that a larger number of animals can be maintained
per acre.

During the year the college and station farms, gardens, and
dairies have been consolidated under the station management. The
agronomist, who has recently returned from a year's leave of absence
spent in advanced study, will have general charge of the work with
farm crops. About 150 acres are now available for experimental
purposes and will be devoted largel}' to investigations of methods of
cultivation, fertilizers, rotation of crops, the growing of forage crops,
and plant-breeding experiments. A new dairy building, costing
about $10,000, has been completed. This is a brick structure, con-
sisting of two stories and basement. It contains ample room for
the growth of the dairy department, and special provision is made
for work in bacteriology.

a Telegraph address, Starkville ; express and post-office address, Agricultural
College; freight address, -4. and M. College Stption.

122 REPORT OF OB^FICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

The horticultural work is being enlarged and an additional assist-
ant has been employed. Experiments with grapes will be renewed
and variety tests of pecans and other nuts will be extended.

The three substations supported by State funds are proving of
much value to their respective localities and an aid to the cause of
station work in the State. The McNeill substation, located in the pine-
woods area, has demonstrated that large crops of forage plants, such
as vetch and cowpeas, may be economically grown and used to main-
tain a much larger nimiber of stock than is done at present. At
Holly Springs vetch has been found a valuable crop in the reclama-
tion of badly worn soils. Striking results were obtained from inocu-
lation. The problems at the Delta substation include drainage,
breaking up of compact soils, the restriction of the cotton area, the
growing of corn, alfalfa, vetch, bur clover, etc., and the pasturage
of hogs.

The following publications have been received during the year:
Bulletins 85 and 91, Inspection and analyses of commercial fertiliz-
ers; 87, Report of work at McNeill branch experiment station for
1904; 88, Report of field work done at the college station for 1901; 89,
The underground waters of Mississippi ; 90, The San Jose scale in
Mississippi, and the lime-salt-sulphur w^ash; 92, Feeding beef cattle
in Mississippi; and 93, Peach and plum culture.

United States appropriation. Hatch Act $15,000.00

United States appropriation, Adams Act 5, 000. 00

State appropriation for substations 9, 000. Oil

Farm products, including substations 4, liiut. 80

Miscellaneous, including balance from previous year 13,3.52.88

Total 46,613.77

Reports of the receipts and expenditures for the United States
funds have been rendered in accordance with schedules prescribed by
this Department and have been approved.

The sLinnner school and institute held at the college again met with
good success. Agriculture is being taught in the public schools, and
there is an agitation for secojularv agricultural education as a means
of relieving the present overcrowding in the college preparatory de-
partment, which -now numbers 300 students. Appreciation of the
work of the college and station is increasing. The equipment is being
materially augmented, and there is much activity in making ])lans
which, if carried out, will un(h)ubtedly further increase their effi-
ciency i\in] usefulness.

MISSOURI. 123

MISSOURI.

Missouri Agricultural College Experiment Station, Colunihia.

Department of the College of Agriculture aud Mechanic Arts of the University

of Missouri.

H. J. Waters, B. S. A., Director.

From an extensive series of feeding experiments with cattle the Mi.s-
souri Station concludes that the condition of the animal is a more
important factor in the cost of gain than is age, and that if animals
are fully fed, have fresh air, and a comfortable place to lie, warm
quarters seem unnecessary. Calves, yearlings, and 2 and 3 year olds
fed an optimun^ of grain approximating very closelj'^ the limit of the
appetite of the animal have made gains at the minimum of cost in
feed. The addition of a supplement like linseed or cotton seed meal
to a basal ration of corn has resulted in economy in the cost of
production, the animals being better finished and selling at an
increase more than sufficient to meet the additional cost. Roughage
crops rich in protein, such as the legumes, have proved decidedly
superior for beef production and wintering to nonleguminous rough-
age. These experiments are to be continued on a large scale.

Another important series of feeding experiments is being carried
on with pigs. Experiments with feeding lecithin indicate that its
physiological significance depends wholly upon its phosphorus con-
tent, and the function of phosphorus has been shown to be in direct
connection with muscle formation rather than in fat production, as
commonly supposed.

In cooperation with the Bureau of Animal Industry an elaborate
study of dairy products has been inaugurated. The composition,
physical structure, and general qualities of milk from different
breeds will be investigated throughout the entire period of lactation.
An organism causing bitter milk has been isolated. The veterinarian
has been making a test of the changes of temperature and of the
blood of cow^s during lactation, and is also investigating serum treat-
ments for hog cholera, tuberculosis, and the distribution of blackleg,
which in epidemic forms seems to be associated with certain types of
soils accompanying crop conditions.

A soil survey of the State is being made through a thorough and
systematic study of soil types. In addition to the usual observations,
field experiments are to be carried on for each of the important types
to ascertain methods of improvement. One year's results have al-
ready been obtained from ten substations, three having been located
for the study of underdrainage, and negotiations are in progress for
three others.

124 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

The cooperative and extension work of the station with the farm-
ers of the State has assumed large proportions. Over 100 farmers,
representing nearly every county, have devoted from 4 to 10 acres to
an experiment for corn improvement, and over 500 boys from 10 to
20 years of age have grown pedigreed corn in a contest under the
direction of the station. Premiums aggregating $500 have been
offered for the best exhibits at the State Corn Growers' Convention
to be held at the college and at the State fair. A number of apple
orchards on typical soils have been secured for a systematic study of
the fertilizer requirements, and through the cooperation of the Mis-
souri Pacific Railway a poultry- farming train is to traverse the
State.

During the 3^ear a cattle barn for beef animals has been completed
at a cost of $12,000, a hog barn costing $2,000, and a stone structure
for instruction and research in farm mechanics costing $5,000. A
greenhouse for the botanist is to be erected. Numerous additions
have been made to the station staff, and Dr. Paul Schweitzer, chem-
ist for many years, has retired from active service.

The publications of this station received during the year were as
follows: Bulletins 66, Analyses of commercial fertilizers; 67, Sup-
plements to corn for fattening hogs; 68, Test of tin-can separators;
Test of a fly repellant ; and 69, Three fungus diseases of the cultivated
ginseng; and a circular on some fungus diseases and their treatment.

The income of the station during the Dast fiscal year was as
follows :

United States appi-opriation, Hatch Act $15,000.00

United States appropriation, Adams Act 5,000.00

State aijpropriatlou . 4. 000. 00

Fees (J. 102. GO

Farm products 5,644.48

Balance from previous year 492.87

Total .SO, 240. 01

Reports of the receipts and expenditures for the United States
funds have been rendered in accordance with the schedules prescribed
by this Department and have been approved.

The Missouri Station has a large amount of valuable work under
way, and some of its new lines are especially promising. The great
demand upon it for institute and other extension work .shows an
increasing appreciation on the part of the public. The policy re-
cently adopted of relieving the station men from as much of the
teaching and routine work as po.ssible is yielding good results, and the
station is now thoroughly organized for aggressive research work.

MONTANA. 125

Missoui'i State Fruit Experiment Station, Mountain Grove.
Paul Evans, Director.

The work of the Missouri State Fruit Experiment Station has
continued to be devoted chiefly to the development of the fruit inter-
ests of the southern part of the State. Particular attention has been
given to the use of commercial fertilizers in fruit and vegetable
growing.

The station is supported entirely by State appropriations. For
the past fiscal year $20,650 was available. Bulletins 13, on Commer-
cial fertilizers, and 14, Preliminary experiments in dipping nursery
stock, were the only publications received during the year.

MONTANA.

Montana Agricultural Experiment Station, Bozeman.

Department of the Montana College of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts.

F. B. LiNFiELD. B. S. A., Director.

The past year at the Montana Station has been one of development
along several lines. Seven dry farms have been established in the
principal sections of the State, and experiments with cereals, sugar
beets, potatoes, flax, alfalfa, brome grass, etc., have been begun.
Notwithstanding unfavorable conditions during the past two seasons,
good results have been obtained. In this connection the localization
of rainfall with reference to the probable success of dry farming is
being studied. The work in dry farming is in cooperation with the
farmers of the State. The expense has been met in part by a special
State appropriation and in part by contributions from the Xorthern
Pacific and Great Northern railways.

Irrigation and drainage investigations have been extended at the
station and at different points in the State. Special attention has
been given to the drainage of seeped lands, the use of seepage water
for irrigation, the prevention of seepage from ditches by cementing,
and the pumping of w^ater with windmills and engines for supplement-
ary irrigation. AVith a view to developing a department of agricul-
tural engineering the title of the head of the department has been
changed and an assistant has been appointed.

The w^ork in botany, zoology, and entomology has been merged
in a new department of biology, with the former entomologist at its
head. An assistant botanist has been added, who will give special
attention to plant diseases, a field heretofore undeA^eloped. A new
insectary has been erected.

The sugar-beet investigations, in cooperation with a number of
farmers, have shown that this crop can be successfully grown in

126 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

manj' parts of the State. A factory has just commenced operations
at Billings, and others are being planned elsewhere. Tests have been
made of a large number of varieties of wheat, barle}^, oats, potatoes,
and forage plants with and without irrigation, and some attention
has been given to fertilizer experiments, rotations to conserve fertility,
the rate of seeding and nurse crops for alfalfa and seed production
with cereals. A cooperative test of the acclimation of corn has been
made in the Yellowstone and Bitter Root valleys. A well-equipped
soil physics laboratory has been provided for the agronomy work.

The chemical work of the station has been confined mainly to tests
of quality of the sugar beets grown in different parts of the State,
studies of poisonous plants, methods of treatment of locoed sheep,
and miscellaneous analytical work. In dairying some investigations
have been made as to the effect of age on the .yield, quality, and
character of the butter fat, and on the comparative influence cf
rennet and cheese pepsin on the yield, texture, and quality of cheese.
The breeding up of ordinary Montana cattle has also been under-
taken. The horticultural work has included the domestication and
improvement of some of the native fruits, the enlargement of the
nurseries and fruit plantations, the thinning of fruits, the effect of
staking on the'maturing of tomatoes, and the transplanting of onions.
About 5 acres of additional land has been purchased for this depart-
ment, increasing its ground to about 15 acres.

The facilities in animal husbandry are being steadily improved.
During the past year there were carried on experiments in pasturing
cattle, testing the economy of grain in feeding cattle and sheep, and
supplementing grain with clover, tankage, and skim milk in feeding
pigs. Some work in pig breeding has been undertaken, the poultry
plant has been enlarged, and ah additional assistant has been
appointed.

The publications of this station received during the year were
liulletins 56, Native economic plants of Montana; 57, Pig feeding
experiments; 58, Steer feeding experiments; 59, Sheep feeding, 1908—1
and 1904-5; and 60, Onion growing in Montana; and the Annual
Report for 1904. "

The income of the station during the past fiscal year, besides funds
contributed by the State and corporations for the experiments in
dry farming, was as follows :

Uuited states appropriation. Hatch Aft .$1.5.000.00

I'uited States aitijropriation. Adams Act .I. 000. 00

State api)ro[)riation r,, 424. 44

Farm products 4. 82."). 62

Total _ 30,250.00

NEBRASKA. 127

Reports of the receipts and expenditures for the United States
funds have been rendered in accordance with the schedules prescribed
by this Department and have been approved.

The work of the Montana Station is expanding in many useful
directions, and, through publications, local cooperative work, farm-
ers' institutes and other farmers' organizations, is being brought
into touch with agricultural interests all over the State. Its corre-
spondence continues to increase very rapidly. The State and private
corporations show a disx^osition to extend liberal aid.

NEBRASKA.

Agricultural Experiment Station of Nebraska, Lincoln.

Department of the T'niversity of Nebraska.

E. A. Burnett, B. S.. Director.

At the Nebraska Station a considerable number of changes have
taken place in the statf. The resignation of T. L. Lyon, agronomist
and associate director, to accept a position at Cornell University and
Station, was followed by the division of the department of agronomy
into departments of soils and field crops. F. J. Alway has suc-
ceeded S. Avery as chemist. Forestry has been added as a new
department, and experimental work in botany has been begun. Ad-
ditional assistants have been provided in several departments.

In the animal husbandry work cattle feeding has again been made
the leading feature, particularly as to the relative value of a number
of forage crops. The most economical ration for Nebraska has
been found to be alfalfa, corn stover, and corn. Experiments in
pig feeding are also being conducted. A barn for this purpose is
being constructed, and the cattle barn has been remodeled.

In horticulture demonstrations in spraying in cooperation with
the Bureau of Plant Industry are being carried on in several locali-
ties. Experiments in breeding hybrid apples and peaches are under
way. Variety tests with vegetables, Avhich have been carried on for
several years, have been concluded, as have also extensive experiments
in the selection and propagation of seed potatoes An assistant has
been provided in this department.

The recently established department of botany has been equipped
and studies have l)een made, jointly with the veterinarian, of poison-
ous plants and of moldy corn in relation to diseases in horses. The
mold, which seems to be unlike any heretofore reported, is quite
destructive to the crop, causing a loss of about 00 per cent in the
weight of the defective ears, and is believed to be the cause of
death of a considerable number of horses. The botanist is also
studying a monilia disease of apples that produces an unusual form

128 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

of black rot, and the cedar rust in which he has found evidence of
a perennial mycelium, a fact not hitherto attributed to this species.

In the department of soils all experiments previously inaugurated
have been continued, together with studies of soil fertility, humus,
drainage, and the removal of alkali. From several years of wheat
breeding sufficient seed has been obtained from individual plants
of merit to give a field test on one-tenth acre plats of about 200
varieties. Corn breeding is also a leading feature, and tests of wheat,
corn, soy beans, oats, and other crops are proceeding with about
1,800 farmers.

The chemist has completed an investigation on the bleaching of
flour with nitrogen peroxid, and finds that the coloring matter is
closely associated with the oil content of the flour. An experiment
under his direction as to the value of copper sulphate as a pre-
ventive of hog cholera demonstrated its worthlessness, large quan-
tities being fed for six weeks without securing any immunity from
the disease. Malarial fever in horses is receiving attention from the
veterinarian and several departments are cooperating in studying
the loco disease.

The substation at North Platte is under the immediate charge of
the director and is being used largely for demonstration experiments.
Some work in plant breeding, and irrigation investigations in co-
operation with this Office, have also been taken up. About $12,000
has been expended for permanent improvements. The State makes
an appropriation of $10,000 per year for this substation.

Bulletins 89, Winter wheat; 90, Cattle-feeding experiments; and 91,
Experiments with corn, were received during the year from this
station.

The income of the station during the past fiscal year Avas as follows :

United States appropriation, Hatch Act $15,000.00

United States appropriation, Adams Act 5, 0(X). 00

State appropriation for substation 10,000.00

Farm products 14, 575. 67

Balance from previous year 1, 818. 7(!

Total 46,394.43

Reports of the receipts and expenditures for ihe United States
funds have been rendered in accordance with the schedules prescribed
by this Department and have been approved.

The completion of the agricultural building has provided increased
accommodations for the station as well as for the college and school
of agriculture. Extension work is being vigorously conducted by
special trains, boys' and girls' associations, and other ways. The
biennial appropriation for farmers" institutes is $12,000. The station
is in a prosperous condition, and is ex])anding and developing its

NEVADA. 129

work along useful lines. It is growing in support and appreciation,
and is rendering increasingly valuable service to the agriculture of
the State.

NEVADA.
Nevada Agricultural Experiment Station, Reno.
Department of Nevada State University.
J. E. Stubbs, D. D., LL. D., Director.

There have been no material changes in the policy or the lines of
work at the Nevada Station other than a readjustment of duties
whereby a number of the staff are relieved of a portion of the teach-
ing. The consulting chemist, N. E. Wilson, has resigned after
fifteen years' service. AV. B. Mack, of the veterinary college of Cor-
nell University, has been given charge of a new department of bac-
teriology and veterinary science, and J. E. Church has been appointed
cooperative observer in climatology and meteorology. As hereto-
fore, the main lines of work have been agronomy, animal husbandry,
and horticulture, as modified by the peculiar climatic and economic
conditions of the region. Irrigation is essential to agriculture in
most of the State and forms the basis of all the work. The irrigation
investigations have been in cooperation with this Office, supple-
mented by a State appropriation, and include measurement of the
water used on the station farm and studies of the water requirements
of various cereals, sugar beets, alfalfa, and miscellaneous crops.

The growing of forage crops, particularly alfalfa, has received at-
tention, especially as regards drought resistance in dry framing. A
comparison has been made of alfalfa grown in the usual way and
with oats, rye, and barley as nurse crops.

The work in animal husbandry has consisted largely of studies of
the value of alfalfa for pasture, soiling, and hay in the production of
beef, mutton, and pork. A herd of Holstein cattle is being built up,
and an attempt is being made to improve the mutton quality of the
flock of sheep by introducing Dorset blood.

The horticultural work is being developed with regard to the
adaptability and cultural management of fruits and vegetables suit-
able to the conditions. The station has now, besides its orchard, an
arboretum for the testing and growing of ornamental trees, and a
botanic garden. Studies of range conditions and of the digesti-
bility of range forage plants and native grasses, and also of the
poisonous properties and principles of range plants, have been con-
tinued.

The work of the chemist on soils and waters of the State has been
practically completed.

294b— 07 9

130 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

During the year a meteorological observatory was erected on the
summit of Mount Rose, 10,800 feet high and overlooking the Truckee
Valley, in which the station is located. The equipment and main-
tenance of the observatory have been accomplished through the co-
operation of the Nevada Academy of Sciences, the Weather Bureau,
the university, and the station. It is believed that observations taken
from this point will be of decided value in frost predictions and
related problems.

No farmers' institutes were carried on during the year. It has
been found difficult to arouse interest in such meetings, probably be-
cause of the recent rapid development of mining, although the rapid
growth of mining towns and consequent increase of population should
increase the demand for home-grown products and in this way even-
tually benefit agriculture.

Preliminary work in agriculture and horticulture is now under
w^ay at the substation recently established in the southern part of the
State.

In order to provide elementary instruction in agriculture the uni-
versity is considering the establishment of a high school course in
that subject.

Bulletin 59, An account of some features of the climate of Reno,
was the only publication of this station received during the year.

The income of the station during the past fiscal year was as follows :

United States appropriation, Hatch Act $15,000.00

United States appropriation, Adams Act 5,000.00

Farm products 940. 76

Miscellaneous, including balance from previous year — 793. 00

Total 21,733.82

Reports of the receipts and expenditures for the United States
funds have been rendered in accordance with the schedules prescribed
by this Department and have been approved.

Considerable progress was made at this station during the year in
reorganizing the work on a more efficient basis, and several promising
lines of work under the increased funds made available by the Adams
Act have been planned. The agricultural interests of Nevada are
very small as compared with those of many other States, and there-
fore interest in agricultural education and research is comparatively
limited. The absence of great pressure for practical results in ex-
perimental work resulting from this state of affairs leaves the station
peculiarly free to take u|i and pursue unhampered some of the more
advanced lines of agricultural research contemplated by the Adams
Act.

NEW HAMPSHIRE. 131

NEW HAMPSHIRE.

New Hampshire College Agricultural Experiment Station, Durhain.
Department of New Ilanipshire College of Agriculture aud Mechanic Arts.

W. D. GiBBS, M. S., Director.

The New Hampshire Station has added a department of botany,
under the direction of the former assistant botanist. The horticul-
turist has resigned to become State forester of Massachusetts, but it is
planned to continue his variety work and studies in the breeding of
vegetables. Some attention will also be given, in part by cooperative
experiments, to practical orcharding. The agriculturist is endeavor-
ing to devise and introduce means for reducing expenditures of New
Hampshire farmers for feedstuff's and fertilizers. Among the lines
of work under May are cooperative field tests with varieties of corn,
culture trials with oats, and feeding experiments with dairy cattle,
in which grain is largely replaced by home-grown feeds. A compre-
hensive series of experiments in sheep raising has been begun. A
method of fencing by inclosing a portion of the pasture by a high
and close-mesh wire, thus forming a small paddock, into which the
sheep are driven at night, while the remainder of the field is pro-
tected by lower and more open fencing, is believed to present a prac-
tical means of preventing injuries from dogs. Poultry experiments
are also receiving attention.

A study of different kinds of milk pails, as affecting the bacterial
content of milk, has been completed, and a score card has been de-
vised as a guide for the purchase of milk by creameries, on the basis
of aroma, acidity, and cleanliness, as well as fat content. An effort
is being made to establish associations to test milk production in
private herds and to demonstrate the importance of weeding out in-
ferior cows. The entomologist has continued his studies on the
brown-tail and gipsy moths, and has commenced studies upon the
codling moth and shade-tree pests. The " better farming special "
railroad train, which covered nearly every section in the State and
was inspected by over 1.5,000 people, was manned largely by the sta-
tion staff. Considerable attention has also been given to farmers'
institutes.

The publications of this station received during the year were as
follows: Bulletins 120, The dairy industry in New Hampshire; 121,
The gipsy moth in New Hampshire; 122, The brown-tail moth in
New Hampshire ; 123, The inspection of fertilizers in 1905 ; 124, The
inspection of feeding stuffs in 1905: 125, Vegetable novelties; and
126, The care of composite milk samples.

132 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

The iiianne of the station during the past fiscal year was as follows :

United States appropriation, Hatch Act $15,000.00

United States appropriation, Adams Act 5,000.00

Fees 1,635.88

Total 21,rA5.88

Reports of the receipts and expenditures for the United States
funds have ])een rendered in accordance Avith the schedules pre-
scribed by this Department and have been approA'ed.

The nnnil)er of agricultural students in the college is increasing.
Additional funds are urgently needed for its inspection and demon-
stration work, in order that the station officers charged with experi-
mental work may be able to devote themselves to it more thoroughly
and continuously. With the increase in the number of students and
the growth of the experimental work there should be a clearer differ-
entiation of the work of the college and station. The station needs
a stronger 'Organization and should have a director Avho can devote
himself wholly to the promotion of its interests.

NEW JERSEY.
New Jersey State Agricultural Experiment Station, \civ Brun.sicivlc.

At li utters Cdliege.
E. B. VooRHEE.s, D. Sc, Director.

New Jersey Agricultural College Experiment Station, yew Bnuisivick.

Department of Rutgers College.
E. B. VooRHEES, D. Sc, Director.

The work of the New Jersey .stations has been in development of
the lines inaugurated in previous years. The addition of about 45
acres to the station farm has provided facilities for extending espe-
cially the work in soil chemistry and bacteriology by affording op-
portunity for plat exi)eriments in addition to the laboratory and
greenhouse studies. This Avork is developing along the line of a
study of bacteria in relation to the fertilizer requirements and fer-
tility of soils, especially their nitrogen economy, the i)hase at present
under investigation being the function of lime in the control of bac-
teria. In this connection the elaborate pot experiments have been still
further developed.

About 4 acres are also devoted to plant breeding. Some results
have been obtained which are of both .scientific and practical interest,
including the ])roduction of valuable varieties of sweet corn, toma-
toes, eggplants, Lima beans, and squashes.

In the horticultural department an ex])eriment has been planned
to cover all of the problems connected Avith the growing, handling,

NEW JERREY. 133

and selling of peaches. Trees have already been set out on 5 acres
of typical peach land in Hunterdon County, and a similar area is to
be utilized in the southern part of the State. Considerable data has
also been obtained on the apple and asparagus industries. Experi-
mental Avork with small fruits and vegetables has been continued,
])articularly as to the etfect of fertilizers and the use of irrigation to
supplement rainfall. The resignation of G. F. Warren as horticul-
turist, to accept a position at the Cornell Station, has been followed
l)y the appointment of M. A. Blake, of the Massachusetts Station.

Experiments in cooperation with farmers are being continued on
a larger scale at Hammerton to study the question of forage plants
adapted to that region, as well as of methods of soil improvement.
The results of three seasons are most encouraging as showing the
adaptability of the poor sandy soils of that region w^hen rightly
treated for the growth of a wide variety of forage plants, and the
possibilities of rapid improvement by the proper use of legumes.
Tests of the adaptability of alfalfa to the State are being made in
cooperation with this Department.

The relative value of alfalfa as a source of protein, the value of
a number of new concentrates, and studies of the carbohydrates of
feeding stuffs, particularly of beet pulp, have also received attention.

The department of biology is pursuing studies concerning oyster
propagation begun some time ago with gratifying results, although
the funds for this purpose are inadequate and further State aid is
desired. At the last session of the legislature an appropriation of
$350,000 was made for the eradication of mosquitoes, and an aggres-
sive campaign has been begun.

The publications of these stations received during the past fiscal
year were as follows: Bulletins 18G, Late fall spraying for the San
Jose or pernicious scale; 187 and 188, Analyses and valuations of
commercial fertilizers; 189, Dried beet pulp as a substitute for corn
silage; dried beet pulp versus dried molasses beet pulp; dried nu)-
lasses beet pulp versus hominy meal; 190, Alfajfa; 191, Seed distri-
l)ution of 1904 and for 1905; 192, Breeding sweet corn — cooperative
tests; 193, Concentrated feeding stulfs; 194, Spraying; A report on
mosquitoes; and the Annual Reports for 1904 and 1905.

The income of the stations during the past fiscal year was as
follows :

State Station: State approitriiition (list-al year ended Oc-
tober 31, 1906) ipsi.noo

College Station :

United States ai)])ro]>i"iati<)ii. Ilatcli Act l.^>. 000

Unite'^' States ai)i>r(ti)riati()n. Adams Act .5,000

Total 51,300

134 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

Reports of the receipts and expenditures for the United States
funds have been rendered in accordance with the schedules pve-
seribed by this DeiDartment and have been approved.

The work of these stations has made substantial growth during
the year in scientific efficiency and broad practical usefulness, exem-
plifying in an unusual degree the harmonious development of these
two essential elements of successful research in tlie interest of agri-
culture.

NEW MEXICO.

Agricultural Experiment Station of New Mexico, AuriciiHuntl College.

Department of New Mexico College of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts.

LuTHEB Foster, M. S. A.. Director.

The work of the Xew Mexico Station has been largely in continua-
tion of that of previous years. The extensive investigations on the
forage value of cacti and the nutritive value of the fruit have again
been a prominent feature. The results of feeding and digestion ex-
periments with cattle indicate that certain varieties are of consider-
able value as roughage, and the fruit is found to yield jellies and
other fruit j)roducts of excellent flavor. The grape crown-gall in-
vestigation and the phenological orchard fruit observations have
likewise been continued.

The cooperative irrigation investigations with this Office have been
completed and the station is carrying on the work independently.
Thus far it has included tests of the cost of irrigating a number of
farm and garden crops, river water versus well water, temperature,
evaporation, and the efficiency of pumping plants in the Rio Grande.
A pumping plant with a capacity of about 1,500 gallons per minute
has been installed. It is planned to use the funds from the Adams
Act largely foi- the employment of an irrigation engineer and the
extension of the irrigation work.

Horticnltural work on the land formerly used for his purpose has
been largely given up and an eifort is being made to develop a tract
recently })urc-hased. The soil is saiuly and wind swept, causing nuu-h
difficulty in preparing the land for irrigation and cultivation, and
the depredations of mice and rabbits have also made ditlicnlt the
securing of a good stand of plants. Nevertheless peach orchards and
a vineyard have been planted for the special purpose of testing addi-
tional varieties and comparing different methods of training, man-
agement, and marketing. Experiments have also been started with
Irish and sweet potatoes, tomatoes, onions, j^eanuts, celery, and
UH'lons, and a new i)lantati<)n lias been opened for forest and orna-
mental trees.

NEW YORK. 135

The publications of this station received during the year were Bul-
letins 54, Soil moisture investigations for the season of 1904, and 55,
Tuberculosis in cattle and tuberculin tests of the station herd; and
the Annual Reports for 1903 and 1904.

The income of the station during the past fiscal year was as follows :

United States appropriation, Hatcli Act $15,000.00

United States appropriation, Adams Act 5,000.00

Farm products 1, 971. 07

Miscellaneous 1. 050. 00

Total 23.021.07

Reports of the receipts and expenditures for the United States
funds have been rendered in accordance with the schedules prescribed
by this Department and have been approved.

The vice-director has recentl}^ been appointed superintendent of
farmers' institutes and cooperative experiments, and will spend the
greater part of the year in traveling over the Territory organizing
this work. Agricultural organizations of Spanish-speaking families
have been formed at Las Cruces and Mesilla Park, which have proved
very successful. The station is also an active participant in the
newly organized Territorial Horse Breeders' Association. The num-
ber of agricultural students in the college is growing, and although
the institution is still handicapped by inadequate funds, appreciation
of its work seems to be incceasing.

NEW YORK.
New York Agricultural Experiment Station, Geneva,
W. H. .Jordan, D. Sc, Director.

Progress in investigation at the New York State Station has been
mainly in the direction of extension and development of well-estab-
lished lines pursued for a number of years. During the year an
elaborate monograph on apples of Xew York in two volumes was com-
pleted, and some monographic work on other fruits is contemplated.
Among other subjects engaging the attention of the horticulturist
are dwarf apples, orchard tillage and fertilization, spraying, breeding
of .small fruits, Mendel's law as applied to tomatoes, and miscellane-
ous greenhouse experiments. An investigation which promises to
give especially interesting results is a comparison of tillage and
sod for orchards.

The efficiency of soil inoculation for legumes, especially alfalfa,
and the best methods of culture of the latter crop are being tested
in different parts of the State. Tests of the quality of commercial
cultures for inoculating legumes were completed during the year.
The cause and prevention of undesirable flavors and of rusty spot

136 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

in cheese have been investigated, and studies of the normal and
abnormal bacterial flora of cheese have been continued. An attempt
is being made to work out a uniform classification of bacteria, using
as a starting point the bacteria of the soft rot of vegetables.

Experiments on the use of concentrated by-products in poultry
feeding and on breeding poultry are being continued and are becom-
ing each year more valuable as a reliable basis for definite conclu-
sions on many scientific and practical points. A study of the
organic phosphorous compounds of feeding stuffs has yielded many
important results bearing upon the metabolism, laxative, and other
physiological functions of these compounds in the case of milch cows.

Conclusive results were secured by the entomologists from tests
of applications of sulphur washes for controlling the San Jose
scale, and under certain conditions this practice is recommended.
The life history and systematic relationships of apple and pear mites
have been satisfactorily established.

Other lines of work have included field and forcing-house work
upon some of the problems of plant nutrition and soil fertility, the
feeding of steers and heifers upon home-grown or purchased protein,
a test of a milking machine, an investigation of the action of acids on
casein in forming insoluble compounds, chemical studies of kumys
and of carbonated milk, investigations of alfalfa diseases and alfalfa
dodder, continuation of the work in spraying potatoes and in study-
ing the influence of seed potatoes on the yield, test of oils for scale
treatment, and studies of poplar weevil, apple maggot,^ and root
nuiggots.

The demonstration experiments have continued to increase.
Spraying and fertilizer trials, tests of the economy of dwarf orch-
ards, and other questions of orchard management have been carried
on. The station has cooi^erated with the Bureau of Plant Industry
in the cold storage of fruit, and with the Bureau of Entomolog}'
on wheat insects.

A number of changes occurred during the year in the personnel,
notably the resignation of the associate chemist and the addition of
assistants in horticulture, botany, entomology, and bacteriology. The
plan agreed upon for the division of the Hatch funds between the
two stations in New York was continued for tlic Adams fund, so
that but one-tenth of (hat appropriation is axaihiblc to this station.

The publications of this station receivetl during tlic year were as
follows: Bulletins 2(58, Inspection of feeding stuffs; '269, AVinter
injury to fruit trees (with j)opular edition) ; 270. The quality of
commercial cultures for legumes (w ith j)oi)nlar edition) ; 271, The
adaptability of concentrated by-products for poultry feeding; 272,
Keport of analyses of samples of fertilizers collected by the commis-
sioner of agriculture diii'ing I'.H),"): 27)^. S])raying for tlie San Jose

NEW YORK. 137

scale (with popular edition); 274, Director's report for 1905; 275,
Apple districts of New York, with varieties for each; 27G, Varieties
of strawberries and cultural directions (with popular edition) ; 277,
The Bang method of controlling tuberculosis, with an illustration of
its application (with popular edition) ; 278, Varieties of raspberries
and blackberries, with cultural directions (with popular edition) ;
279, Potato spraying experiments in 1905 (with popular edition) ;
the Annual Report for 1903, part 2, vols. 1 and 2, the apples of New
York; and the Annual Report for 1904.
The income of the station during the past fiscal year was as follows:

United States appropriation, Hateli Act .$1, J500. 00

United States appropriation, Adams Act 500.00

State appropriation 79,500.90

Total 81.500.00

Reports of the receipts and expenditures for the United States
funds have been rendered in accordance with the schedules prescribed
by this department and have been approved.

During the year the station's high standard of efficiency has been
fully maintained. Through its excellent sj^stem of popular bulletins
and demonstration enterprises, as Avell as through its close relations
with the federated agricultural organizations of the State, its influ-
ence as a factor in improving agricultural methods and conditions
continues to be more and more widely felt.

Cornell University Agricultural Experiment Station, Ithaca.
Department of New York State College of Agriculture at Cornell University.

L. H. Bailey, M. S.. Dirrctor.

The year at the Cornell Station has been mai-ked by development
in all lines, additions to buildings and equipment, and enlargement
of the working staff. With the completion of the new buildings,
for which the last legislature appropriated $300,000, the college of
agriculture and station will be adequately housed, and recent acquisi-
tions of farm land provide much more suitable experimental fields
than those heretofore available. T. L. Lyon, formerly of the Ne-
l)raska Station, has been added to the staff to give especial attention
to studies on soil fertility, and H. J. Webber, in charge of the ])lant
breeding investigations of the Bureau of Plant Industry, has been
secured to take charge of the work in experimental plant biology. A
plan of reorganization has been decided upon, under which the Fed-
eral funds are to be devoted exclusively to experimental work by a
staff entirely relieved of other duties. The departments thus far
organized tmder this plan are agronomy, chemistry, and entomology,
the three cooperating for the present mainly in the study of ques-
tions bearing upon the improvement of timothy, including specific

138 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

methods for determining the fertilizer requirements of soils, exami-
nation of soil solutions under different soil conditions detrimental to
crop production, and insects infesting timothy grass. Other lines
are to be carried on as formerly, but provided for from State funds.

During the past year the work has proceeded as previously ar-
ranged, and has included a general study of root crops in relation to
forage j^roblems in the State, methods of culture of A'arious pasture
grasses and field crops, and breeding experiments with timothy and
clover. Variety testing of alfalfa, Indian corn, and dwarf niilo
maize has been continued, and studies of the relation between the
soluble plant food in the soil and plant growth have been undertaken.
The studies of the effects of environment on the chemical composition
of sugar beets have been brought to a close, and additional attention
devoted to experiments to increase the sugar content of sweet corn
by selection.

Experiments in meat production and animal breeding have fol-
lowed the lines of previous j^ears. Additional investigations in ani-
mal industry include tests of milking machines, studies of the
economical production of sanitary milk and of market milk problems
in cooperation with the Bureau of Animal Industry, the making of
butter from whey, investigations of the early lamb industry, and
various feeding and housing problems with poultry.

In horticulture attention has again been directed mainly to ex-
periments in shading plants, the effect of acetylene light as a supple-
ment of sunlight on their growth, ether forcing, and monographic
studies of beans and peonies. Some attention has also been given
to the propagation of the sour cherry, a study of oriental pears, and
minor investigations with vegetables. An orchard survey of Niagara
County is contemplated. Cooperative spraying experiments have
been carried on for curculio and the grape-fruit worm, and studies
are also reported on the rose chafer, cankerworm, and a number of
insects attacking shade trees. The plant pathologist has begun a
study of the '' little peach " in cooperation with the Bureau of Plant
Industry, and has investigated a number of leaf diseases, notably of
the (juince, pear, plum, alfalfa, tomato, and ginseng.

The extension work has been vigorously conducted and continues
to embody some unicjue features. A rural schoolhouse has been
erected recently at the college at a moderate cost, to serve as a model
for du])lication in the State. The reading courses for farmers and
farmers' wives continue to be popular, and 1,782 teachers Avere regis-
tered as participants in the school-garden movement. Several hun-
dred demonstration experiments were in })rogress in cooperation with
farmers. An awakening of interest in tlie college of agriculture by
the people of the State is shown by the cstablishincnt of seven grange

NORTH CAROLINA. 1H9

scholarships and the endowment- of five scholarships by Dr. C. H.
Roberts, of Ulster County.

The publications of this station received during the past fiscal
year were as follows: Bulletins 226, The apple industry of Wayne
County; 229, An apple-orchard survey of Orleans County; 230,
Quality in potatoes; 231, Second report on the forcing of strawber-
ries, notes on the forcing of tomatoes, cucumbers, and melons; 232,
Experiments on the influence of fertilizers upon the yield of timothy
hay when grown on Dunkirk clay loam in Tompkins County;
233, .Two new shade-tree pests, saw-fly leaf miners on European
elms and alders ; 234, The bronze-birch borer ; 235, Cooperative spray-
ing experiments — I, experiments against the plum and the quince
curculio — II, final demonstration of efficiency of a poison spray for
the grape-root worm — III, making Bordeaux mixture with " new
process "' or prepared lime ; 236; The blight canker of apple trees ;
237, Alfalfa ; 238, Buckwheat ; and 239, Some diseases of beans ; and
the Annual Report for 1905.

The income of the station during the past fiscal year was as follows:

United States appropriation. Hatch Act ^^S, HOO. 00

United States appropriation, Adams Act 4. .WO. 00

State appropriation " 10,000.00

Farm products .325.89

Total 28, 325. 89

Reports of the receipts and expenditures for the United States
funds have been rendered in accordance with the schedules prescribed
by this Department and have been approved.

With its radical changes in policy, the strengthening of its staff,
and the increase in buildings and other facilities, the Cornell Station
presents a marked increase in efficiency. The clear differentiation
between research and extension work should tend toward the con-
sistent development of both, and the station possesses an exceptional
opportunity for leadership in problems confronting agricultural
thought and progress.

NORTH CAROLINA.

North Carolina Agricultural Experiment Station, West Raleigh.

Department of North Carolina College of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts.

B. W. KiLGOEE, M. S., Director.

The North Carolina Station continues to do good work for the agri-
culture of the State. The close cooperation of the State department
of agriculture has been of material assistance. In this way four
State farms, in addition to that at the station, are available for experi-

a Estimated amount of State appropriation spent for experimental purposes.

140 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

mental work and afford excellent opportunities for the study of
special problems in soils, farm management, and field and orchard
crops in typical localities of the State.

At the station farm the Avork has proceeded as in previous years,
being devoted largely to fertilizers, culture of forage crops, and soil
improvement. The agriculturist retired at the close of the year and
is now director of the Kansas Station.

The biologist is making a comprehensive study of the lettuce crop,
especially as regards the means of dissemination, soil sterilization,
and similar problems. A private plant at Newbern, in the lettuce
district, has been placed at his disposal, and experiments are proceed-
ing both out of doors and under glass. He is also studying a number
of apple diseases which seem to be new, and is continuing demonstra-
tion and spraying trials and breeding work for resistance with water-
melons, tobacco, and sweet potatoes. The chemist is prosecuting an
inquiry into the nitrifying power of different soils for organic and
ammoniacal nitrogen. For organic nitrogen, asparagin has been
chosen as a body of known constitution.

In other departments the work is proceeding mainly on the lines of
previous years. Special attention is being given to feeding and
breeding work with poultry, in which there is a good deal of interest
in the State. The dairyman has been testing several methods to con-
trol the garlic flavor in milk, stud^ang the acid content as affected by
silage, the period of lactation, etc., and is making an inspection of
farm daii'ies. The veterinarian has worked almost wholly on Texas
fever and has succeeded in eradicating it from 26 of the infected
counties.

The publications of this station received during the year were as
follows: Bulletins 190, The formation of nitrates in the soil; 191,
y^^fig preservation; 192, Farm dairying; and 193, Spraying mixtures
and machinery, when and how to spray; and the Annual Report for
1901.

The income of the station during the past fiscal year was as follows :

T'nited States appropriation, Hatch Act .$1"), 000. 00

TTnited States appropriation, Adams Act 5,000.00

State appr()j)riation a 17, 7S4. 00

Farm products ;^72. 35

Total 38, l.W. 35

Reports of the receipts and expenditures for the United States
funds have been rendered in accordance with the schedules prescribed
by this Department and liave been approved.

"Estimated .luniuiit ol State ai)propriatiou for experimental purposes during
the liseal year ended December 1, 1!)0().

NORTH DAKOTA. 141

The North Carolina Station is making a strong impress upon the
agriculture of the State, largely through its branch farms, and is
also conducting some good investigations into fundamental problems.
Its Avork is much appreciated and it is in a position to be of great
value to the agricultural industries of the State.

NOBTH DAKOTA.

North Dakota Agricultural Experiment Station, Aijrirnltiiral College.a

Departuieiit of Nortli Dakota Agricultural College.

,J. II. Worst, LL. D., Director.

The North Dakota Station has made material progress, although
the extremel}' wet season interfered very considerably with the field
and plat Avork. Good results were obtained from grasses and clovers,
but most of the small cereals failed to mature. The necessity of
drainage in the Ked River Valley is becoming apparent, and the
station has undertaken an investigation of the feasibility of tile drain-
age in cooperation with this Office. At the Dickinson and Edgeley
substations conditions were more favorable and the plant-breeding
work was successfully continued.

Among the investigations closed during the past year are studies
of the rapid diagnosis of rabies by means of the lesions of Nelis and
Van Gehuchten and Negri. Improvement of the wild plum by seed
selection has resulted in the third generation in individuals bearing
fruit over an inch in diameter and in a fair degree of fixity of type.
Continuous growing of grain crops and flax has proved ineffec-
tive as a means of checking a rapid increase of wild oats and other
weeds, Avliile introducing a cultivated crop into the rotation once in
four years has reduced the w^eeds materially, and grass crops for
three or more years have eradicated them almost Avholly.

Laboratory experiments have recently been inaugurated with
"■ swamp fever " or anemia of horses. The chemist is taking up in-
vestigations of the Avearing qualities of paints and paint materials,
the bleaching of loAv-grade flours, and studies of formaldehyde. The
study of soils will be resumed, particular attention being giA^en to the
role of humus. Feeding experiments are being conducted along the
lines of previous years Avith steers and swine, and breeding experi-
ments Avith swine, sheep, and poultry.

The station has continued its study of plant diseases, especially the
wilt and rust of flax, and its plant-breeding Avork with Avheat, flax,
and potatoes. A number of demonstration farms have been estab-
lished along the two principal raihvay systems of the State. The
teaching of agriculture in the public schools has been encouraged
and correspondence courses in agriculture have been instituted.

a Freight aud express address, Fargo.

142 KEPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

A chemical laboratory, costing about $48,000, has been completed,
which contains offices and laboratories for station and college work
and provides much needed facilities. A greenhouse is to be erected
for the botanist. A part of the funds from the Adams Act was
used in the purchase of a complete miniature modern roller flour
mill and a complete set of ajoparatus for baking tests. A compre-
hensive stud}^ of wheat and flour is being planned, to continue from
eight to ten j^ears and to cover all phases of the subject.

The publications of this station received during the past fiscal year
were Bulletins 65, Experiments in clover growing, trials with
alfalfa ; 66, AVater for domestic purposes in North Dakota ; 67, Paints
and paint products; and 68, Rust problems; Part I of the Annual
Report for 1904 ; and the Annual Report for 1905.

The income of the station during the past fiscal year was as follows :

United States appropriation. Hatch Act $15, 000. (K)

United States appropriation, Adams Act 5.000.00

State appropriation for substations 1,250.00

Farm products, including live stock 2,121.56

Miscellaneous 307.21

Total _• 23,738.77

Reports of the receipts and expenditures for the United States
funds have been rendered in accordance with the schedules prescribed
by this Department and have been approved.

The inspection work of the station continues to increase and now
occupies a large part of the time of a number of the staff. State aid
is to be sought to carry on this routine Avork, and in view of the sub-
stantial character of the investigations now under way it is to be
hoped that a more adequate financial support for the station will be
forthcoming.

OHIO.

Ohio Agricultural Experiment Station, Wuo.stc)-.

C. E. TiiORNE, M. S. A.. Dirrrtor.

The Ohio Station has been further developing its forestry work
under a State appropriation providing for a department of for-
estry, and Edmund Secrest, of the Kansas College, has been ap-
pointed assistant in forestry. The department will consider espe-
cially problems relating to the maiuigenient of the farmers' wood lot.
Over 400 forestry plantations have been established over the State,
mostly of catalpa and black locust, to meet the special demand for
woods suitable for posts. The increased State approj^riation has also
made possible the establishment of a department of aninlal hus-
bandry, and an experiment in feeding lambs has been carried on in
cooperation with an extensive feeder with very satisfactory results.

OHIO. 143

The field work has gone on as in previous years, and has included
comprehensive studies of the use of fertilizers, varieties, rotations,
and similar questions. The corn-breeding work for yield and pro-
tein content is assuming considerable importance. Variations in
yield at the rate of from 55 to 104 bushels an acre have been found
in individual ears. The effect of high protein content on the groAvth
and the yield is very striking almost from the start, the high protein
corn increasing the crop about 8 bushels an acre. Selection work is
also being carried on with wheat and oats from individual plants for
yield and for protein content, and also for stiffness of straw and time
of seeding. Cutting oats in the spring was found to have a marked
effect in preventing lodging. Considerable work has been done on
alfalfa, especially on the time of seeding.

The horticulturist is studying mulching r. cultivation of orchards,
and the treatment of pear blight. He is making cooperative spraying
experiments, and in the greenhouse is forcing muskmelons, tomatoes,
and other crops. A treatment of greenhouse soil by mulching with
barnyard manure has given as good results as composting, and there
has been no disease so long as it has been kept moist.

The entomologist has been conducting spraying trials with the
grape-berry moth and the codling moth, and has made a thorough
study of the life history of the Hessian fly. In cooperation with the
park commissions of Cleveland and other cities studies have been
made of insects affecting shade trees.

The breeding and crossing of wheat, oats, corn, tobacco, and other
crops have been carried on by the botanist. The rhizoctonia in green-
houses, especially on lettuce and tobacco beds, has also received atten-
tion, and a method for its control by sterilizing the beds with for-
malin has been devised, which is believed as effective as steam and
less expensive. Special attention is being given to diseases of peas
and beans and a voluntary seed inspection is being made.

The publications of this station received during the year were Bul-
letins 152, 163, Meteorological summary — press bulletins — index ; 162,
Plums for home and market; 16-1, Winter practice in economic
zoology ; 165, Experiments with winter wheat ; 166, The newer straw-
berries; 167, Fertility studies on Wooster soil; 168, Fertility studies
on Strongsville soil; 169, Spraying for the San Jose scale; 170,
Peaches for home and market ; and 172, Experiments with fertilizers
on tobacco ; besides 13 circulars and the Annual Eej^orts for 1904 and
1905.

141 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

Tlie income of t lu* station during the past fiscal year was as follows :

United States appropriation. Hatch Act if 15. 000. 00

I'nited States appropriation. Adams Act 5.000.00

State appropriation, including balance from previous

year SO. 010. 86

Fees 140.75

Farm products, including balance from previous year — 14, 433. 18

Miscellaneous 1, 713. 93

Total 110.208.72

Reiioi'ts ol" the receipts and expenditures for the United States
funds have been rendered in accordance with the schedules prescribed
In' this Department and have been approved.

During the year a special State appropriation, aggregating $55,700,
was obtained, some of the items being $0,000 for the publication of
bulletins, $5,000 for forestry, $6,000 for animal husbandry, $12,000
for entomology, botany, horticulture, and chemistry, and $7,000 for
substations. The readiness Avitli which this appropriation was
granted indicates the suj)port Avhich the station has gained for its
work. Its demonstration and extension activities, including ex-
tensive cooperation with farmers in culture and varieties of field
crops, spraying, forestry, and other lines, bring its work into close
touch Avith the people over the entire State.

OKLAHOMA.

Oklahoma Agricultural Experiment Station, StiUicater.

Department of Oklahoma Agricultural and Mochanical College.

W. L. English, R. S.. Direct or.

The principal work at the Oklahoma Station during the past year
has been the preparation for experimental use of the new farm of
040 acres, the erection of a ne"\v agricultural building, and the rear-
rangement of other buildings. (PI. IV.) The new farm contains al-
most all the (liferent varieties of soil found in the State, including
both creek bottom and u[)land. The farm as a whole will be carried
on largely in a commercial way, in an effort to pay running expenses,
l)ut the station has been permitted to select for its use tracts of various
kinds. Special attention will be given to studies of the methods of
treatment of thin upland soils. An agronomist has been engaged,
and experiments have been begun with corn, cotton, alfalfa, oats,
wheat. Kafir corn, and castor beans. Pasture experiments are being
made with hogs and dairy cattle.

Mori'ill Hall, the new agricultural building, is a substantial struc-
ture of stone and brick, costing Avith equipment about $75,000. In
addition to administrative offices and quarters for the agricultural

An. Rpt. Office of Experiment Stations, 1906.

Plate IV,

Fig. 1.— New Agricultural Building, Oklahoma Station.

Fig. 2.— Barn and Feed Lots, Oklahoma Stati

ON.

OKLAHOMA. 145

department of the college, the office and laboratory work of the sta-
tion will be concentrated in this building.

During the year Director Fields announced his intention of resign-
ing, and in consequence an effort was made to prepare for publication
accumulated results of previous years, rather than to inaugurate new
work. W. L. English, a graduate of the college, and recently as-
sistant in animal industry, was elected to succeed him at the close
of the fiscal year.

Despite a feeling of uncertainty as to the status and policy of the
institution ujDon the establishment of a State government, interest in
the college and station has been steadily increasing. The bulletin edi-
tion is now 25,000 copies and the correspondence is unusually heavy.
The college is leading an effort to consolidate rural schools and to
introduce elementary agriculture. Normal courses in agriculture are
being offered to prepare teachers for this work. All the courses in
agriculture have proved very popular and there is widespread inter-
est in the Territory in agricultural education in general.

The following publications have been received from this station
during the year: Bulletins 65, Wheat growing; 66, The water sup-
ply ; 67, Miscellaneous water analyses ; 68, Soil inoculation — tubercle-
forming bacteria of legumes (with popular edition) ; 60, Small fruits;
and 70, Hardy Bermuda grass; the Annual Report for 1905, which
is a summary by the director of the work and expenditures of the
station during the year, to which are added abstracts of the press bul-
letins issued; and Circular 5, on the use of the artificial impregnator
in horse breeding.

The income of the station during the past fiscal year was as follows:

United States appropriation, Hatch Act $15,000.00

United States appropriation, Adams Act 5,000.00

State appropriation 2,500.00

Miscellaneous 2, 425. 27

Total 24, 92.5. 27

Reports of the receipts and expenditures for the United States-
funds have been rendered in accordance with the schedules prescribed
by this Department and have been approved.

The Oklahoma Station now has an equipment which should enable
it to develop and strengthen its work nuiterially. Every effort should
be made to conduct thorough and substantial experiments and investi-
gations for the benefit of the rapidly expanding agriculture of the
new State. To do this it will be necessary to establish and maintain
a consistent policy of management and to employ thoroughly trained
experts in the varied lines of agricultural research.

294b— 07 10

146 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

OREGON.

Oregon Experiment Station, CorvaUis.
Department of Oregon State Agricultural College.
• James Withycombe, M. Agr.. Director.

The Oregon Station has continued its work upon the advantage
and importance of crop rotations, which increase and conserve soil
fertility, in contrast to the exhaustive system of summer fallowing so
Avidely practiced under the present system of grain farming. Pot
tests have been made to study the effect of the bare fallow and differ-
ent rotations on soil fertility, especially as regards the nitrogen con-
tent, and experiments with soiling crops and various pasture and
other forage plants have been carried on with a view to increasing
the home growing of feeds and thereby encouraging dairying and
animal production.

About ninety varieties of vetch have been tested, of which some
have shown marked possibilities as forage crops. Grown with oats in
rotation with clover, corn, and wheat, vetch has proved exceptionally
useful, and a mixture of vetch and rye has given good yields as an
early soiling crop. Breeding experiments to increase the i)rotein con-
tent have produced individual plants containing 25. .52 per cent of
protein in the dry material. Considerable progress has been made in
determining the feeding value of steamed and unsteamed vetch silage
and corn silage, in the hope that dairymen might be able to substitute
vetch in part for the expensive concentrated feeds now purchased. A
comparison of vetch-seed meal with linseed meal did not give wholly
satisfactory results.

The investigation of hop drying, inaugurated last year, has been
continued. Drying at low temperatures has again proved very effi-
cient as a means of conserving the lupulin.

Results of ex])eriments in canning fruits and vegetables by a
method of intermittent pasteurization devised by the bacteriologist
have been published. Tomatoes, green beans, wax beans, caulillowfr,
asparagus, cherries, and cider treated in this way were found to
keep perfectly and ranked as the highest grade of canned goods. l)iit
the method proved less satisfactory for beans, ])eas. and corn. 'J'hi^
bacteriologist has also given further study to the ivfting of flax by
pure cultures of organisms.

Cooperative work of various kinds has increased to a marked
extent throughout the State. Alfalfa is being widely tested in this
way, the station sending inoculated alfalfa soil last yeai" lo al)out 250
farmers. Spraying experiments for ihe iipijjc scab lia\e been car-
ried on with local growers and are to be undertaken for the potato
scab. The canning of pineapples and the utilization of the waste

PENNSYLVANIA. 147

products for sirup, wiue, and vinegar is being investigated jointly
with a resident of Hawaii. Other lines of cooperative work include
studies of the value of various cover crops for the Rogue River Val-
ley, the adaptability of various sections of Oregon to cranberry cul-
ture, irrigation investigations with this Office, and the testing of
disease-resistant powers of varieties of potatoes.

The department of horticulture has been revived by the appoint-
ment of C. I. Lewis, who is expected to give his time exclusively to
station work. The programme for the year includes variety tests,
storage experiments with apples, a study of methods of handling
apples at the time of harvesting, and of the effects of wiping and
polishing, plant-breeding experiments with cherries and grains, pol-
lination experiments, and experiments with methods of practical
orcharding.

Bulletins 87, Canning fruit and vegetables, preserving fruit juices,
and 88, San Jose scale, were received from this station during the
fiscal year.

The income of the station during the past fiscal year was as follows:

Unitert States appropriation. Hatch Act .$15,000.00

United States appropriation. Adams Act 5.000.00

Balance from previous year 285.63

Miscellaneous, including farm crops 2.300.70

Total 22,586.42

Reports of the receipts and expenditures for the United States
funds have been rendered in accordance with the schedules prescribed
by this Department and have been approved.

The Oregon Station is doing valuable Avork along several lines, and
its cooperative experiments with the farmers of the State have proved
of decided benefit in disseminating i-esults of station investigations,
the introduction of new and valuable crops, and the study of local
problems. The station is handicapped, howeA^er, by several pressing
needs. Farm buildings are urgently required, as Avell as better
library facilities, and in some of the departments additional assist-
ance. These obstacles must be overcome if the station is to attain its

highest usefulness.

PENNSYLVANIA.

The Pennsylvania State College Agricultural Experiment Station, ><tate

VoUcye.

Department of the Pennsylvania State College.
II. P. ARMsnv. I'll. D. LL. D.. Dirpctor.

^o important changes in lines of work have been made at the
Pennsylvania Station during the past year, although radical plans
of reorganization ha A'e been formulated. An institute of animal
nutrition is to be established as a special research department of the

148 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

college, to include the respiration calorimeter and allied nutrition
investigations hitherto carried on by the station, with which it will
be affiliated, although coordinate in rank. H. P. Armsby, who
has been director of the station since 1888, will be in charge of the
institute, and T. F. Hunt, of Cornell University and Station will
succeed to the directorship of the station and will also act as dean of
the college of agriculture.

During the year the respiration calorimeter and the methods fol-
lowed in experiments with it have been perfected and simplified in
many details. Investigations bearing on the general question of the
nutritive value of foods as affected b}^ age and individuality have
been undertaken, and results of a series of experiments made in
cooperation with the Bureau of Animal Industry to determine the
relative value of certain feeding stuffs for maintenance and fattening
have been j)ublished. Other lines of work in animal husbandry
to^ be completed are comparisons of distillers' grains versus cotton-
seed meal as a source of protein for cows, indoor versus outdoor feed-
ing for fattening steers, experiments to determine a practical succes-
sion of soiling crops for milch cows, and the feeding value of alfalfa
meal versus wheat bran. The poultry plant has been improved and
enlarged and experiments have been begun to determine the cost of
meat production in the Asiatic, Mediterranean, and American breeds.

In response to an offer of the station to supply the necessar}^ fer-
tilizers and directions for cooperative soil tests in the various coun-
ties, more than 250 requests Avere received from which apjjlicants
in each of 38 counties were selected. Attempts to grow alfalfa on
the limestone soils of the State have given results which are con-
sidered very encouraging.

A State appropriation has been used to extend the observations
and experiments in I^ancaster County on the growing and curing of
Sumatra tobacco under shelter. While the results of the three years'
work are not regarded as conclusive, this type seems well adapted to
the lighter soils of the region. A beginning has been made in a
study of the influence of seed selection on the type and form of
Sumatra leaf and of the prevention of l)urn by tlie use of artificial
heat and ventilation during the critical periods of curing.

Th(> inspection duties and routine analytical work continue to be
very heavy and consume a large share of the time of the chemical
division. Analyses of feeding stuffs are now made by the State
dei)artment of agi'iculture, but the station has recently luidertaken
for the millers of the State analvses of ijoods for which a State law
requires a guaranty of comi)osition. The general correspondence of
(he sliitioii has shown a decich'd increase, and the corri'spondence
course's conducted by the college now have (?nrolled about 4,000 names.

PORTO RICO. 149

The publications of this station received during the year were as
folloAvs: Bulletins 71, Relative values of feeding stuffs; 72, Experi-
ments in growing Sumatra tobacco under shelter tent, 1903 ; 73, Dis-
tillers' dried grains r. cotton-seed meal as a source of protein; 74,
Methods of steer feeding ; 75, Forage and soiling experiments, 1904 ;
76, Variety tests of wheat, oats, and potatoes; and 77, Small fruits
in 1905.

The income of the station during the past fiscal year Avas as follows:

TTuited States appropriation. Hatch Act ifir), 000. 00

United States approin-iation. Adams Act 5,000.00

State appropriation 1,835.0")

Fees l-*^. 049. 55

Farm products 3, lOG. 55

Miscellaneous 893.93

Total - — - 38,885.08

Reports of the receipts and expenditures for the United States
funds have been rendered in accordance with the schedules prescribed
by this Department and have been approved.

The Pennsylvania Station has been able to maintain a high grade
of efficiency, although laboring under the disadvantage of prolonged
delay in putting into effect certain contemplated plans of reorgani-
zation.

PORTO E,ICO.

Porto Rico Agricultural Experiment Station, Maijaguez.

Under tbe supervision of A. C. True. Director, Office of Experiment Station*?,
United States Dejiartment of Agriculture.

D. W. May, ;\I. Agr., Special Agent In Chnrrir.

The work of the Porto Rico Station has been devoted chiefly to
agricultural and horticultural crops, their insect and fungus pests,
and various lines of animal husbandry, with such attention as has
been possible to problems relative to the use of fertilizers, soils, drain-
age, farm machinery, forestry, etc. Two changes have occurred in the
staff, the appointment of W. V. Tower, of the Massachusetts Agri-
cidtural College, to the vacancy in entomology and plant pathology,
and the resignation of H. C. Henricksen as horticulturist, followed
by the appointment of M. J. lorns, of Cornell University, to this
position.

During the year the tobacco industry has greatly developed in the
island, and the acreage and quality of the crop have been much in-
creased. The station has introduced the White Burley type from
Kentucky, which has been found to grow vigorously and produce
heavy yields. The improvement of Porto Rican coffee, both by fer-
tilization and the introduction of foreign types for which there is

150 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPEiRIMENT STATIONS.

a better demand in the United States, has been continued at the sub-
station, together with investigations of the insect pests and diseases
and some ver}'^ promising studies of malting. A collection of sugar
canes has been obtained from the Louisiana Station, some of which
have proved well adapted to Porto Rican conditions, and have been
distributed to planters for further tests, A scheme for testing the
fertilizer requirements of sugar cane has been taken up on a number
of plantations, and on several a small portion of the estate is now
regularly set aside for experimental work. The station is encour;
aging the most extensive cultivation of rice and a number of forage
crops. Among these, cowpeas are most successful and are recom-
mended for all localities. Alfalfa has given good results on well-
drained land, and is regarded as valuable under certain conditions.
Tests of an Indian variety of pigeon peas and of the sword bean
indicate that these are also worthy of more extensive cultivation.

In cooperation with the insular government experiments in fiber
l^roduction have been inaugurated. Of various fibers sisal promises
the greatest returns. A small insular appropriation has made pos-
sible the importation of a number of thousands of plants, and it is
hoped to put the industry on a commercial basis. Efforts are also
being made to stinnilate the growing of the palm fiber used in the
nuiuufacture of I*anama hats now made on the island from imported
material.

A beginning has been made in the reforestation of the uplands.
It has been found that this can not be done directly. l)ut must be pre-
ceded by the growth of trees of little economic value to serve as
shade. Great interest is developing in the work in tile drainage,
Avhich has hitherto been unknown, although many acres of land could
be profitably reclaimed in this way. The station is temporarily manu-
facturing tiles as a means of encouraging the practice. Experiments
nre also being carried out in cement construction, especially for fence
posts, as wooden posts are of but short duration because of the rav-
ages of insects.

The live stock of Porto Rico is greatly in need of improvement, as
l)ut little pure-bred stock has ever been intiochiccd. Results with
cattle, pigs, and ])oultry thus far indicate that successful acclimation
is possible if certain precautions are observed, and good success is
attending the efforts of the station in this direction.

'Jlie experimental work in horticulture continues to occupy an im-
portant ])lace. The station orchard now comprises 25 acres with
over 100 species of fruit trees. Plantings of citi'us trees, cacao, man-
goes, and other economic plants have been established, and experi-
ments on their cultivation and fertilizer requirements are in prog-
ress. Special nltcntion is being given (o iiincjipplc cultui-e and ship-
uiciit. A lunuber of trial shipments liaxc l)e('n matle to New Yoi'k

RHODE ISLAND. 151

and to Washington, D. C, the principal object being to test the ship-
ping qualities and also the methods of packing. Experiments in
vegetable growing have demonstrated that with fresh seed and lib-
eral use of fertilizers and proper cultural methods it is possible to
grow for local consumption nearly every kind of vegetable produced
in temperate climates, and that shipment is feasible when market
conditions will warrant.

The entomologist and plant pathologist is devoting particular at-
tention to the pests of citrus fruits. Experiments are being carried
en to determine the value of various insecticides and fungicides and
the strengths required for the destruction of the pests without in-
jury to the trees. In a similar way attention is being given as oppor-
tunity offers to the pests of other crops, such as coffee, sugar cane,
cacao, etc.

During the year the station has issued Bulletin 6, The yautias, or
taniers, of Porto Rico, and a Spanish edition of Bulletin 5 on
tobacco investigations.

The income of the station during the past fiscal year was as follows:

United States apprupi-iiition $15,000.00

Farm proiluets 1, 104.52

Total 10, 104. .52

The rapid development of agriculture in Porto Rico and especially
the influx of planters make the discovery and dissemination of re-
sults contributing to an enlightened agricultural practice of excep-
tional importance. The work of the station is fast becoming recog-
nized as an important factor in this direction. A decided increase
of interest in its work is being manifested, and its opportunities are
restricted only by the limited funds at its disposal.

RHODE ISLAND.

Bhode Island Agricultural Experiment Station, Kingston.

Department of Rhode Island College of Agriculture and Mechanie Arts.

H. J. Wheeler. Ph. D., Director.

The Rhode Island Station continues to make problems in turkey
raising a prominent feature of its work, especially with reference
to determining the nature and method of transmission of the black-
head disease and the possibility of remedial treatment. The disease
is now believed to be caused by a parasite, and breeding experiments
are being continued to develop a strain of turkeys immune to it. The
resignation of Dr. Cooper Curtice, who was formerly in charge of
this work, has been followed by the appointment of Dr. L. J. Cole,
of Harvard Universitj^ who is investigating the disease, and of J. W.
Bolte, of the Utah Station, who is in charge of the poultry feeding.

152 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

The poultry equipment has been considerably increased by the con-
struction of additional houses, yards, etc.

The field and laboratory investigations on the relations of lime and
soda to plant growth have again been carried on in cooperation with
the Bureau of Soils, together with tests of the relative efficiency of
the paraffin wire-basket method, originated by the Bureau of Soils
for determining soil deficiencies, as compared with the Wagner
8-inch pot and actual field tests. Many farmers of the State are
also cooperating in soil studies.

Among other lines of work taken up are studies of the improve-
ment of land by legumes grown with corn, variety tests of fiint corn,
rotation to })roduce grass and corn on worn-out land, mixtures of
grasses and legumes earlier than timothy and redtop for convenience
of cutting, the feeding power of different crops for phosphoric acid
in different forms, and the relative residual effect from these forms.
A quite extended investigation was made upon the turnip as a means
of indicating the phosphorus deficiencies in soils, and attention has
also been given to mixtures of grasses for polo and golf links, the
use of phosphoric acid as a supplement to seaweed, and of ferti-
lizers for basic and active manures.

Plant breeding has been carried on with sweet corn to increase the
number of ears, with strawberries to retain the flavor of the wild
fruit, and with beans to secure resistance to frost. A State appro-
priation to the college has resulted in the erection of a new horti-
cultural building and greenhouses at a cost of $15,000, one wing of
which is to be for the use of the station.

The publications of the station received during the year were as
follows: Bulletins 105, Commercial feeding stuff's; lOG, Concerning
the agricultural value of sodium salts; 107, The influence of soil treat-
ment in greenhouse culture; 108, Analyses of conmiercial fertilizers;
109, A comparison of results obtained by the method of cultures in
paraffined wire pots with field results on the same soil; 110, Com-
mercial fertilizers; and 111, Trial of varieties of potatoes; and the
Annual Report foi' 11)05.

The income of the station during the past fiscal year was as follows:

United Sliit«>s appropriation, Ilntch Act .fl.'), 000. 00

United States .ipproin-iatioii. Adjiiiis Act ^ ">, (lOo. (M)

Miscellaneous .'')8(i. Xi

Balance for previous year 3,210.91

Total 2.3,803.24

Keports of the receipts and expenditures for the United States fund
have been rendered in accordance with the schedules i)rescril»eil hy
this Departuieiit and have been aj^proved.

An. Rpt, Office of Experiment Stations, 1906.

Plate V.

Fig. 1.— New Residence, Office and Library, and Other Buildings at North

Louisiana Station at Calhoun.

Fig. 2.— Experimental Greenhouse at South Carolina Station.

SOUTH CAROLINA. 153

As a result of the passage of the Adams Act several tracts of land
not hitherto utilized, have been prepared for experimental jiurposes.
A number of additions have been made lo the station AwW. mid it is
hojjed to differentiate the work of the college and station niori' com-
pletely. The extension work has been carried on by tlu> colleije as in
})revious years, and has resulted in very great benefit to the agri-
cultural interests of the State. The station is doing excellent work in
both scientific and practical lines.

SOUTH CAROLINA.

South Carolina Agricultural Experiment Station, CIi'iiikoii V(>Uf'fi(\(i

Depart iiKMit nt' Clcinson A;rricultiir:il I'ollcfj;*'.

.7. N. Marpkr, It. S.. M. X'^w. Dinctor.

The year at the South Carolina Station has been largely one of re-
organization. The directorshij) has been established distinct from
the presidency of the college, and the work of the station stall' has
been more clearly differentiated. The vacancy cau.sed by the resig-
nation of the botanist and bacteriologist has been filled by the ap
])ointment of II. I). House, of the Bureau of Plant Industry.
Through the completion of the agricultural building miicli better
quarters are now available for the station, although there is still a
need of further e(pni)ment. A gre(Mdiousc, costing $(),0()(), has b(>cn
erected foi' the use of several departments. (PI. V, fig. 2.)

Considerable interest has been develojn'd in the expei'iments on the
l)rodnction of starch from the sweet potato. Several hundred pounds
of starch were manufactured with the station outfit, and samples
submitted to a number of (;otton mills and laundri(>s elicited very
favorable reports. The \ni\\) remaining after the extracttion of (he
starch also gives promise of making a very uscd'ul cattle food, and
tests of its feeding value are now under way. Cotton breeding ainl
improvement has been a leading subject of investigation to meet a
demand from southei'u mills for a stai)le of higher grade and special
character. The textile department of the college is cooperating in
milling tests of .several of the best cross-bi-ed varieties.

The veterinarian has concluded a series of studies of scours in milk-
fed calves, and reconmiends treatment with formaldehyde, one part
to 4,000 parts of milk, as very efficacious. The horticulturist is nud<-
ing a special .study of the .seedling ai)ples of the State, most of which
are unknown beyond the locality in which they originated. Cul-
tural and varietal tests of fruits and vegetables have been continued
as heretofore. Soil maintenance and improvement, as related to the

a Freight address, Calhoun.

154 REPOET OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

growing of corn, wheat, oats, cowpeas, sorghum, alfalfa, and velvet
beans, have received attention from the agriculturists, who have also
instituted cooperative experiments Avith fertilizers and systems of
rotation in different parts of the State. There has also been cooper-
ation of the stations with the Bureau of Plant Industry in an investi-
gation of the causes and treatment of the rice blast, and in the grow-
ing of vetches and other legumes and grasses; with the Bureau of
Chemistry, in an attempt to increase the sugar content of sweet corn ;
and with the Bureau of Animal Industry in the eradication of
Texas fever. The college geologist, assisted by the director, agri-
culturist, and botanist, is planning a plant and soil survey of the
State with special reference to the geological formations. It is be-
lieved that such studies will be of service in the settlement of some
fundamental soil problems.

The publications of this station received during the year were as
follows : Bulletins 95, The milk scales, the milk sheet, and the Babcock
test for the farmers of South Carolina; 100, Notes on varieties of
apples; 114, A wasting disease of young cattle (verminous gastritis) ;
115, Analyses of commercial fertilizers; IIG, Methods of spraying
cucumbers and melons; 117, A comparison of wheat bran and cotton-
seed meal for milk production ; and 120, Cotton experiments.

The income of the station during the past fiscal year was as follows:

Uuited States appropriation, Hatch Act $15,000.00

I'niti'd States appropriation, Adams Act ."i, 000. 00

State appropriation 2. 635.53

Farm products 1. 526. 05

Miscellaneous, including,' balance from jirevions year — 1.211. 15

Total 25, 372. 73

Reports of the receipts and expenditures for the United States
funds have been j-endered in accordance with the schedules prescribed
by this Depai'tment and have been approved.

The coast-land substation at Charleston has continued its diver-
.sification trials and recommends the more extensive growing of
forage crops. IVIore than 11,000 farmers have been reached by the
farmers' institutes, which have been participated in by eleven mem-
bers of the station staff". The college has more applicants for admis-
sion tlian can be accommodated, and the number enrolled in agricul-
tural courses is increasing. The general outlook for both the college
and station is very promising, and it is to be hoped that plans uiuler
wav <"»n be carriiMl out.

SOUTH DAKOTA,, 155

SOUTH DAKOTA.

South Dakota Agi'icultural Experiment Station, lirookUiys.

Department of South Dakota Agricultural College.

J. W. Wilson, M. S. A., Director.

Plant Ijreeding, animal breeding, and feeding problems have con-
tinued to be the dominant interests at the South Dakota Station.
Tests of about forty varieties of durum wheat as to their usefulness
for bread making and macaroni have showed great variations and
have resulted in the retention of several of the more promising
types. It has been established in these investigations that the durum
wheats are especially adapted to arid localities unsuitable for the
ordinary sorts. Selection experiments with grasses indicate that
the slender wheat grass {Agropyron tenerum) and the western
Avheat grass {A. spkatum) are of considerable merit. Encouraging
progress has been made in the introduction of rust-resistant strains
of alfalfa, millet, sorghimi, clover, and other forage crops, and seed
of some of the more promising sorts has been distributed at a nominal
price.

Cattle feeding has been conducted mainly to determine the value
of emmer. This has proved well-adapted to South Dakota condi-
tions and has been found to be a promising substitute for corn in
the production of baby beef. The value of various proprietary
stock foods is being tested with pigs, and digestion experiments with
sheep are being undertaken with the principal forage crops and
grains of the State. In animal l)reeding reciprocal crosses of York-
shire and Poland Chinas are being made, together with attempts to
improve the quality of range cattle and both the mutton and wool
types of sheep.

Rotation experiments are being carried on as formerly, and there
is considerable study of plant diseases. Some very marked physio-
logical results have followed the injection of chemicals into trees
for the control of diseases, but as yet no pathological benefits have
been noted. Breeding experiments with native wild species of fruits
and importations from northern Europe and Asia have been con-
tinued on an extensive scale. A hardy raspberry of good quality*
has been developed, and the possibility of securing graft hybrids
is being studied. Much of the work with grains and fruits has been
carried on at the Highmore substation.

A test of dips for the prevention of sheep scab is proceeding, and
studies of lumpy jaw are contemplated. A building for the use of
the veterinarian is to be erected.

156 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

Tlie publications of this station received during the year were
Bulletins 92, Marconi wheat; 93, Plums in South Dakota; 94, Al-
falfa and red clover; 95, The treatment of nail pricks of the horse's
foot; 96, P^'orage plants and cereals at Highmore substation. 1904—5;
and 97, Spelt and millet for the production of babv beef; and the
Annual Report for 1905.

The income of the station during the past fiscal year was as follows:

Unitetl States appropriation. Hatch Act i? 15, 000. 00

United States appropriiition. Adams .Vet 5,000.00

State appropriation 1, 000. 00

]Mis<'c]l.Mneous 2.0.58. 11

Total 23,658.11

Reports of the receipts and expenditures for the United States
funds have been rendered in accordance with the schedules pre-
scribed by this Department and have been approved.

The work of the South Dakota Station is on a verv satisfactorv
basis and is much appreciated by the farmers of the State. An
attempt is being made to take up lines of work in a scientific way.
and definite problems are being attacked with less apprehension of
failure to get immediate returns. In consequence some fundamental
results are being obtained.

TENNESSEE.

Tennessee Agricultural Experiment Station, Kiio-rrille.

l)ei)artnient of the University of Tennessee.

II. .v. Morgan, B. S. A., lUrcctor.

An active and aggressive attitude is characterizing the Tennessee
Station, and good jn'ogress is being made in developing its work and
strengtliening it in the State. An investigation of importance re-
cently l)egun is on the failure of clover. The botanist has traced the
cause to a disease attacking both the stem and root, and occurring
also on alfalfa, tlic Medicagoes and Lespede/a. It may be trans-
mitted through the .seed to some extent by soil inoculation and has
also been cai'iied by in.sects. At pre.sent it is widely distributed over
Tennessee and to some extent in Kentucky and West Virginia.

In entomology the main lines of work are the life history of the
cattle tick and peach borer. Some studies are also being made of
stingless bees.

The horticulturist has under way a study of methods of pruning
grapes. Results fiom a season's work with several varieties indicate
the gi'eatest benefit from long-arm pinning, lie is also giving atten-
tion 1(» the spraying of peaches.

TENNESSEE. 157

A number of new lines were begun in agronomy, namely, rotation
trials with and \vithout legumes, soil and crop studies in connection
with the use of different kinds of phosphates and lime, and variety
tests of cereals, legumes, and forage crops. A study of the retentive
power of different typical soils of the State, the formation of humus,
and the means of maintaing the humus supj)ly is also under way,
together with a determination of factors upon which the retentive
power depends.

In animal industry some studies have been made upon leucocytes
in milk and the relation of the health of the animal to the number of
leucocytes. Feeding experiments in connection Avith the dairy herd
are under way, and there is some work with poultry.

During the year an effort was made to inaugurate cooperative
experiments with farmers on some of the distinct soil types of the
State. The results thus far secured have been very encouraging.
Farmers' institutes have been participated in to about the usual
extent, in cooperation with the State department of agriculture.

The passage of the Adams Act provided considerable equipment
for the station, chieflv in additions to the librarv and in scientific
apparatus. The attitude of the university to the station continues to
be liberal. An agricultural building for the use of both is one of the
needs, which has been met by a recent State appropriation.

The publications received from this station during the year were :
Bulletins Volume 18, No. 1, Texas fever cattle tick — pasture methods
of eradication; and No. 2, Small fruits and grapes; and the Annual
Report for 1904.

The income of the station during the past fiscal year was as follows :

T'nitcd St;ito8 appropriation, Ilatfli Act .$ir», 000. 00

United States appropriation, Adams Act 5,000.00

Fees 1, 00.5. 00

Farm products 5, 791. 43

Live stock 1,542.87

Total 28,339.30

Reports of the receipts and expenditures for the United States
funds have been rendered in accordance with the schedules pre.scribed
by this Department and have been approved.

The Tennessee Station is doing important service along several
lines, and is showing much energy in getting its results before the
people of the State. There are indications of increasing appreciation
of its work, and the general outlook is very favorable.

158 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

TEXAS.

Texas Agricultural Experiment Station, CoUeiic Citation.

Department of the State Agricultural and Mechanical College of Texas.

J. W. Cakson, R. S.. Acthnj Director.

The work of llie Texas Station has jjroceeded along the lines of
previous years, although handicapped by the ill health of the director,
who resigned his position at the close of the year. Feeding experi-
ments with by-products of local production such as molasses, rough
rice, and fermented cotton seed have been comi:)leted. Work in
agronomy has been restricted mainly to cotton and corn, but co-
operative experiments with sorghum, milo maize, and Kafir corn are
under way in some arid sections of the State. P]laborate cotton
experiments, chiefly in breeding, are being carried on through the
cooperation of the cotton specialist with the Bureau of Plant In-
dustry. There has also been cooperative work Avith farmers, in-
cluding fertilizer trials, and a test of the yield of cucumbers for
pickles at Palestine.

A department of entomology has been established, Avhich has begun
investigations on the sweet-potato borer, melon louse, citrus Avhite
fl}^, Morelos orange maggot, the cotton boll weevil, and the San Jose
scale. Tlie veterinarian continues to give special attention to the
study of Texas fever. The horticultural work is largeh^ pomo-
logical, empliasis being given to peach culture, variety tests, and
fertilizer and culture trials. Breeding experiments are to be carried
on with tomatoes and grapes, including a study of the geotropism of
different species of the vine, and investigations of the vahie of native
species as a resistant stock for V'tfux rin/fcra varieties. Thus far
r. cJuimphil has shown most promise. Figs and citrus fruits are
being specially studied at lieeville, and phnns, apjdes, and small
fruits at Tr()Ui)e, where substations are still maintained by the State.

A study has been made by -the botanist of nitrogen assimilating
bacteria, showing these to be of doubtful \'aliic. Seed tests indicate
a need of seed inspection, as the State is being ma<!e a dumping
ground for inferior stock. The feeding-stuffs inspection has Ihhmi
thorouirhlv established and nets the station some additional funds.

Bulletin TO, Experiments in steer feeding, was the only publication
received from this station.

The income of the station (hiring tlie jiast fiscal year was as follows:

United States aiii)n)|)riatii)ii. Ilatdi Act ,?1.5. 000. 00

United St.-ilcs appropriation, Adams .\ct ,'>. OoO. (tO

Fai-in products IHJ.". 00

Miscellaneous , 2JylXZ\

Total 23, 538. 31

UTAH. 159

Reports of the receipts and expenditures for the United States
funds have been rendered in accordance with the schedules prescribed
by this Department and have been approved.

The field work at the station is being brought together on a single
large tract of land, on which it is hoped to erect suitable buildings.
A plant house for the winter work of the botanist is also much needed.
Durinff the vear the college and station work have been well dif-
ferentiated. The number and grade of the agricultural students are
increasing. The farm mechanics laboratory is being developed, and
considerable machinery has been contributed to it by manufacturers.

TJTAH.

Agricultural Experiment Station, Loiiaii.

Department of the Agricultural College of I'tah.

P. A. YoDER, Ph. D., Din-ctor.

The year at the Utah Station was marked by the appointment
of a new director and numerous changes in the staff, although there
has been no material departure from the previous policy and lines of
work other than the concentration of activities upon a somewhat more
restricted number of projects. Irrigation has continued to be the
leading feature. Two small farms devoted exclusively to irrigation
experiments have been carried on, one confined to a study of methods
of irrigation in cooperation with this Office, and the other used for
studies of the water requirements of different crops in cooperation
with the Bureau of Plant Industry. Studies of the irrigation practice
of the State and of winter irrigation are being made, and alkali recla-
mation work near Salt Lake was carried on in cooperation with the
Bureau of Soils.

The dry farming experiments carried on in different parts of the
State under State approj^riation have yielded valuable results in
showing the localities and conditions under which such farming is
likel}^ to be profitable and the methods which should be pursued to
insure success. Some of the farms have been more successful than
others, and for this reason several of those alreadv established will
jirobabW be either abandoned or continued for a time merely as
demonstration areas, while others will be developed as centers for
more advanced investigation. Additional farms will be established
for more fully determining the areas of the State best suited to this
character of farming.

Studies of the codling moth, sugar-beet leaf hopper, grasshoppers,
and various strawberry insects have been taken up by the entomolo-
gist. Spraying is now being more generally practiced in the State, to
the great improvement of the quality of the fruit produced. The

160 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

means of dissemination and control of tomato bliglit are being in-
vestigated, and there have been studies of sugar-beet seed improve-
ment aud variety tests of alfalfa.

Feeding experiments have been largely directed to the utilization
of available Utah feeds for horses, cattle, sheep, and swine. The
poultry department is to be strengthened and made a more prominent
feature, and a department of dairying has been established.

The horticultural work at the Brigham City substation has been
given up, but continued as usual at St. George. A new substation has
been established at Lehi, which has been used chiefly for variety tests
of orchard crops. These substations have been maintained by State
a])propriations of $8,000 and $(5,000, respectively, for two years.

The publications of this station received during the year were Bul-
letin 92, Poultry experiments, and circulars giving memoranda of
plans for arid farm and irrigation investigations.

The income of the station during the past fiscal year was as follows:

United States appropriation. Hatch Act .$15,000.00

United States appropriation, Adams Act 5,000.00

State iipi)ropriation. including substations 21,376.84

Farm i)roducts. including substations 2,853.38

Miscellaneous, including balance from pi'evious year — 305.00

'I'otal 44,(525.72

Reports of the receipts and expenditures of the United States funds
have been rendered in accordance with the schedules prescribed by
this Department and have been approved.

The Utah Station has suffered from the lack of permanency in its
personnel and the difficulty of securing and holding a sufficient force
of experts to properly man its various departments. In view of this
fact the policy of concentration on a limited number of the most
iuiportant lines of work seems especially wise.

VERMONT.

Vermont Agricultural Experiment Station, liiDi'nintou.

Department of University of \<M-m(iiit and State AgricuUural College.

.1. I., llu.i.s. Sc. I).. IHrrctor.

^y\^\\ a view to expanding and developing the work in dairy hus-
bandry at the Vermont Station, C. L. Beach, of the Connecticut Storrs
Station, has recently been added to the staff as the head of this depart-
ment. Experiments iu hoi-se breeding, using Morgan blood as a
l)asis, have recently been iuaugurated in <'ooperation with the Bureau
of Animal Industry. The stud now consists of nine animals. A
tract of ()5 acres has been acciuired and a breeding bai'u lias been
fitted nj). Anoth(M- recent investigation is that of etherization on

VERMONT. 161

rhubarb, asparagus, and other plants. This is to be extended to de-
termine whether the effects are due to cold or to anesthesia.

Few changes have occurred in other lines of work. Studies of
potato diseases are being made a permanent feature, both from the
botanical and bacteriological standpoint, and attempts are being
made to produce disease-resistant strains. The cooperative work
with the New York State Station on the soft rot of vegetables is
nearly completed. Cooperation Avith the Bureau of Plant Industry
has been continued as in previous years on the growth of drug
plants. A series of feeding experiments has been conducted with
cows on silage from frosted and unfrosted corn and on alfalfa meal
versus wheat bran.

The inspection and miscellaneous analytical w^ork continues to be
very heavy and consumes a considerable share of the working time
of a portion of the staff. Extension work has been conducted through
farmers' institutes, and the station actively participated in the man-
agement of the " Better farming special " in its trip through the State.
During the year the station has lost its assistant botanist and an
assistant chemist.

Morrill Hall, the new agricultural building, is in process of erec-
tion on a site purchased by the university. This will afford improved
facilities for the college of agriculture and for some of the station
work.

The publications of this station received during the year were
Bulletins 109, 117, 118, Commercial feeding stuffs; IIG, 121, Com-
mercial fertilizers; 119, Abstract of Eighteenth Annual Eeport,
1904-5; 120, Planting white pine in Vermont; and 122, Disease resist-
ance of potatoes; a spraying calendar; and the Annual Reports for
1904 and 1905.

The income of the station during the past fiscal year was as follows :

United States appropriation, Hatch Act $15,000.00

United States appropriation, Adams Act 5,000.00

State appropriation 1, 503. 51

Fees 2,805.00

Individuals 22.65

Total 24, 331. 16

Reports of the receipts and expenditures for the United States
funds have been rendered in accordance with the schedules pre-
scribed by this Department and have been approved.

The relations of the station to the university farm are not such as
to lead to a strengthening of its work in field and feeding experi-
ments, and in other respects its special needs and the purpose
of its funds do not seem to be fully realized. The station has an

294b— 07 11

162 KEPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

appreciative constituency and there is much demand for its work and

advice. There is all the more need, therefore, that every obstacle to

its development to the fullest extent of the funds at its disposal

should be removed.

VIRGINIA.

Virginia Agricultural Experiment Station, Blacksburg.

Department of Virginia Agricultural and Mechanical College and Polytechnic

Institute.

A. M. SouLE, B. S. A., Director.

The work of the Virginia Station has developed during the year,
and will be further strengthened by the completion of the agricul-
tural building now in process of erection, as this will permit greater
concentration of the various departments. Some special facilities
have been provided, including a refrigerating plant for cold-storage
tests, a battery of five greenhouses, and two large fermentation cellars
for the mycological investigations on the production of cider, vinegar,
and other fruit by-products. A number of changes in the staff have
taken place, among them the retirement of R. J. Davidson as chemist,
after many years' service, and the promotion of the assistant chemist
to this position.

The last legislature made an annual appropriation of $5,000 for the
maintenance and support of the station. About half of this fund is
being expended in tobacco investigations in cooperation with the
Bureau of Soils. Work has been undertaken at AVest Appomattox in
the dark tobacco belt and at Chatham in the light tobacco belt. The
problems being investigated are soil preparation, cultivation, and
fertilization. Some work is also being done on the selection and
improvement of tobacco, and especially as to the handling and curing
of the crop.

A portion of the fund is also being used for horticultural work and
in experiments relating to the feeding and nutrition of beef cattle.
The horticulturist is devoting considerable attention to dwarf nursery
stock and now has orchards of both dwarf and standard varieties.
Fertilizer trials are proceeding with both sorts, and breeding work on
the application of Mendel's law to tomatoes has been taken uj). Some
feeding trials with pigs are being carried on, and an experiment in
finishing steers on various roughages has been completed. The im-
provement of grade cattle is being sought through breeding to selected
bulls.

In the field work the comparison of different varieties of grain as
to stooling has shown a great ditference in the effect of the improve-
ment and selection of seed. There have also been studies of the prev-
alence of barren stalks of corn, and work on seed potatoes, seed corn
improvement, inoculation for cowpeas and soy beans, and fertilizer

VIRGINIA. 163

experiments, variety tests of cereals, rotation experiments, soil im-
provement, etc.

The veterinarian is working on spinal meningitis in horses which
has been assumed to be due to mold on feed. As yet it has not been
found possible to infect animals with the disease from this source. A
device for the treatment of milk fever has been perfected which sim-
plifies the method of treatment and reduces the cost of the necessary
apparatus.

The chemical work has been given more definite form and is better
differentiated from the college work than formerly. A study has
been undertaken of problems relating to the fixation of various min-
eral elements in soils as influenced by crop rotations and by the
addition of chemical elements. The investigation is being carried on
with soils of different types in the State.

Cooperative experiments have been undertaken to a limited extent
with farmers of the State. The station is distributing cultures for use
Avith legumes, ferments for the making of cider, and a limited quan-
tity of the best varieties of grain. The principal extension work has
been through the farmers' institutes, which continue to grow. More
than 1,000 farmers visited the station during the month of July.
Various members of the station staff have given lectures on elemen-
tary agriculture, nature study, and related topics before schools and
colleges in the State, and teachers in summer normal schools. This
work is having a wholesome effect, and as a result there is greater
interest in the teaching of elementary agriculture in the public
schools. Considerable improvement has been accomplished in the
rural schools of the State, and in the establishing of consolidated and
high schools giving instruction in agriculture.

The publications received from this station during the year are as
follows: Bulletins 154, The inoculation and cultivation of alfalfa;
155, Meteorological data and bloom notes of fruits; 156, Gluten and
cotton-seed meal with silage, hay, and stover for dairy cows; 157,
Silage, hay, and stover in beef making; 158, Milk fever — its causes,
symptoms, and successful treatment; and 159, Soil inoculation with
artificial cultures; and the Annual Report for 1905.

The income of the station during the past fiscal year was as
follows :

United States appropriation, Hatch Act $15,000.00

United States appropriation, Adams Act .5, 000. 00

Miscellaneous 142. 60

Total 20, 142. 60

Reports of the receipts and expenditures for the United States
funds have been rendered in accordance with the schedules pre-
scribed by this Department and have been approved.

164 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

The Virginia Station has some important work under way and the
opportunities afforded with the new buildings and laboratories and
additional funds give much encouragement for the future. The feel-
ing toward the station in the State is greatly improved, and it has
a strong and enthusiastic following,

WASHINGTON.

Washington Agricultural Experiment Station, Pullman.

Department of the State College of Washington.

E. A. Bryan. M. A., LL. D., Director.

The work of the Washington Station has not materially changed
in its main features, although there have been several changes in
personnel and considerable extension in animal husbandry, agronomy,
and horticulture. A dairyman has been appointed to conduct a
traveling dairy school, to study conditions of dairy production in
the State and to introduce better methods. Additional assistants in
animal husbandry, horticulture, entomology, and veterinary science
have been provided.

The work in the improvement of cereals has been greatly extended,
and in cooperation with the chemist studies are being made of the
chemical composition of the wheats of the region and the baking prop-
erties and other characteristics of the flours produced from them.
Plant breeding experiments with wheat, and field experiments with
cereals, as well as with other crops, are being made at the stations at
Quincy and at Ritzville, and tests of varieties of corn, clover, grasses,
and other forage plants are being carried on. Special attention has
been given to a study of rotations and methods of culture to take the
place of the fallow system commonly practiced in the Palouse Avheat-
growing region. The substitution of a crop of corn or potatoes for
bare fallow has been tried with very satisfactory results.

The plantations of native forest seedlings and ornamentals have
been extended, and among other lines of work recently undertaken
are propagation of nursery stock, soil mulches and cover crops, time of
pruning, tests of varieties and training of raspberries and other
small fruits, seedling Logan berries, and tests of varieties and
methods of culture of vegetables, especially Avith reference to blight
resistance of tomatoes. Attention has also been given to the subjects
of clean milk, transmission of tuberculosis, red water in cattle, exter-
mination of squirrels by means of a contagious disease, occurrence of
tuberculosis in poultry, and fattening beef cattle on the common for-
age crops of eastern Washington.

Investigations with reference to various plant diseases and insects
and the means of repression have included, among other subjects,

West Virginia. 165

spraying for the codling moth, studies of the hop lonse, crown gall,
the occurrence of the Hessian fly recently reported in the vicinity of
Portland, and the efficacy of quassia sprays.

The chemistry of forage plants, of fruit ripening, and of lard,
availability of fertilizers, and cooperative fertilizer experiments on
different soil types have continued to receive attention, and experi-
ments in the application of water to crops have been conducted in the
irrigated districts.

The publications of this station received during the year were
Bulletins 67, Some notes regarding Halphen's test for cotton-seed
oil — reaction of lard from cotton-seed meal fed hogs with Halphen's
reagent — effects of feeding cotton-seed meal upon the health of
animals ; 68, The wormy apple ; 69, Preliminary report on the codling
moth in the Yakima Valley ; 70, The powdery mildews of Washing-
ton; 73, Feeding wild plants to sheep; 75, Apple scab in eastern
Washington ; and 76, The economical preparation of the sulphur-lime
spray.

The income of the station during the past fiscal year was as follows :

United States appropriation, Hatch Act .$15,000.00

United States appropriation, Adams Act 5,000.00

Fees 757. 95

Total 20, 757. 95

Reports of the receipts and expenditures for the United States
funds have been rendered in accordance with the schedules prescribed
by this Department and have been approved.

The work of the Washington Station is developing in several impor-
tant lines. The strengthening of its organization by the appointment
of a director apart from the office of president, who can give his
time largely to attending to the affairs and interests of the station,
continues to be greatly needed. In a large State like Washington,
with its diverse agricultural conditions and interests, the station man-
agement requires more time than a president of a growing college can
devote to it to develop its full efficiency and usefulness.

WEST VIBGINIA.

West Virginia Agricultural Experiment Station, Morgantown.

Department of West Virginia University.

J. H. Stewaet, M. a.. Director.

The West Virginia Station is making progress along the lines of
previous years. During the year an investigation of the mummy dis-
ease of guavas has been completed and fertilizer trials for peach
trees, spraying experiments for potatoes and melons, and cooperative

166 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

trials of cover crops with orchardists have been continued. A plant
disease survey has been made of the State.

Among other investigations completed during the year are studies
of nitro cultures and an examination of the limestones and salt brines
of the State, the latter with special reference to cattle poisoning.

The chemist has resumed his studies on the effect of pressure on
the preservation of fruit juices, using pressures as high as 30,000
pounds to the square inch. Juices so treated have been kept without
deterioration for tw^o years. An attempt is being made to obtain
a noncorrosive can lining. A new pressure machine is being con-
structed for the station w^ork which will enable larger quantities of
juice to be treated. The chemist is also continuing his studies of the
production of nitric acid from the atmosphere by means of pressure.

The entomologists are working out the life historv of the woollv
aphis and the relative immunity of apple trees to it. A single tree
has been found which seems to be immune, and some immune stock
from Australia has been imported for grafting. The snout beetles
infesting nuts, especially the chestnut and hickory, are also being
investigated and the egg-laying process of the hickory weevil has
been worked out.

Commercial problems form the main features of the work of the
agricultural department. A house holding over 700 hens has been
built for poultry raising on a large scale. An Ayrshire-Jerse}'- cross
is being developed for milk production, the objects sought being a
larger yield and smaller fat globules. A refrigerating plant and
complete modern dairy equipment have recently been installed,
mainly for demonstration of improved methods in marketing milk
for city trade and studies of the changes in milk at low temperatures.

From this station the following publications have been received:
Bulletins 94, Diseases of melons and cucumbers during 1903 and
1904; 96, A report on plant diseases of the State; 97, Commercial
fertilizers; 99, Experiments with fertilizers; 100, The grape curculio;
104, The ripe rot or nnmimy disease of guavas; and 105, Tubercles
on legmnes with and without cultures; and a report on nursery and
orchard inspection, 1904-5.

The income of this station during the past fiscal year was as

follows :

United States appropriation. Ilatcli Act .$15,000.00

United States appropriation, Adams Act .5,000.00

Fees 9, 066. 94

Farm products 3, 672. 54

Total 32,739.48

Reports of the receipts and expenditures for the United States
funds have been rendered in accordance- with the schedules pre-
scribed by this Department and have been approved.

WISCONSIN. 167

Cooperative and extension work is conducted by the station along
several lines, including soil tests, tuberculin tests of herds, the
eradication of the stomach worm of sheep b}^ means of a coal-tar
creosote, and poultry raising, and under a State appropriation in
the controlling of insects and plant diseases.

The station work is attracting more attention from the people of
the State than formerly. It is managed in a businesslike way
and in the interests of the farmers and horticulturists of the State,
having due regard for the development of various specific phases
of agriculture. The station and college work are quite fully dif-
ferentiated.

WISCONSIN.

Agricultural Experiment Station of the University of Wisconsin, Madison.

Department of the University of Wisconsin.
W. A. Henry, D. Agr., D. Sc, Director.

The Wisconsin Station has brought to a close an extensive series
of investigations of the losses of butter fat in cheese making. It
is believed that by the use of separators and other improved methods
enough whey butter can be obtained to yield an increased profit to
the industry of at least $150,000 a year. Swiss cheese manufacture
has been continued, and further studies have been made of the
action of various yeast ferments and the use of square vats in place
of the expensive and awkw^ard round copper kettles now claimed
to be absolutely essential. The inhibitory influence of nickel and
iron on rennet and the influence of the richness of the milk on the
quality of the cheese are also being studied. The relative value of
vegetable and aniline butter colors is being tested, and progress has
been made in the investigation of problems of dairy sewage disposal.

In animal husbandry a study is being made of the relative
economy of medium and high protein rations for milk production,
with the object of introducing more farm grains into the rations
of dairy cattle. The value of the dual purpose cow for milk and
beef as compared with the special purpose breeds is also receiving
attention. The feeding and breeding of pigs and sheep continue
to be prominent features. Grinding corn has been found unprofit-
able in fattening hogs, as the saving of feed is too small to meet the
cost of grinding. A comparison of the bacon and lard types for
pork production has been inaugurated. Beet pulp is being tried
as a food for sheep, and the experiments on raising winter lambs
have been continued.

In horticulture extensive experiments to improve the native wild
plum are drawing to a close. From thousands of seedlings a few
choice varieties adapted to Wisconsin conditions have been secured

168 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

and will be propagated for limited distribution. Experiments on
the cultivation, fertilizing, curing, and hybridizing of tobacco are
in progress, as well as studies of the resistance of varieties of po-
tatoes to blight and of spraying for protection against it. Demon-
stration experiments in fruit growing are being conducted in the
Lake Superior region, together with numerous variety tests. Breed-
ing experiments are being carried on with a number of varieties of
plants, particularly as to the effect of excessive nutrition as a means
of inducing variation. In this way the seedless tomatoes illustrated
in Plate VI have been produced at will.

Studies of tuberculosis have shown that the feedino- of skim milk
from creameries to calves and pigs has been an important means of
dissemination. The effects of tuberculin testing on milk secretion
are also being studied, as well as the occurrence of leucocytes in
milk and the distribution of lactose-fermenting yeasts through the
State. Soil studies are being made of the various types, the effect
of continuous cropping is being studied with a large number of soil
samples that have been collected, and field tests of untreated rock
phosphates are under waj^ In agronomy, the cereal breeding work
with corn, barley, alfalfa, and soy beans is progressing satisfactorily,
and weed eradication has been taken up. It has been found that
by spraying with iron sulphate solution it is possible to destroy wild
mustard (PL VII), oxeye daisy, cockle burs, and ragweed in oat
fields without injury to the oat crop. The strength used has been
about 100 pounds of iron sulphate to 50 gallons of water per acre,
and the cost of material from 60 to 75 cents per acre — much less than
for a copper sulphate solution.

The cooperative and extension work of the station continue to be
very large. The irrigation work which has been carried on in co-
operation with this Office has been closed, but statistics on drainage
areas are being collected. The cranberry investigations are con-
tinued with State funds, and in cooperation with the Weather
Bureau stations have been maintained from which frost warning?
may be sent to growers. There is also cooperation with the Bureau
of Animal Industry in methods of cheese manufacture, with the
State live-stock sanitary board in the suppression of bovine tuber-
culosis, with" the Wisconsin Agricultural Experiment Association
in cereal testing, and very largely directly with the farmers of the
State in tobacco growing, potato spraying, drainage, etc. (PI. VIII.)

The publications of this station received during the year were:
Bulletins 127, The principles and practice of horse breeding; 128,
A Swiss cheese trouble caused by a gas- forming yeast; 129, Some
creamery })rol)lems; 130, Licensed connnercial feeding stuffs, 1905;
131, Ofticial tests of dairy cows, 190-1-5; 133, Distribution of tuber-

An. Rpt, Office of Experiment Stations, 1906.

Plate VI.

/^9HIIml

IRl^

BBW 'i*-^^^' -■'.''■■^-■t-"^"-'- 4

qp|;n

.y^iH^ » ^Tll— -<H>H^^HH|^k

"^^sjBI

1 ^

iS^^-ft^^mi;.. :;

I'^^^K^J^IS^HB^m^^^H

^KS^lSci*-.jK^^^^^^m

^^M

^

Fig. 1.— An Intermediate Type of Tomato, Nearly Seedless.
[Modification brmiglit about liv higli I't-eding. Form, size, ami quality the best.]

Fig. 2.— Large Type Seedless Tomato.
SEEDLESS TOMATOES BRED AT WISCONSIN STATION.

An Rpt. Office of Experiment Stations, 1906.

Plate VII.

Fig. 1.— Field to Left Sprayed, Strip on Right Unsprayed.

[Showing mustard plants in blossom three weeks after spraying.]

"' -'t^^/li-r'^

Fig. 2.— On Left, Oats and Weeds From Three Harvester Bundles From
Treated Plat; on Right, Same From Untreated Plat.

EFFECT OF SPRAYING OAT FIELDS WITH IRON SULPHATE SOLUTION
FOR ERADICATION OF WILD MUSTARD.

f'^ Rpt. Office of Experiment Stations, '9?6.

Plate VIII.

Fig. 1.— Corn Grown on Undrained Field.

Fig. 2.— Corn Grown on Field with Tile Drains 70 Feet Apart.

Fig. 3. -Corn Grown on Field With Tile Drains 40 Feet Apart.
[Originally the wettest portion of the area.]

RESULTS OF EXPERIMENTS IN TILE DRAINAGE ON HEAVY
LACUSTRINE CLAY, WISCONSIN STATION.

WYOMING. 169

culosis in suspected and nonsuspected herds in Wisconsin; 134.
Licensed commercial fertilizers and feeding stuffs, 1906; and 135,
Sprajdng- potatoes for prevention of leaf blight and rot.

The income of the station during the past fiscal year was as follows:

United States appropriation, Hatcti Act $15,000.00

United States appropriation, Adams Act 5, 000. 00

State appropriation « 18, 500. 00

Fees 2,600.00

Total 41,100.00

Eeports of the receipts and expenditures for the United States
funds have been rendered in accordance with the schedules pre-
scribed by this Department and have been approved.

During the year provision has been made for the erection of farm
engineering and agronomy buildings for the college of agricultm^e.
A tobacco shed has been built solely for experimental purposes, and
several tracts of land have been secured and improved. Through the
efforts of the college and station a law has been enacted requiring the
licensing by the college of all stallions in the State for which service
fees are charged. This law, which is the first of its kind in this coun-
try, has already resulted in the elimination of a large number of low-
grade stallions.

The college continues to make rapid growth, and a number of addi-
tions have been made, both to its staff' and to that of the station. An
attempt is being made to differentiate the work to a greater extent

than formerly.

WYOMING.

Wyoming- Agricultural Experiment Station, Laramie.

Department of the University of Wyoming.

B. C. BuFFUM, M. S., Director.

The work of the Wyoming Station has in a large measure passed
the pioneer stage of merely testing the adaptability of crops and meth-
ods of farming to high altitudes and arid region conditions. The
station has shown that oats, barley, wheat, rye, and other cereals,
potatoes and other root croj3s, alfalfa, peas, spelt, and a great variety
of other forage plants and many kinds of fruits and vegetables can
be successfully grown under conditions which were formerly thought
to debar successful farming, and has convinced the ranchman that
many of these products can be utilized to make his stock raising more
profitable. In consequence, stock feeding for marketing in finished
form has been added to stock raising as formerly carried on. This has
brought about better methods of management, increased care of ani-

a Including $2,000 for cranberry investigations and $1,500 for tobacco investi-
gations.

170 REPORT OF O^^FICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS-

mals, and the raising of winter feed for the better maintenance of
stock. Having thus in a large measure met the more pressing prac-
tical needs of the agriculture of the State, the station is now in
position to direct its attention to more advanced investigation.

During the past year the work in agronomy has been confined
mainly to experiments witli a number of farm crops. Special studies
have been made of barley for brewing purposes, of disease-resistant
potatoes, and of the deterioration of seed potatoes. Horticultural
work is being developed at Lander under a State appropriation.
In animal industry attention is being given mainly to the econom-
ical feeding of cattle, sheep, and swine, the breeding of polled Here-
fords, and incidentally to the influence of high altitudes and aridity
on the hatching of eggs. Through the cooperation of the chemical
department the digestibility and nutritive value of native and intro-
duced grasses and grains are being determined.

The farmers' institutes and short courses, some of which are in
effect protracted farmers' institutes, are accomplishing much good
but make serious inroads on the time and energies of the station
staff. The development of the short-course work and the introduc-
tion of secondary instruction in the college are being considered.

The publications of this station received during the year were
Bulletins 65, Wyoming forage plants and their chemical composi-
tion; 66, Irrigation work on the North Platte River; 67, Duty of
water; 68, Ration experiments with lambs, 1904-5; and the Annual
Report for 1905.

The income of the station during the past fiscal year was as
follows :

United States appropriation. Hatch Act $15,000.00

United States appropriation, Adams Act 5,000.00

State appropriation 177.26

Farm products 2.608.30

Total 22.785.56

Reports of the receipts and expenditures for the United States
funds have been rendered in accordance with the schedules prescribed
by this Department and have been approved.

The station is making good use of the funds at its disposal and is
steadily increasing the grade and efficiency of its work. Supplemen-
tary funds for additional equipment should be forthcoming, espe-
cially on the farm, in order that the increased Federal funds may be
used to the best advantage.

THE ASSOCIATION OF AMERICAN AGRICULTURAL COLLEGES

AND EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

OFFICERS.

President.

L. H. Bailey, of New York.

Y ice-Presidents.
T. D. Boyd, of Louisiana. B. C. Buffum, of Wyoming.

M. A. ScovELL, of Kentuclty. R- W. Stimson, of Connecticut.

C. G. Hopkins, of Illinois.

Secretary-T reasurer.

J. L. Hills, of Vermont.

Bibliographer.

A. C. True, of Washington, D. C.

Executive Committee.

H. C. White, of Georgia. W. H. Jordan, of New York.

J. L. Snyder, of Michigan. C. F. Curtiss, of Iowa.

W. E. Stone, of Indiana.

Sections.

Section on College Work and Administration : E. A. Bryan, of Washington,

chairman ; H. C. Price, of Ohio, secretary.
Section on Experiment Station Work : M. A. Scovell, of Kentucky, chairman ;

C. E. Thorne, of Ohio, secretary.

TWENTIETH ANNUAL CONVENTION.
GENEEAL SESSIONS.

The twentieth annual convention of the Association of American
Agricultural Colleges and Experiment Stations was held in Baton
Rouge, La., November 14—16, 1906. The meeting was an unusually
large one, and, as has generally been the case in recent j^ears, it was
made the occasion for the meeting of several societies and associations
not affiliated with the association, although related to it in work.
Among these were the Associations of State Universities, of Farmers'
Institute Workers, and of Horticultural inspectors, the Society for
the Promotion of Agricultural Science, and the Economic Ento-
mologists of the Cotton Belt.

171

172 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

The annual address of the president of the association, M. H. Biick-
ham, of Vermont, Avas in the main a plea for placing greater emphasis
upon the liberal and humanistic culture studies in the curriculum as a
means of preventing narrowness and crudeness of thought and char-
acter. He maintained that while the function of the land-grant
colleges is to produce industrial experts, they should be liberally
educated. (See also p. 233.)

The report of the executive committee reviewed the work of that
committee during the year w^ith reference to the passage of the Adams
Act and its interpretation, initial steps with reference to the estab-
lishment of a department of rural education in the National Educa-
tional Association, and negotiations with the trustees of the Carnegie
Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching with reference to
including the land-grant colleges among the beneficiaries of that
institution. H. C. White, chairman of the executive committee, was
designated by that committee as its representative to present the last-
named matter to the trustees of the Carnegie Foundation at a meeting
held November 21, 1906. The association passed a resolution express-
ing its gratitude to the executive committee for its painstaking and
efficient efforts in connection with the passage of the Adams Act.

The bibliographer, A. C. True, presented as his report a list of 385
books, the work of 195 men and women now or at one time connected
with agricultural colleges or experiment stations. (See p. 234.)

Memorial addresses and appropriate resolutions relating to the life
and work of President George W. Atherton and Hon. Henry Cullen
Adams were presented.

The committee on instruction in agriculture presented through its
chairman, A. C. True, a brief report explaining the organization of
the committee into subcommittees on (1) elementary courses, (2)
secondary courses, (3) courses in home economics, and (4) courses in
rural engineering. These subcommittees have in preparation reports
on the subjects assigned them, Avhich it is expected will be published
through this Office. In the discussion following this report there was
a general expression of interest in the Avork and a desire for the early
publication of the results of the committee's studies. (See also p. 234.)

The report of the standing committee on graduate study, by Chair-
man L. H. Bailey, consisted of a brief account ( f the second session
of the Graduate School of Agriculture held at the University of Illi-
nois during the sunnner of 1906. Explaining the purpose of this
school, the report says:

This graduate work stands for a kind of teaching that lies beyond the college
grade and that makes strongly for originality and personality. This enterprise
expresses the conviction of the association that agricultural subjects are as
capable as any others of advanced study, lliat they have equal and similar
pedagogical value, and that there is need of the pursuit of them. * * * The

ASSOCIATION OF COLLEGES AND STATIONS. 173

unqualified success of the second session of the graduate school established
the fact that graduate work is in demand. This school is now the only meeting
ground for teachers and investigators in agriculture. The comradeship of it is
itself worth the while. * * * The experience with the two sessions of the
graduate school indicates that no agricultural college or experiment station can
afford not to partake in it if the institution expects to keep in living touch with
the knowledge and opinions of the day.

For a fuller account of this school see page 236.

The report of the committee on extension work '^ presented by
K. L. Biitterfield, chairman, defines and classifies such work, sum-
marizing the present status of agricultural extension teaching in the
United States and recommending that each college establish as soon
as practicable a department for such teaching coordinate with other
departments. The association placed itself on record as strongly
favoring adequate appropriations to the Office of Experiment Sta-
tions to enable it to enlarge its work on agricultural education, espe-
cially with reference to the organization of agricultural extension
teaching. (See also p. 235.)

The report of the committee on station organization and policy,^
presented by the chairman, E. Davenport, dealt largely with ques-
tions growing out of the interpretation of the Adams Act and the
organization of work under that act. (See p. 71.)

The relations of the Bureau of Education with land-grant colleges
were reviewed by L. A. Kalbach, of that Bureau. It was shown that
the number of agricultural students at these institutions has in-
creased during the past ten years from 2,712 to 7,418, and the stu-
dents in mechanic arts from 5,317 to 12,969. The State appropria-
tions have increased from $1,789,235 to $5,768,786, the total income of
the colleges during the last year being over $11,500,000.

A prox)osal to cooperate with the Association of State Universities
in memorializing Congress to establish a National University at
Washington was quite fully discussed and finally disposed of by
reference to the executive committee to take such action as in its
judgment seemed wise, and to make a full report to the association
at its next meeting.

An important matter aifecting the policy of agricultural research
in this country was presented for discussion in a resolution pre-
sented by H. P. Armsby, calling for the appointment by the incoming
president of the association of a commission consisting of five per-
sons, two representing the research eft'orts of the association, one the
United States Department of Agriculture, and two representing the
scientific men not connected with official agricultural investigation,
" the duty of which shall be to inquire into and report to this asso-

a This report has been published as U. S. Dept. Agr., Office Expt. Stas. Circ. 72,
6 This report has been published as U. S. Dept. Agr., Office Expt. Stas. Circ. 71.

174 REPORT OF OB^FICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

ciation the organization and policy which, in the opinion of the com-
mission, should prevail in the expenditure of public money provided
for scientific experimentation and research in the interests of agri-
culture, to the end that such funds shall be applied in the most eco-
nomical, efficient, and worthy manner to the production of results of
permanent value."

The discussion of this resolution indicatea a general feeling that
for the purposes of research the various agencies in this country,
partly from lack of system, have not been as efficient as they might
be made, and that much good might come from an impartial survey
of the whole field by men competent to analyze the situation and to
plan broadly. The resolution was adopted.

The association put itself on record as favoring an attempt to
secure increased Federal appropriation for education in agriculture
and mechanic arts, and instructed its executive committee to cause
a measure drawn on the same general lines as the second Morrill
Act, to be introduced in Congress."

SECTION ON COLLEGE WORK AND ADMINISTRATION.

In the section on college work and administration the main topics
of discussion were: (1) Administration of the land-grant colleges —
organization and classification of the instructional force, control of
student activities and student labor; (2) relation of the land-grant
college to the public school system, to the agricultural industries, and
to the mechanical industries; and (3) curriculum of the land-grant
college — study of home economics in the land-grant college, the
short practical course, its place and importance, and agricultural
extension. (For a fuller account see p. 235.)

SECTION ON EXPERIMENT STATION WORK.

In the section on the experiment station work attention was devoted
principally to discussion of questions relating to the Adams Act
and agricultural research in general. The Director and the Assistant
Director of this Office explained the provisions and limitations of the
Adams Act, plans for the administration of the funds under it, and
some of the difficulties experienced by the stations in inaugurating
work under the act. H. P. Armsby urged that the stations should
consider not so much the legal requirements as the opportunities for
advanced scientific Avork offered under the act, and a recognition of

o Such a measiu'e was iutroduoed into both branches of the Fifty-ninth Con-
gress, second session. The appropriation was, however, finally provided for
by a clause in the ai)pr<)priation act of this Department for the fiscal year
ending .Tunc ?,0. lOOS, which increases the appropriation for each land-grant
college $5,UU0 annually for five years.

ASSOCIATION OF COLLEGES AND STATIONS. l75

the need and desirability of the more advanced work contemplated
under the Adams Act was generally expressed. A resolution record-
ing approval of the methods adopted by the Office of Experiment
Stations in administering the Adams Act was passed by the section.

Three carefully prepared papers were presented before the sec-
tion — one on Problems of Animal Nutrition, by H. P. Armsby;
another on Methods of Experimentation in Feeding for Meat Pro-
duction, by H. W. Mumford, and the third on Methods of Experi-
mentation in Feeding for Milk Production, by J. L. Hills.

A report of the committee on unification of terms used in chemical
analysis was presented by C. G. Hopkins, chairman. The report
was accepted, and the committee was continued with instructions
to seek to bring about an agreement for uniform usage among
chemists.

STATISTICS OF LAND-GRANT COLLEGES AND AGRICULTURAL
EXPERIMENT STATIONS, 1906.

By Miss M. T. Spethmann.

The folio-wing statistical statements relate to the institutions estab-
lished under the acts of Congress of July 2, 1862, and August 30, 1890,
most of which maintain courses of instruction in agriculture, and to
the agricultural experiment stations, which, with few exceptions, are
organized under the act of Congress of March 2, 1887, and are con-
ducted as departments of the institutions receiving the benefits of the
land-grant act of July 2, 1862. These statistics have been compiled
in part from replies to a circular of inquiry sent out from the Office of
Experiment Stations, and in part from the annual reports of the presi-
dents of these institutions made on the schedules prescribed by the
Commissioner of Education. Tables showing the annual disburse-
ments on account of the acts of Congress of March 2, 1887, August 30,
1890, and March 16, 1906, prepared from figures furnished by the
Departments of the Treasury and the Interior, are also included.
Owing to the complex organization of many of the institutions, it is
impracticable to give exactly comparable statistics in all cases, and in
some instances the data furnished are incomplete.

SUMMARY OF STATISTICS OF LAND-GRANT COLLEGES.

Educational institutions receiving the benefits of the acts of Con-
gress of July 2, 1862, and August 30, 1890, are now in operation in all
the States- and Territories except Alaska, Hawaii, and Porto Rico.
The total number of these institutions is 65, of which 63 maintain
courses of instruction in agriculture. The aggregate value of the
permanent funds and equipment of the land-grant colleges and uni-
versities in 1906 is estimated to be as follows : Land-grant fund of 1862,
$12,500,558.29; other land-grant funds, $3,988,068.60; other perma-
nent funds, $13,829,945.72; land grant of 1862 still unsold, $4,005,-
736.10; farms and grounds owned by the institutions, $7,873,237.68;
buildings, $30,322,457.04; apparatus, $2,432,339.88; machinery, $2,-
831,046.06; libraries, $2,819,614.26; live stock, $369,913.13; miscella-
neous equipment, $3,222,469.12; total, $84,195,385.88. The income of
these institutions in 1906, exclusive of the funds received from the
United States for agricultural experiment stations ($867,617.70), was
as follows: Interest on land-grant funds of 1862, $758,753.34; inter-
est on other land-grant funds, $106,185.17; United States appropria-
tion under act of 1890, $1,200,000; interest on endowment or regular

294b— 07 12 177

178 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

appropriation, $122,980.94 ; State apj^ropriation for current expenses,
$4,308,150.34 ; State appropriations for buildings or for other special
purposes $3,088,947.32 ; income from endowment, other than Federal
or State grants, $677,138.21 ; tuition fees, $993,003.38 ; incidental fees,
$631,936.99; miscellaneous, $1,659,663.77; total, $13,546,759.46. The
value of the additions to the permanent endowment and equipment
of these institutions in 1906 is estimated as follows: Permanent
endowment, $1,215,084.73; buildings, $1,745,118.99; libraries, $452,-
963.23; apparatus, $227,340.63; machinery $134,800.20; live stock,
$56,244.87 ; miscellaneous, $133,597.19 ; total, $3,965,149.84.

The number of persons in the faculties of the colleges of agricul-
ture and mechanic arts was as follows: For preparatory classes, 480;
for collegiate and special classes, 2,454; total, counting none twice,
3,020. In the other departments the faculties aggregated 1,667,
making a grand total of 4,687 persons in the faculties of the land-
grant institutions.

The students in 1906 in the colleges for white persons were as fol-
lows: (1) By classes — preparatory, 5,890; collegiate, 22,823; short
course or special, 5,695; postgraduate, 517; other departments,
22,038; total, counting none twice, 56,919. (2) By courses: Four-
year — agriculture, 2,779 ; horticulture, 132 ; household economy, 926 ;
mechanical engineering, 4,351; civil engineering, 3,730; electrical
engineering, 3,166 ; mining engineering, 1,061; chemical engineering,
377; architecture, 281. Shorter than four years — agriculture, 3,883;
dairying, 720; horticulture, 161; veterinary science, 821; military
tactics, 17,372.

The students in colleges and schools for colored persons were as
follows: (1) By classes — preparatory, 4,544; collegiate, 682; short
or special, 310; other departments, 1,016; total, 6,552. (2) By
courses — agriculture, 1,798 ; industrial courses for boys, 2,106 ; indus-
trial courses for girls, 4,120; military tactics, 1,798.

The graduates in 1906 were 5,220, and since the organization of
these institutions, 67,122. The average age of graduates in 1906 Avas
22 years and 3 months. The total number of volumes in the libraries
was 2,464,642. The total number of acres of land granted to the
States under the act of 1862 was 10,320,842, of which 798,053 are still
unsold.

SUMMARY OF STATISTICS OF THE STATIONS.

Agricultural experiment stations are now in operation under the
act of Congress of March 2, 1887, in all the States and Territories,
and under special appropriation acts in Alaska, Hawaii, and Porto
Rico.

In Connecticut, New Jersey, New York, Hawaii, Missouri, Ala-
bama, and Louisiana separate stations are maintained, wholly or

STATISTICS OB" THE COLLEGES AND STATIONS. 179

in part, by State funds. A number of substations are also main-
tained in different States. Excluding the substations, the total num-
ber of stations in the United States is 60. Of these, 55 receive appro-
priations provided for by acts of Congress.

The total income of the stations maintained under the acts of 1887
and 1906 during 1906 was $2,017,492.12, of which $960,000 (Hatch
fund $720,000, xVdams fund $210,000) was received from the National
Government, the remainder, $1,057,492.12, coming from the follow-
ing sources: State Governments, $709,902.05; individuals and com-
munities, $8,304.37; fees for analyses of fertilizers, $100,186.57; sales
of farm products, $135,526.96; miscellaneous, $103,572.17. In addi-
tion to this the OiRce of Experiment Stations had an appropriation
of $197,900 for the past fiscal year, including $18,000 for the Alaska
experiment stations, $15,000 for the HaAvaii Experiment Station,
$15,000 for the Porto Rico Experiment Station, $20,000 for nutrition
investigations, $74,200 for irrigation and drainage investigations, and
$5,000 for farmers' institutes. The value of the additions to the
equipment of the stations in 1906 is estimated as follows ; Buildings,
$169,875.50; libraries, $22,080.29; apparatus, $57,439.98; farm im-
plements, $22,706.52 ; live stock, $51,977.68 ; miscellaneous, $22,812.75 ;
total, $346,892.72.

The stations employ 950 persons in the work of administration and
inquiry. The number of officers engaged in the different lines of
work is as folloAvs: Directors, 52; assistants and vice-directors, 17;
special agents in charge, 3 ; chemists, 171 ; agriculturists, 47 ; agrono-
mists, 68 ; animal husbandmen, 72 ; poultrymen, 12 ; horticulturists,
101 ; farm and garden foremen, 31 ; dairymen, 45 ; botanists, 54 ;
plant pathologists, 21; entomologists, 76; zoologists, 4; veterina-
rians, 36; animal pathologists, 3; meteorologists, 8; foresters, 9;
mycologists, 5 ; biologists, 3 ; physicists, 5 ; geologists, 7 ; bacteri-
ologists, 25 ; irrigation engineers, 13 ; in charge of substations, 26 ;
secretaries and treasurers, 32; librarians, 14; clerks and stenogra-
phers, 55. There are also 64 persons classified under the head of
" miscellaneous," including superintendents of grounds and build-
ings, gardeners, farm mechanics, laboratory assistants, etc. Four
hundred and thirty- four station officers do more or less teaching in
the colleges with which the stations are connected. During the year
the stations published 463 annual reports, bulletins, and circulars,
which were supplied to over 758,000 addresses on the regular mailing
lists. A larger number of stations than formerly supplemented their
regular publications with more or less frequent issues of press bul-
letins and other special publications, and most of the stations report
a large and constantly increasing correspondence with farmers, on a
wide variety of topics.

180

REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

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186 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

Table 2. — General statistics

state or Territory.

Date
of es-
tablish-
ment
of in-
stitu-
tion.

Alabama (Auburn)

Alabama (Normal)

Arizona

Arkansas (Fayetteville)

Arkansas (Pine Bluff)

California

Colorado

Connecticut

Delaware (Newark)

Delaware (Dover)

Florida (Gainesville)

Florida (Tallahassee)

Georgia (Athens)

Georgia (Savannah)

Idaho

Illinois

Indiana

Iowa

Kansas

Kentucky (Lexington)

Kentucky (Frankfort)

Louisiana (Baton Rouge)

Louisiana (New Orleans)

Maine

Maryland (College Park)

Maryland (Princess Anne)

Massachusetts (Amherst)

Massachusetts (Boston)

Michigan

Minnesota

Mississippi (Agricultural College) .

Mississippi (Lorman)

Missouri (Columbia)

Missouri (Jefferson City)

Montana

Nebraska

Nevada

New Hampshire

New Jersey

New Mexico

NewYork

North Carolina (Raleigh)

North Carolina (Greensboro)

North Dakota

Ohio

Oklahoma (Stillwater)

Oklahoma (Langston)

Oregon

Pennsylvania ,

Rhode Island

South Carolina (Clemson College) .

South Carolina (Orangeburg)

South Dakota ,

Tennessee ,

Texas (College Station) ,

Texas (Praine View) ,

Utah

Vermont

Virginia (Blacksburg)

Virginia (Hampton)

Washington

West Virginia (Morgantown)

West Virginia (Institute)

Wisconsin

Wyoming

Date
of es-
tablish-
ment
of ag-
ricul-
tural
course.

1872
1875
1891
1872
1875
1868
1877
1881
1870
1892
1884
1887
1872
1890
1892
1867
1874
1869
1863
1865
1887
1877
1880
1865
1859

Total.

1867
1865
1855
1869
1880
1871
1870
1866
1893
1869
1873
1866
1864
1889
1865
1889
1891
1890
1870
1891
1897
1868
1855
1888
1889
1896
1881
1794
1871

1888
1865
1872
1868
1892
1867
1891
1848
1887

1872
1882
1891

1872

1868
1878
1881
1870
1892
1884
1890
1872
1890
1892
1868
1874
1869
1874
1880
1892
1887
1890
1868
1859

1867

1855
1869
1880
1878
1870
1866
1893
1869
1888
1886
1865
1890
1865
1889
1891
1890
1873
1892
1899
1888
1859
1890
1893
1896
1884
1869
1871

Faculty.

College of agriculture and
mechanic arts.

Pre-
para-
tory
classes.

1889
1885
1872
1890
1892
1867
1892
1866
1891

14

"e'

Collegi-
ate and
special
classes.

12
4

11

5

4
3
7
9
8
2
10

27

6

11

18

12

11
4

24

5
11

2
12
15

29

113
13

7

7

14

480

41
13
18
14

9
66
40
23
20

6
27

23
4

22
231
120

63
31
11
30
8
55
20

32

248

27
28

5
78

7

29
43
20
24
27
26
95
40
11
26
123
31

6
36
65
24
41

6
32
53
46

5
30
38
56

57
38
16
75
15

2,454

Total.

a 43
21
26
21
a9
66

o45
23
20
a&
27

23

a 14

26

242

120

102

68

35

14

a 32

17

o55

22

10

32

248

81

54

34

16

78

a 20

o30

43

26

24

a 37

130

95

40

11

50

123

31

8

36

a 65

a 24

43

18

"34

53

46

5

59

38

56

113

70

45

a 21

75

ol9

3,020

Other
depart-
ments.

6

'2i'

'i66

109
22

3
166
112

13
3
1

14

119
9

156

3

372

26
"7

8
'35

io

34

12

19

2

217

2

1,667

Experi-
ment
station
officers.

17

10
12

40

21

13

7

11

8
38
24
25
20
18

26

15
23

23

15
20
19

31

13
25
9
14
10
13
23
17

17

12

13
20
16
20

13
15
19

21
13
23

16
13

31
10

832

" Total, counting none twice.

b Including all departments of the university.

STATISTICS OF THE COLLEGES AND STATIONS.
of land-grant colleges, 1906.

187

Graduates.

In 1905-6.

Number.

Average
age.

57
147
9
52
9
413
26
15
18
10
9
14
12
8
30
334
215
132
96
64
12
36
34
74
13
19
28
277
74
499
33
14
70
14
7
241
25
17
37
11
605
53
7
7
216
17
3
42
86
8
60
54
25
34
46
58
3

55
78
46
43
37
13
414
5

5,220

Y. M.

20
20
24
21
21
23
21

20 4

21 6
22

Total
number
since or-
ganiza-
tion.

25 6
21
25
23

23 6

24 10

23
21
22
21
18
23
21
21
23
22
19

21
22

24
21
22

22
22
22
23
23
23
23
23
22
25

23 10

21

21 10

18

22

20 10
21

25
23
23 6

21 7
23

24
23
19
23
23

22 3

887

1,146

50

442

183

4,442

285

249

334

39

107

101

420

166

156

6 4,584

2,424

1,216
538
148
416
359

1,050

46

690

3,425

1,175

b 5, 957

425

171

2,654

372

50

6 2,650

295

302

609

64

6 8,699

304

56

51

2,157

143

9

593

905

116

396

383

304

580

44*

134
3,874

661
1,379

244
1,019

143
6 5,717

138

Number of

volumes in

library.

67, 122

22,890

24,500

17,000

5,000

310,000

35, 080

11,520

23,600

1,300

8,000

Number of
acres allotted
to State un-
der act of
1862.

51,000
800

1,650
123, 476
20,000
25,500
30,768
21,030

2,924
24, 500

4,283
39,000

9,000
700
26,944
91,762
31,631
127,927
25,500

2,700
75,000

7,000
18,117
83,891
44,680
15, 643
55, 485
21,500
375, 585

7,500

2,700
10,250
75, 709
30,797

1,225

4,500

23. 635
18, 974
15,488

1,390
19,850
41,000
13, 482

1,300

27,736

105, 465

9,600

20. 636
15,000
21,000

3,662

146,000

30,857

2,464,642

Number of
acres of land
grant of 1862
still unsold.

240,000

150,000

150,000
90,000

180,000
90,000

90,000
'276,066

90,000
480,000
390,000
204,000

82,313
330,000

210,000

210,000
210,000

360,000

235, 673

94,000

207,920

277,016

90,000

90,000

90,000

150,000

210,000

989, 920
270,000

130,000
630,000

90,000
780,000
120,000
180,000

160,000
300,000

156,202

180, 000

200,000
150,000

70,827

300,000

90,000
150,000

89,000

240,000
90,000

10,320,842

1,402
40,000

Number of

acres in

farm and

grounds.

89,040
40

52,046
40

47, 107

'88,"337

"2,266

67,300

4,200

312
90,000

798,053

325

182
465
155

20
411
600
300

16

97
355
160
787

86
158
665
189
1,041
430
258
310
664
104
373
286
116
404

Rate of in-
terest on
land-grant
fund of 1862.

Per cent.

684
300

2,000
300
722
45
220
332
73
343
140
293
498
674
127
640
439

1,000
160
210
400
178

1,136
130
560
272

2,416

1,500
116
140
410
755
250
130
70
500
416

27,536

5
5

6,7,8

5,5i,6,7

6

4,5

5

5,6

7

,4,5
6
5
5

4J,6
4
6
5

6

6,7

188

REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

Table 3. — Students, by classes and

I'ART 1.— WHITE STUDENTS.

By classes.

State or Territory.

Prepar-
atory.

Colle-
giate.

Short

or
special.

Post
gradu-
ate.

Other
depart-
ments.

Total.

Alabama .

78
163
548

, 479

44

438

926

193

68

112

62

205

204

2,205

1,456

1,075

842

409

318

448

129

218

1,440

634

430

497

839

109

547

123

143

171

55

1,326

346

94

927

266

492

682

65

542

166

348

361

136

329

570

354

90

897

13

22

4

13

28
2

579
226

1,528
6 4, 170

6 502
128
119
136
227

6 310
6 4,074

2,029

6 2, 199

6 1,690

813

464

6 611
186
270

1 , 466
950

3,950

824

«2,072

362

2,914
269
191
401
217

4, 328
494
931

2,014

6 901

735

3, 302
6 131
652
571
695
411
663
523
619

1,079

1,118

3,571
6 304

Arizona

15
72
37
119
60
6
15
19

A rkansas

457

a 3, 182

Colorado

190

Connecticut

Delaware ...

1
8
3
1
123
31

Florida

51

Georgia

Idaho

108
327

Illinois

/i,453

440

71

Indiana

102

737

282

4

20

94

22

44

Iowa . . ... . .

256
598
114
120

Kansas

20
28

6
12

2

8
26

3

Kentucky

258

Louisiana. . ... . .

Maine

82

Maryland

33

Massachusetts. .

Massachusetts (Boston)

Michigan

134

ff555

298

179

182
23

1.39
74

Minnesota

2,751

Mississippi

6
49

Missouri

1,045

118

1,974

37

Montana

61

(;393

62

Nebraska

Nevada

47

46

8

35

248

142

453

164

499

115

71

24

7

126

86

48

419

23

29

201

84

485

90

New Hampshire

2
3
2

158
125

61

New Mexico

New York

i2,754

North Carolina

6
6
6

271

*107

917

39

Ohio

Oklahoma

?102

110

46

46

103

269

Oregon

18
3

Pennsylvania

*2,500

Rhode Isla nd

South Carolina

South Da kota

10
4
2

11
2

20
9

Tennessee

257

Texas

Utah

97

Vermont

169

Virginia

Washington

n445

70

944

2,175

177

West \ iri^inia

Wisconsih

14
3

Wyoming

29

Total

5,890

22,823

5,695

517

22,038

56,919

a Including 798 students in 1905 summer session.
6 Total, counting none twice.
<• Including horticulture,
d Including electrical engineering,
f Including hortlculture'and dairying.
/InchKliiig 423 students in 1905 summer session.
» School of agriculture.

'' Including (ivil. electrical, and mining engineering.
1 Including 396 students in 1905 suinnier session.
j Iiicluiliiig (il9 students in 1905 siuniner .session.
* Ciirri'spondcTice course.

/ Including agriculture, horticulture, and veterinary science.
™ Including mining engineering,
n Including school ol agriculture.

STATISTICS OF THE COLLEGES AND STATIONS.

189

courses, at land-grant colleges in 1906.

Part 1.— WHITE STUDENTS.

By courses.

Four-year.

Shorter.

Agri-
culture.

Hor-
ticul-
ture.

House-
hold
econ-
omy.

Mechan-
cal engi-
neering.

1

Civil
engi-
neer-
ing.

Elec-
trical
engi-
neering.

Min-
ing
engi-
neer-
ing.

Chem-
ical
engi-
neer-
ing.

Ar-
chi-
tec-
ture.

Agri-
cul-
ture.

Hor-
ticul-
ture.

Dai-
ry-
ing.

Vet-
eri-
nary
sci-
ence.

Mili-
tary
tactics.

37

19

83
2

48
d227

29
1

14
7

37

8

90

174

41

86
84"

27
15
29

227

36

28

496

32

c80

70

53

2

3

18

2

139

73

169

178

22

25

20

28

218

41

72
45

'"'ie"

1

25

37

119

10

7

36

30

20

503
916

3
5

49
3

295

4

10

10
9

72

39

11

32

9

323

374

224

"""87'

55

132

27

27

6

30

28

233

450

192

202

36"

99

105

7

108

«19

224

2

"'is'

60
62
16
93
229
44

46

154

221
439
94
57
153
22
46
35

38

91

«228

c84

631

cll8

4

2

21

14

177

"'55'

28

1,170

21
73

28

880

35

580

28

350

8

285

51

1
2

16

336

191

1

1
2

1
42

25

150

262

149

291

99

A 189

42

3

32

25

5

134

100

54

29

44

1

220

150

50

162

117

9

20

1

13

7

8

128

56

25

121

18

66

31

4

222

13

26

c95

24

44

43

30

4

119

4

92
3

94

178

1

44

30

350

13

70

87

590

*

113

168

121

493

728

159

17

89

6

"""79'

163

23

101

3"

35

203

14

18

7

218

8

6
38

3

348

111

32

10

144

165

9

23

1,077

51

20

73

<J46

138

119

1

ml07

7

8

49

119

425

87

81

248
52

212

79

^420

26

38
24
2
43
42
cl2
84

88

"164'
117

600

70

1

18

"'is'

23
49
23

400

""lY

4
35

225

128

139

48

26

10

1,065

65

"'"ise"

""'"47'
11

14

100

27

57

180

47

70

140

1

21

203

6

107

36

23

83

41
102

523

16

1

30

500

70

649

2

21
36

'"""is"

6
13

"'5'

220

1

2

"io'

236
411

22

15

21

45
22
11
21
7
33

238

21
115
26
60
94
3

38

186

35

142

15
9

24'

11
90
38
322
90

S99

14

43

13

425

225

51

159

40
5

17

163

410
221

2,779

132

926 4,351

3,730

3,166 |1,061

377

281

3,883

161 ; 720 1 821

1

17,372

190

BEPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

Table 3. — Students, by classes and courses,
Paet 2.— negro students.

state or Territory.

Alabama (Normal')

Arkansas (r'ine BluS)

Delaware (Dover)

Florida (Tallahassee)

Georgia (Savannah)

Kentucky (Frankfort)

Louisiana (Nevi^ Orleans)

Maryland (Princess Anne)

Mississippi (Lorman)

Missouri (Jefferson City)

North Carolina (Greensboro).

Oklahoma (Langston)

South Carolina (Orangeburg) .

Texas ( Prairie View)

Virginia (Hampton)

West Virginia (Institute)

Total.

By classes.

p.

144
70
82

362
119
351
144
437
36

296

633

412

1,362

96

4,544

"o
o

8

180

51

12

83

2

92

170

4

59

21

682

o

.a"
w

2

19

187
14

310

2 S
.a "

238

280

375

15

108
1,016

o

478
250
133
280
374
202
353
144
529
411
172
334
692
412
1,570
218

6,552

By courses.

3
O

■c

bo

173

30

124

4

19

45

16

100
36

162
55
20
98

908
8

1,798

c
&

29
60
30
11
31
41
56
16
75
41
22
28
37
45
56
21

599

o

Si

•a?

35

18
8

5

56

7

4

19

42

15
2

211

STATISTICS OF THE COLLEGES AND STATIONS.

191

at land-grant colleges in 1906 — Continued.

Part 2.— NEGRO STUDENTS.

By courses— Continued.

1

Sob

1

pa

a
§

E .
tie

E.S
o

o

n

t

•a

r .

©
.a

3
•c

ti

c

c
'S

Ph

bb

B

s

•c

S

s

S3
W

60

c
■c

■3

■d

CO

03

s

□Q

a

bb

•£

T3
C

h4

bb

c

3

s

OS

+^

32
40
5
12
33

28

32

36

20

30

78

110
25

112
68
68

214
71
75

110

26

"'26'
110

20

10

16

110

36

65

201

110

2
5

■"26'
10

8

"5'

60

7
10

"si'

7
10

......

19
43

"'26'

U

19

104

25

227

17

130

87

10

20

7
50

8
24
26

5
20
26
17

2
18

48
50

86

9

12

140

48

20

4

25

20

10

17

15

2

42

22

130
329
175
584
59

30

7

5

3

12

8

75

6

7

20

75

26

"'36'

6

16

363

185

334

67

10
227

10

40

17

11
6

9
11

2

41

40
17

500
98

305

90

15

99

265

117

100

30

123

152

2,208

973

684

83

172

1.798

192

REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

Table 4. — Valiie of permanent funds and

State or Territory.

Alabama (Auburn)

Alabama (Normal)

Arizona

Arkansas (Fayetteville)

Arkansas (Pine Bluff)

California

Colorado

Connecticut

Delaware (Newark)

Delaware (Dover)

Florida ( Gainesville)

Florida (Tallahassee)

Georgia (Athens)

Georgia <Savannah)

Idaho

Illinois

Indiana

Iowa

Kansas

Kentucky (Lexington)

Kentucky (Frankfort)

Louisiana (Baton Rouge)..

Louisiana (New Orleans) . .

Maine

Maryland (College Park) . . .

Maryland ( Princess Anne) .

Massachusetts (Amherst)..

Massachusetts (Boston) ...

Michigan

Minnesota

Mississippi ( Agr'l College) . .

Mississippi (Lorman)

Missouri (Columbia)

Missouri (Jefferson City) . . .

Montana

Nebraska

Nevada

New Hampshire

New Jersey

New Mexico

New York

North Carolina (Raleigh) . .

North Carolina (Greens-
boro)

North Dakota

Ohio

Oklahoma (Stillwater)

Oklahoma ( Langston) •

Oregon

Pennsylvania

Rhode Island

South Carolina (Clemson
College)

South Carolina (Orange-
burg)

South Dakota

Tennessee

Texas (College Station)

Texas ( Prairie View)

Utah

Vermont

Virginia (Blacksburg)

Virginia (Hampton)

Washington

West Virginia (Morgan-
town)

West Virginia (Institute) ..

Wisconsin

Wyoming

Total.

Land-grant

fund of

1862.

$253,500.00

130,000.00

731,325.54

109,411.18

135,000.00

83,000.00

153,800.00

242,202.17

4,752.00
635,026.03
340,000.00
683,000.00
492,381.36
165,000.00

182,313.00

118,300.00
118,000.00

219,000.00

973,336.49
570,747.59
98, 575. 00
113,575.00
349,881.19

14,357.90

4.33,646.31

99,351.54

80,000.00

116,000.00

688, 576. 12
125,000.00

762,600.00
524, 176. 58

193,778.00

427, 290. 50

50,000.00

95,900.00

95,900.00

2,464.84

400,000.00

209,000.00

183,442.77
135, .500. 00
.344,312.00
176,156.00
2,000.00

114,169.00

303,359.61
21,450.57

12,500,558.29

Other

land-grant

funds.

$154,712.27

61,650.00

261,809.73

136,000.00

796,891.38

141,212.55

96, 296. 00

220,000.00

25,157.51

159,757.30

48,560.20

69,930.53

500,000.00

2,827.18

1,025,000.00

288,263.95

3,988,068.60

Other

permanent

funds.

$2,785,404.30

60,000.00

100,000.00

142,000.00

668,958.23

1,000.00

70,000.00

550,000.00

7,151,298.30

167,935.63

58, 539. 39

581,951.87

1,428,758.00
1,600.00

62,500.00

13,829,945.72

Land grant

of 18t;2 still

unsold.

$5,807.60
125,000.00

890,400.00
400.00

65,057.50
240.00

60,000.00
299,541.' 66'

773,950.00

5,000.00

800,000.00

890,000.00

340. 00
90,000.00

4,005,736.10

Farm and

grounds

owned by the

institution.

$4,500.00
10, .593. 20
25,640.00
12,000.00
60,000.00

125,000.00

30,000.00

10,000.00

6,000.00

18,800.00

10,000.00

75,000.00

8, 600. 00

18,000.00

175,000.00

100,000.00

100,000.00

50,200.00

437,393.00

25, 100. 00

151,040.00

40,000.00

25,000.00

30,000.00

3,200.00

44,350.00

48,137.50
550,000.00

63, 500. 00

35,000.00

265,206.00

8,000.00

31,000.00
325,000.00
125,000.00

20, 500. 00
142,000.00

17,500.00
429,077.98

60,000.00

25,200.00
32,000.00
1,540,000.00
30,000.00
7,000.00
37,000.00
40,000.00
14,855.00

42,470.00

40,000.00
60,000.00
285, 475. 00
.50,000.00
15,000.00
17,400.00
37,000.00
31,000.00
,57,000.00
20,000.00

225,000.00

11,500.00

1,500,000.00

40,000.00

7,873,237.68

a Including farm and grounds.

b Including all other equipment.

c Including value of land on which university buildings are located.

STATISTICS OF THE COLLEGES AND STATIONS.
equipment of land-grant colleges, 1906.

193

BuUdings.

Apparatus.

$153

55

152

4oo:

28:

13,947
190
175
145

26:

150

25:

C550

32

120

i,5oo:

68o:

i,2oo:

422
262

4o:

427
47
325
170
12
252
882:
471

1,300
364:
155

1,000
125:
123
670:
174
238
488
53

2,946
265,

65

280:
1,210

123
56

160
1,272

130

418,

85
225
214
500

91
280:

8io:

390
650
265

475

93

1,595

185

700.00
000.00
708. 89
000 00
000.00
017. 74
251.00
000. 00
000 00
000.00
000.00
200. 00
000.00
433. 04
000 00
000.00
000 00
000.00
579. 45
859- 00
000. 00
700 00
760- 82
000 00
000. 00
800 GO
775.00
376. 16
613.00
000. 00
391. 00
000.00
000.00
000.00
500.00
000.00
200. 50
OUO. 00
000.00
000.00
007. 83
050.00

000.00
393. 03
000.00
074. 75
100.35
000. 00
500.00
139. 90

025. 87

000.00
000.00
072. 88
000. 00
000. 00
761. 83
000.00
065. 00
000.00
000.00

000.00
100.00
300.00
000.00

S20,794.00

6,960.30

28,522.08

67,000.00

600. 00

54,500.00

13, 700. 00

51,500.00

1,000.00

7,384.59
35,000.00

3,144.00

10,842.81

230.000.00

122,500.00
47, 552. 26
51,707.00
300. 00
19,683.56
3,644.31
30,000.00

8,000.00

42,0.32.47

120,000,00

23,287.22

1,200.00

140,000.00

1,000.00

46,800.00

/ 125,000.00

21,260.10

26,000.00

35,000.00

19,750.00

15, 400. 00

9,000.00

17,802,85

310,000.00

49,831.09

2, 200. 00

5,000.00

22,003.00

3,600.00
17,000.00
58,058.90
17,000.00

1,000,00
27,939.82
43,000.00

335,000.00

14,000.00
2,949.00

65,890.52

30,322,457.04 2,432,339.88

Machinery.

$23,488.00

3, 441. .35

18,881.04

36, 000 00

1-5,000.00

19,516.60

7,500.00

22, 000. 00

800. 00

1,754.87

200.00

10,349.65

140,000. GO

d 210, 000. 00

.30,000.00

39, 729. 37

26,708.00

2,700.00

16,230.38

4,415. 10

17,500.00

d 50,000.00

d 382, 500. 00

37,260.00

90,000.00

120,896.37

26,000.00

6,000.00

15,500.00

15, 460. 74
6, 700. 00

28,000.00
"56,060.06'

7,247.96

16,262.62

100,000.00

32,644.07

9,969.25
27,000.00

106,661.00

7, 150. 00
15,000.00
54, 481. 76
52,000 00

3, 500. 00

23,863.50

21,500.00

d 166,827.00

45,500.00

32,000 00

13,200.00

587,068.48

34,6.38.35

2,831,046.06

Libraries.

$39, 200. 00

12,000.00

20,414.69

18,000.00

2, 500. 00

31,247.90

20,000.00

22,900.00

300. 00

40,000.00
400. 00
2, 200. 00
000. 00
000.00
000. 00
554. 10
yll.OO
000.00
653. 98
990, 00
000.00
500.00

140
24
75
52
13
2

29

32
6

27
145

48
98
22

"4
130

2,

ir

150
20:
15
51
17

653
8

1

19:

200:

23

35

18,

24

1
5

15

15
1

12

103

5

8

25

43

3

224

29

000. 00
189. 60
921. 83
000 00
r,97. 17
500. 00
000 00
500, 00
400.00
000. 00
625. 20
000. 00
000 00
000. 00
221.00
006. 89

580.85
297. 64
000. 00
440. 38
150.00

000.00
488. 71

a32.00

700.00
500 00
707. 42
242. 00
200. 00
074, 35
000. 00
877.00
500.00
000.00

500.00
800.00
511.60
478. 95

2,819,614.26

Live stocli.

$2,500.00

641. 75

1,270.00

3,000.00

11,063.00

10,000.00

200. GO

1,000.00

829. 50

*1,500 00

415. 00

5,320.00

40,000 00

7, 500 00

22, .500 00

15,800 00

3,054 00

2, 500. 00

1,.390 00

1,100 00

4,700.00

1,000.00
9,816.00

11,756.50

24, 405. 00

4,000.00

8,000.00

200.00

3,760.00

18, 800. 00
2, 187. 95
3,900.00

2,250.00

" 1^566. 66'

2,902.50

8,098.56

13,000.00

12,829.00

1, 135. 00

12, 123. 00

2, 200. 00
10,000 GO
4,624.50
11,000.00
2,000.00
6, 502. 37
3,750.00

Miscella-
neous equip-
ment.

$18,000.00

1,800.00

23,000.00

21,700.00

3,000.00

500. 00

6 55,000.00

6, 823. 82

150,000.00

25, 000. 00

75,000.00

130,154.04

423, .326 00

1,300.00

27,806.65

7,551.10

13,000.00

el, 900. 00
124, 556. 61

20,000.00

72, 738. 64

3,000.00

60,000.00

100 00

21,500.00

120,000.00

42,000.00

16,000.00

80,000.00

8,000.00

957,862.41

15,000.00

2,6''6.25
6,241.07

22,421.00
3,000.00

e 60,000. 00
106,258.57

2, .300. 00

3,500.00

15,500.07

30,000 00

1,000.00

28,952.89

167,500.00

15,862.00
6,000.00

170,000.00
17,500.00

1,500.00 : 50,000.00
1,705.00
21,247.00
5,575.50

369,913.13

10,000.00

3,222,469.12

Total.

$515

88

24-'

666

107

7,624

688

472

337

35

439

45

943

45

1,.3.30

3,010:

1,386:

2, .308

1,250

1,.383

73

991

108:

665:

374

18:

827

1,410:

1,698

3, 545

931

412

2,928

142

598

2,002

549

4''6:

1,462

145

12,826

539

113
1,916:
4, 135:

794:

84:

42'

l,a34

319

780,

237

1,138:
1,047

884:
114

58o:

1,903

938

2,506

2,631

956

126:

4,582

482

682. 00
636. 60
436. 70
000.00
900. 00
267. 45
989. 68
900.00
600. 00
600. 00
250.00
168.96

702. 17
192. 04
498. 01
426. 03
500. 00
000.00
950. 58
958. 00
900. 00
817. 57
461. 33
500.00
500.00
900.00
497. 61
065. 76
115.29
878. 97
602. 95
571. 00
045. 42
800. 00
516. 41
203. 61
646. 23
100.00
000.00
500.00
043. 64
956. 89

607. 56
645. 77
042. 74
240. 89
381. 78
7"8. 00
790.50

742. 18

554. 26

850.00
464. 84
920 53
242. 00
700. 00
937. 53
201. 87
081. 00
276. 00
000.00

769. 00
254. 00
590. 64
033. 89

84,195,385.88

d Including apparatus.

« Including apparatus and machinery.

/ Including machinery.

294b— 07-

-13

194 EEPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

Table 5. — Revenue of land-grant colleges

Federal aid.

State or Territory.

Alabama (Auburn)

Alabama (Norma?)

Arizona

Arkansas (Fayetteville) .
Arkansas (Pine Blufi) . .

California

Colorado

Connecticut

Delaware (Newark)

Delaware (Dover)

Florida (Gainesville)

Florida (Tallahassee) —

Georgia (Athens)

Georgia (Savannah)

Idaho

Illinois

Indiana

Iowa

Kansas

Kentucky (Lexington)

Kentucky (Frankfort)

Louisiana (Baton Rouge)

Louisiana (New Orleans)

Maine

Maryland (College Park)

Maryland (Princess Anne)

Massachusetts (Amherst)

Massachusetts (Boston)

Michigan

Minnesota

Mississippi (Agricultural College) .

Mississippi (Lorman) . :

Missouri (Cohmibia)

Missouri (Jefferson City)

Montana

Nebraska

Nevada

New Hampshire

New Jersey

New Mexico

New York

North Carolina (Raleigh)

North Carolina (Grecnsl>oro)

North Dakota

Ohic

Oklahoma (Stillwater)

Oklahoma (Imngston)

Oregon

Pennsylvania

Rhode Island

South Carolina (Clcmson College) .

South Carolina (Orangeburg)

South Dakota

Tennessee

Texas (College Station)

Texas ( Prairie View)

Utah

Vermont

Virginia (Blacksburg)

Virginia (Hampton)

Washington

West Virginia (Mor^antown).

West Vlrsinia (Institute)

Wisconsin

Wyoming

Interest on

land grant

of 1862.

$20,280.00

3,900.00

43,806.40

31,107.00

6,755.50

4,980.00

7,710.00
'i6,"954."i4'

33,072.05

17,000.00

.34,170.40

31,275.51

8,644.50

1,255.50

9,115.69

5,915.00
5,817.18

7,300.00

4,191.96

70,286.56

23, 966. 52

5,914.50

6,814.50

17,494.06

7,000.00
30,000.00
4,600.00
4,800.00
5,800.00

34, 428. 80
7,500.00

35,616.10
31,450.59

Interest on

other land

grants.

12,293.05

25,()37.43

2,500.00

5,754.00

5,754.00

14,006.07

23,9ti0.00

14,280.00

6,961.04
8,130.00
20, 658. 00
10,329.36
5,000.00
6,500.00

12,828.68
5,239.25

Total.

758,753.34

$9,267.26

2,981.25

18,000.00

5,440.00

8, 472. 75

5, 777. 77

12,320.00

10,000.00

1,498.02

4, 195. 83
14,303.87

250.00

13,678.42

Appropria-
tion act of
1890.

State aid.

$13, 725.
11,275.
25,000,
18,181.

6,818.
25,000.
25,000
25,000.
20,000.

5.000.
12, 500.
12, 500,
16,666

8,333
25,000
25,000
25,000
25,000
25,000
21,375

3,625
13,158
11,&11
25,000
20,000

5,000.
16,666.

8,333.
25,000.
25,000.
12, 339.
12,660
23, 437.

1,562.
25,000.
25,000
25,000
25,000
25,000
25,000.
25,000
16, 750

8,250.
25,000
25,000
22,500.

2,500.
25,000.
25,000.
25,000.
12,500.
12,500.
25,000.
25,000
18, 7.50

6,2,50
25,000
25,000.
16,666,

8,333.
25,000.
20,000.

5,000
25,000.
25,000

Interest on
endowment
or regular
appropria-
tion.

$44,925.00

3,313.32

33, 462. 15

33,297.90

5,382.57

2,600.00

106,185.17 1,200,000.00 . 122,980.94

I

STATISTICS OF THE COLLEGES AND STATIONS.

for year ended June 30, 1906.

195

state aid — Continued.

Appropria-
tion for
current
expenses.

Appropria-
tion for

buildings or
for other

special pur-
poses.

S29, 600. 00

4,000.00

27,000.00

75.000.00

6,000.00

342, 832. 40

69, 069. 41

20,000.00

$1,500.00

20,000.00
50,000.00

132, 584 01

15, 000. 00

60,000 00

7, 500. 00

3,000.00

12, 263. 03
3,500.00

5, 500. 00

8,000.00

17,000.00

350, 000. 00

153, 828. 81

156,041.65

90, 000. 00

68, 452. 19

8,000.00

15,000.00

10,000.00

32, 000. 00

9, 000. 00

40, 250. 00
25,000.00
47,000.00

251,873.58

65,946.36

8,000.00

205, 500. 00
27,200.00
18,000.00

197, 500. 00
25,000.00
13,000.00
40, 300. 00
13, 152. 51
75,000.00
25,000.00
7,500.00
33,849.83

323, 422. 15
25, 572. 74
28,971.82

442,035.00

42, 628. 04

266,022.43

45, 500. 00

20, 000. 00
22, 500. 00

20,000.00

51,650.00

93, 767. 35

555, 100. 00

27,874.70

24,500.00

191.822.16

Income
from en-
dowment
other than
Federal or
State
grants.

.S96, 114. 80

4, 000. 00

76, 274. 46

100.00

137, 470. 00
10,000.00
30, 500. 00
24,000.00

85,960.17

15,000.00

158, 354. 03

6, 300. 00

36,200.00

73,085.00
17,500.00
65,000.00
6,000.00
45,000.00

75,000.00
103, 150. 00

23, 775. 00
572,914.00

21,285.66

5,000.00
3, 750. 00

208,035.37
101,100.97

25,000.00
39,018.00
25,300.00

16,000.00
25,000.00
15,000.00

5, 250. 00
'82,'566.'66

2, 500. 00

28,837.50

5,900.00

200,000.00

301. 79

1,000.00

120.00

3,252.00

19, 202. 19

Fees and all other sources.

Tuition
fees.

81,180.00

445.00

300.00
3, 375. 00

900.00

9, 281. 25

1,308.00

11,254.00

4,013.50

1,380.00

12,000.00
b 22, 855. 92

392. 90

398. 00
320,585.55

865. 00
130, 879. 03

680.00

367,205.72

7, 492. 29

3, 512. 36

2,295.37

26,041.99
'66,"673.'3i

3, 453. 72
400. 00

2,113.00
9,878.05
2,000.00
3,012.50

1,467.10

310, 616. 61

13,513.35

166. 14

46, 184. 50

855.00

500.00

2,956.33

3,244.00
(« 15, 775. 51

3, 240. 00
d 33, 949. 74

110.00

199.00

20, 390. 90

738.50

Incidental
fees.

$2,725.00

350.00

500.00

5,375.00

38, 169. 79

3,100.00

964. 59
500.00
192.50

o210, 989. 79
49, 428. 85
30, 638. 50

3,316.50

200.00

2, 234. 50

8,000.00
2, 651. 66
311.00
1,434.08
12, 877. 43
5, 272. 50

Miscella-
neous.

$5, 179. 00

3,353.54
316. 96

314,116.22

7,589.37

30,272.41

1,669.86

6, 101. 57

853.04

83, 266. 45
6, 176. 32
7, 554. 19

2,091.98

4,927.40

7,967.27

255. 75

3, 612. 50

17,688.00

800.00
8, 518. 00

11,5.51.67
709. 49
5,816.28
24, 584. 55
46, 408. 31
27,272.76
41,336.60

55,117.08

1,635.88

78,692.25
7, 475. 29

5,041.60
'i,"43i.'66

1,271.26

20, 890. 07

1,000.00

3,115.00

'iosioo

1,400.20
'36,826.66
"3,' 546.' 66

57, 667. 50
39.75

4,925.00

33, 105. 20

1,267.11

17,368.82

c 12, 770. 74

5,50.3.71

318,316.94

7,259.23

4, 463. 75
45, 204. 50
22, 624. 09

4,459.13
49, 176. 40

41,016.35

140, 640. 37

16, 680. 60

c 20, 718. 00

546.30

137,418.22

30.30

Total.

14,862.93
10,858.32

24, 500. 00

23,714.84

7,744.85

$74

15,

76

152

13

1,050

147

142

38

14,

37

22

33

16

60

1,144:

.303

520

203

107

38,

76

22

86:

91

6

126,

471

288,

1,047

166

57

556

28

57

452

67

98

127

46

1,209

82

19

103

690:

187

31

68

251

69

224

24

li2

103:

123

48,

130

109

201

225

127

179

35:

1,043

53

, 189. 00
, 625. 00
,298.54
, 773. 78
,118.18
,190.88
,765.78
,027.91
, 149. 86
, 101. 57
,271.91
,000.00
, 813. 31
, 333. 33
,000.00
,363.29
,343.27
. 735. 17
,029.51
,89.3.67
,007.90
, 796. 08
,097.13
,915.00
, 876. 43
, 413. 39
, 828. 34
, 847. 29
, 599. 72
, 554. 04
, 176. 61
, 753. 07
, 776. 70
, 762. 50
,838.00
, 471. 25
,987.11
, 569. 20
, 072. 93
,621.34
, 260. 32
, 497. 87
,666.14
,971.28
, 985. 23
, 532. 67
,471.82
,023.44
,919.64
,300.00
,093.07
, 554. 00
,428.00
, 139. 20
, 170. 00
,250.00
, 566. 08
, 466. 58
, 650. 67
.976.37
,836.60
,205.50
,420.30
, 351. 44
,035.25

United
States
appropri-
ations for

experi-
ment sta-
tions (acts
of 1887 and
1906) .

$20,000.00

20.000.00
20,000.00

20,000.00
20, 000. 00
10,000.00
20, 000. 00

20,000.00

20,000.00
20,000.00
20, 000. 00
20,000.00
20,000.00
20,000.00

20,000.00

20,000.00
20,000.00

19, 617. 70

20, 000. 00
20,000.00
20,000.00

20,000.00

20, 000. 00
20,000.00
20,000.00
20,000.00
20, 000. 00
20, 000. 00
18,000.00
20,000.00

20,000.00

'26,'666.'66

20,000.00
20,000.00
20,000.00
20,000.00

20,000.00
20,000.00

20,000.00
20,000.00

20,000.00
20, 000. 00

20,000.00
20,000.00

4,308,150.34

3,088,947.32

677, 138. 21

993,003.38

631,936.99

1, 659, 663. 77 113, 546, 759. 46

867, 617. 70

a Including tuition fees.

b Including board of students.

c Including tuition and incidental fees.

d Including incidental fees.

196

REPOKT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

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