FORTIETH ANNUAL REPORT,

OF THE

MISSOURI

State Board of Agriculture

A Record of the Work for the Year 1907.

ALSO VALUABLE INFORMATION ON BREEDING AND FEEDING LIVESTOCK,
IMPROVING THE FERTILITY OF THE SOIL, GROWING CROPS, DAIRY-
ING, AGRICULTURE AND LIVE STOCK STATISTICS, ETC.

PUBLISHED 1908.

LIBRARY
NEW YORK
BOTANICAL

GARDEN

THE HUGH STEPHENS PRINTING COMPANY

JEFFERSON CITY, MO.

n 1

Officers of the State Board of Agriculture.

President — N. J. Colman, St. Louis.
Vice-President — H. J. Waters, Columbia.
Secretary — Geo. B. Ellis, Columbia.
Assistant Secretary — J. B. Rector, Columbia.
Institute Specialist — S. M. Jordan, Stanberry.
Treasurer — W. A. Bright, Columbia.
State Veterinarian — Dr. D. F. Luckey, Columbia.
State Highway Engineer — Curtis Hill, Columbia.
State Apiary Inspector — M. E. Darby, Springfield.

EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE.

N. J. Colman, St. Louis.

S. W. Hudson, Buckner.

W. R. Wilkinson, St. Louis city.

H. J. Waters, Columbia.

W. C. Hutchison, Jamesport.

W. B. McRoberts, Monticello.

John L. Christian, Rockport.

COMMITTEE ON PUBLIC ROADS.

Governor Jos. W. Folk. N. J. Colman.

S. W. Hudson. H. J. Waters.

Allen M. Thompson. N. H. Gentry.

Geo. B. Ellis.

EX-OFFICIO MEMBERS.

Governor of Missouri — Jos. W. Folk.
Superintendent of Schools — H. A. Gass.
Dean Agricultural College — H. J. Waters.

(2)

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CORPORATE MEMBERS.

(Term expires July 20, 1908.)
Cong,
dist. Name. Residence. County.

2. . .W. C. Hutchison. . . . Jamesport. . . .Daviess.

3. . .Allen M. Thompson . .Nashua Clay.

5. . .Samuel Hudson Buckner Jackson.

13. . .Emmet E. Swink. . ..Farmington. ..St. Francois.

14. . .R. A. Young Alton Howell.

16. . .A. T. Nelson Lebanon Laclede.

(Term expires July 20, 1909.)

1. . .Wm. B. McRoberts. .Monticello. . . .Lewis.

4. . .John L. Christian. . .Rockport Atchison.

7. . .N. H. Gentry Sedalia Pettis.

8. . .William C. Howell. ..Ulman Miller.

15 . . . Sanf ord Mc. Smitji . . Carthage Jasper.

(Term expires July 20, 1910.)

6. . .John Deerwester. . ..Butler Bates.

9 ... J. W. Boles Auxvasse Callaway.

10. . .M. B. Greensf elder. .Clayton St. Louis.

11. . .Norman J. Colman. .St. Louis Holland Building.

12. . .W. R. Wilkinson St. Louis 212 North Main St.

OFFICERS OF STATE FAIR DIRECTORY.

President — Allen M. Thompson, Nashua.
Vicf-President — S. W. Hudson, Buckner.
Secretary — John T. Stinson, Sedalia.

OO EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE STATE FAIR DIRECTORY

r^Allen M. Thompson, Nashua. J. W. Boles, Auxvasse.

-^Norman J. Colman, St. Louis. E. E. Swink, Farmington.

T^T. H. Gentry, Sedalia. A. T. Nelson, Lebanon.

HR. A. Young, Alton. S. W. Hudson, Buckner.

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STATE VETERINARIAN AND DEPUTIES.

D. F. Luckey, State Veterinarian Columbia

Horace Bradley, Deputy State Veterinarian Windsor

E. Brainerd, Deputy State Veterinarian Memphis

W. F. Berry, Deputy State Veterinarian Joplin

L. D. Brown, Deputy State Veterinarian Hamilton

Henry Boettner, Deputy State Veterinarian Perryville

L. G. Clark, Deputy State Veterinarian Nevada

James Cullison, Deputy State Veterinarian Charleston

A. C. Donahue, Deputy State Veterinarian Boonville

E. M. Hendy, Deputy State Veterinarian Jefferson City

R. B. Love, Deputy State Veterinarian Springfield

J. H. McElroy, Deputy State Veterinarian Grant City

R. C. Moore, Deputy State Veterinarian Kansas City

R. J. Mitchell, Deputy State Veterinarian Kirksville

A. J. Munn, Deputy State Veterinarian Fayette

F. W. O'Brien, Deputy State Veterinarian Hannibal

R. P. Poage, Deputy State Veterinarian Shelbina

J. H. Slater, Deputy State Veterinarian Richmond

Samuel Sheldon, Deputy State Veterinarian Trenton

Stanley Smith, Deputy State Veterinarian Columbia

J. G. Starr, Deputy State Veterinarian Odessa

C. E. Steele, Deputy State Veterinarian St. Joseph

T. E. White, Deputy State Veterinarian Sedalia

H. H. Wolf, Deputy State Veterinarian Maryville

W. B. Welch, Deputy State Veterinarian Marshall

H. C. Tuck, Deputy State Veterinarian Morrisville

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Associate Organizations.

IMPROVED LIVE STOCK BREEDERS' ASSOCIATION.

President — Geo. Kitchen, Gower.
Vice-President — C. P. Tutt, Bunceton.
Vice-President — J. A. Wilson, Carthage.
Vice-President — Benton Gabbert, Dearborn.
Vice-President — F. D. Winn, Randolph.
Vice-President — Tom Harris, Lamine.
Vice-President — Harry Sneed, Smithton.
Vice-President — J. W. Boles, Auxvasse.
Vice-President — J. S. Denham, Rocheport.
Vice-President — Dr. S. H. Redmon, Tipton.
Secretary — Geo. B. Ellis, Columbia.
Treasurer — Alex. Bradford, Jr., Columbia.
Executive Committee — W. P. Harned, Vermont; Benton Gab-
bert, Dearborn, and above officers.

MISSOURI CORN GROWERS' ASSOCIATION.

President — C. 0. Raine, Canton.
Vice-President — H. R. Scott, Tarkio.
Vice-President — W. P. Brinkley, Linneus.
Vice-President — F. H. Crowell, Butler.
Vice-President — Elliott Tucker, Perr'yville.
Vice-President — Chris. Olendorf, Boonville.
Secretary-Treasurer — S. M. Jordan, Columbia.
Executive Committee — Above officers; also, Dean of the
Agricultural College and Secretary State Board of Agriculture.

MISSOURI STATE DAIRY ASSOCIATION.

President — Philander P. Lewis, Crescent.
Vice-President — W. S. Dille, Holden.
Second Vice-President — J. E. Roberts, Bolckow.
Secretary — R. M. Washburn, Columbia.
Treasurer — D. A. Chapman, Warrensburg.

MISSOURI SWINE GROWERS' AND BREEDERS' ASSOCIATION.

President — Robt. H. Hudson, St. Marys.
Vice-President — D. B. Mathews, Kirksville.
Second Vice-President — John H. Neff, Boonville.
Secretary — C. A. Wilson, Columbia.
Treasurer — Sam Spelman, Sturgeon.

MISSOURI SHEEP BREEDERS' ASSOCIATION.

President — S. H. Groves, Tipton.

Vice-President — Hon. H. R. Brasfield, Unionville.

Secretary-Treasurer — M. V. Carroll, Sedalia.

DIRECTORS.

John A. Rankin, Tarkio. S. C. Haseltine, Springfield.

Harry Nance, Pattonsburg. W. W. Waltmire, Raymore.

C. E. Bethards, Shelbyville. D. Lee Shawhan, Lee's Summit.

(0)

LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL.

State Board of Agriculture, Office of the Secretary,
Columbia, Mo., February 28, 1908.

To Hon. Joseph W. Folk, Governor of Missouri:

Sir — In compliance with the law, I have the honor to trans-
mit herewith a report of the work of the State Board of Agricul-
ture for the year 1907. The Forty-fourth General Assembly en-
larged the duties of the Board by adding the departments of High-
way Engineering and Apiary Inspection, and the reports of both
departments are herein contained.

Very respectfully,

Geo. B. Ellis, Secretary.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Annual Meeting. Pages

Minutes * 9-17

Secretary's Report 18-25

Financial Statement 26-37

Treasurer's Report r 3S-40

Veterinarian's Report 41-55

Highway Engineer's Report 56-58

Apiary Inspector's Report 59-66

Seal Board of Agriculture 67

Farmers' Week —

Historical 69

Swine Growers' Meeting _ 70-119

Sheep Breeders' Meeting 120-130

Improved Live Stock Breeders' Meeting 131-320

Corn Growers' Meeting 321-372

Dairymen's Meeting 373-427

Housekeepers' Conference 428-469

Miscellaneous—

The Home Canner 470-473

Morgan stallion, Charles Reade 474-479

Missouri Crop Review 480-4S2

Missouri Crop Statistics 4S3-493

Veterinarians' Tabulated Reports 494-507

Index 50S

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ANNUAL MEETING.

' MINUTES OF PROCEEDINGS.

State Board of Agriculture, Office of the Secretary, )
Columbia, Mo., Dec. 17, 1907. S

The State Board of Agriculture convened in annual session in
the Agricultural building, Columbia, on Tuesday, December 17th,
11 a. m. President S. W. Hudson called the meeting to order, and
roll call showed a quorum present, as follows: John Deerwester,
J. W. Boles, M. B. Greensfelder, N. J. Colman, W. R. Wilkinson,
W. C. Hutchison, A. M. Thompson, S. W. Hudson, E. E. Swink, R.
A. Young, A. T. Nelson, W. B. McRoberts, J. L. Christian, N. H.
Gentry, W. C. Howell, Sanford Mc. Smith, H. A. Gass and H. J.
Waters.

The following members were absent : W. C. Howell and Jos.
W. Folk.

Upon motion of Gov. Colman, the minutes of the last annual
meeting were adopted as printed in the 39th annual report.

The Secretary read his annual report, and upon motion, the
report was approved and ordered printed in the 40th annual report.

The State Veterinarian made a verbal report, and asked per-
mission to file for printing a written report, at a future time,
which was granted.

Dr. R. H. Jesse, President State University, called during the
meeting and was asked to address the Board. He briefly assured
the members of his sympathy with the cause of agricultural edu-
cation.

The Board took a recess until 2 p. m.

At 2 p. m. the Board was called to order by Vice-President
Colman.

The State Highway Engineer submitted his report, which was
approved and ordered printed.

Mr. M. E. Darby, Apiary Inspector, submitted a verbal re-
port of his work, showing very satisfactory progress in eradicating
foul brood from the apiaries of the State. Mr. Darby was re-
quested to furnish the Secretary with a written report for publi-
cation.

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10 Missouri Agricultural Report.

COMMITTEE ON COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE.

The committee appointed to examine the affairs of the Agri-
cultural College submitted their report, which was unanimously
adopted.

The report follows:

"Your committee has made a careful examination of the
buildings, grounds and equipment of the College of Agriculture,
and Experiment Stations, and has the honor to submit the follow-
ing report:

"1. We find the grounds, buildings and live stock in good con-
dition, well cared for, and all show a very commendable improve-
ment in quality.

"2. We have inspected the experimental work being con-
ducted in farm crops, horticulture, dairying, animal diseases, stock
feeding, etc., and feel that they will be of much value to the farm-
ers of the State.

"3. Hog Cholera — We feel the work now being conducted in
hog cholera and swine plague to be of very vital interest to the
State, and would strongly urge that it be pushed to completion as
rapidly as possible. These experiments seem to assure successful
inoculation against these two diseases, and the moment this has
passed the experimental stage we sincerely hope that steps will be
taken to produce the serum at the college for free distribution
among the hog raisers of the State.

"If equipment of buildings, assistants, pens, live stock, etc.,
be required for this work, we would strongly urge that the Cura-
tors provide out of the funds of the College of Agriculture such
equipment.

"4. Students' Judging Contest — Every Missourian should feel
a just pride in the success of the Missouri Agricultural College
students at the recent International Live Stock Judging Contest
at Chicago, where first prize for the student making the highest
average score for all classes of live stock was won, where first
place was won in judging sheep and in judging hogs, and where
two out of five of the Armour Scholarships were won.

"We feel that too much emphasis can not well be laid upon this
sort of work. We would strongly urge the college authorities to
fit a team for this contest annually, and to enter similar contests
in other lines as well.

"It is too much to ask the students who participate in these

Minutes of Proceedings. 11

contests to bear their own traveling expenses, and we would recom-
mend that the expenses of these contestants be paid by the in-
stitution.

"5. Shoiv Stock—We are especially proud of the success of
the Animal Husbandry Department, with its stock in all of the
shows this year, and we would strongly urge that provisions be
made at once for next year's shows with animals that are certain
to win. The University cannot afford to spare expense at this
point.

"6. Soil Survey — We believe that the value of the soil survey
is not yet half realized. We would strongly urge that this work
be immediately enlarged, in order that all sections of the State
may receive the benefit to be derived from it.

"7. Outlying Experiments — Closely allied with the soil sur-
vey itself is the experimental work in different parts of the State.
We believe that this work should be expanded and developed along
with the soil survey, in order that the results may be brought to
the attention of all the farmers of the State.

"8. Instruction in Butchering and Packing Meats — We would
strongly urge that instruction in this subject be added. The ex-
pense of double transportation on all meat products has to be borne
either by the producer or by the consumer.

"The farmer of the future must be a meat packer, especially
for home consumption and for local trade. To make this effective,
he must know how. We believe the University authorities would
be justified in using a portion of the money appropriated to the
College of Agriculture by the Legislature to put this work on a
first class basis at once.

"9. Poidtry Plant — We would strongly urge that instruction
in poultry be provided for the next college year, in accordance with
the act of the last Legislature in appropriating money for this
purpose. The poultry industry in Missouri is too important to be
neglected by the College of Agriculture in the future as it has in
the past.

"10. Building Site — We most heartily approve of the site se-
lected for the new Agricultural building, and earnestly urge that
the erection of this building be proceeded with at once.

Signed. W. C. Hutchison,

J. W. Boles,
R. A. Young,

Committee.

12 Missouri Agricultural Report.

AUDITING COMMITTEE.

The committee appointed to examine the books and accounts
of the Secretary and Treasurer submitted the following report :

"To the Board of Agriculture :

We, the undersigned committee, authorized by the President
to examine the books and accounts of the Secretary and Treasurer,
and compare the same, beg leave to submit the following report :

"We have carefully examined the vouchers approved by the
Executive Committee and the warrants issued by the President and
Secretary, and have compared the same with the canceled war-
rants that have been paid by the Treasurer, and we find approved
vouchers for corresponding warrants in the different funds, as
follows :

"The following warrants, which had been issued, but had not
been presented for payment, at the last annual meeting, December
18, 1906, we find have since been paid by the Treasurer:

MONTHLY CROP REPORT FUND.

Warrants 402, 404, 406— Amount, $34.62.

farmers' institute fund.

Warrants 798, 802, 803, 804, 806, 807, 813, 814, 815, 816, 824,
828— Amount, $819.57.

STATE VETERINARY FUND.

Warrants 1872, 1873, 1880— Amount, $50.80.
This makes an exact agreement in the books of the Secretary
and Treasurer on December 18, 1906.

EXPENSE OF MEMBER'S FUND.

Balance unappropriated December is, 1906..

Receipts from State Treasurer. ,

Warrants 669-703, inclusive, issued and paid.
Balance unappropriated December 17, 1907..

$281 02

700 00

$'.181 02

$666 44

314 58

$981 OS

Minutes of Proceedings.

13

DISTRIBUTION ANNUAL KEPORT FUND.

By error —

Balance unappropriated December 18, 1906..

Receipts from State Treasurer

Warrants 135-141, inclusive, issued and paid.
Balance unappropriated' December 17, 1607 . .

$800 00

$800 00

10

$696 24
103 06

$800 00

OFFICE EXPENSE FUND.

Balance unappropriated December 18, 15)96..

Receipts from State Treasurer

Warrants 641-681, inclusive, issued and paid.
Balance unappropriated December 17, 1907..

$82 91
500 00

$582 91

$445 57
137 34

$582 91

MONTHLY CROP REPORT FUND.

Balance unappropriated December 18, 19C6..

Receipts from State Treasurer

Warrants 410-443, inclusive, issued and paid.
Balance unappropriated December 17, 1907..

$68 31
500 00

$568 31

$464 00
104 31

$568 31

APIARY INSPECTION FUND.

Balance unappropriated December 18, 1906.

Receipts from State Treasurer

Warrants 1-4, inclusive, issued and paid

Balance unappropriated December 17, 1907.

$1,000 00

$1,000 00

$774 25
225 75

$1,000 00

STATE HIGHWAY ENGINEER FUND.

Balance unappropriated December 18, 1906.

Receipts from State Treasurer

Warrants 1-24, inclusive, issued and paid.. .
Ballance unappropriated December 17, 1907.

$2*000 00

$2,000 00

$1,502 77
437 23

$2,000 00

FARMERS' INSTITUTE FUND.

Balance unappropriated December 18, 1906

$1,518 84
2,500 00

Receipts from State Treasurer

Warrants 830-909, inclusive, issued and paid

$3,422 00

Balance unappropriated December 17, 1907

596 84

$4,018 84

$4,018 84

14

Missouri Agricultural Report.

KANSAS OITY INTER-STATE FAIR FUND.

Balance unappropriated December 18, 1906...

Receipts from State Treasurer

Warrants 1-97, inclusive, issued and paid ...
Balance unappropriated, December 17, 1907.

$4,000 00

$4,000 00

$3,701 45
298 55

$4,000 00

STATE VETERINARY FUND.

Balance unappropriated, December IS, 1906.

Receipts from State Treasurer

Warrants 1-97, inclusive, issued and paid

Balance unappropriated December 17, 1907..

$1,331 89
6,000 00

$7,331 89

$6,96.8 71
363 18

$7,331 89

We find that the following warrants, for which corresponding
vouchers are on file, have not been presented to the Treasurer for
payment :

FARMERS' INSTITUTE FUND.

No. 909— Amount, $38.06.

STATE VETERINARY FUND.

No. 2011-2017— Amount, $145.37.

KANSAS CITY INTER-STATE FAIR FUND.

No. 94— Amount, $33.50.

STATE HIGHWAY ENGINEER FUND.

No. 23— Amount, $32.40.

"When these warrants have been paid and canceled, there will
be an exact agreement in the books of the Secretary and Treasurer.

Signed.

Sanford Mc Smith,
A. M. Thompson,
A. T. Nelson,

Committee.

On motion of Mr. Christian, the report was adopted.

Minutes of Proceedings. 15

ELECTION OF OFFICERS.

The election of officers was next in order.

Mr. Wilkinson nominated N. J. Colman for President; Mr.
Waters moved to suspend the rules, and that the Secretary cast the
unanimous ballot for Mr. Colman. It was so ordered.

Mr. Waters and Mr. Boles were put in nomination for Vice-
President. A ballot was taken, resulting in the election of Mr.
Waters.

Geo. B. Ellis was nominated for Secretary. Upon motion of
Mr. Colman, the President was authorized to cast the unanimous
ballot for G. B. Ellis for Secretary. It was so ordered, and Mr.
Ellis was declared elected.

For Assistant Secretary, Mr. McRoberts moved to suspend the
rules, and authorize the Secretary to cast the unanimous ballot for
Miss J. B. Rector for Assistant Secretary. It was so ordered.

Mr. Nelson moved to suspend the rules and authorize the Sec-
retary to cast the unanimous ballot for W. A. Bright for Treasurer
of the Board. Motion carried, and so ordered.

For State Veterinarian, Dr. D. F. Luckey, Dr. T. F. Arnold
and Dr. E. M. Hendy were put in nomination. The result of a bal-
lot showed a majority for Dr. Luckey. Upon motion of Mr. Mc-
Roberts, the election of Dr. Luckey was made unanimous.

Judge Wilkinson moved that N. J. Colman, H. J. Waters and
S. W. Hudson be elected members of the Executive Committee.
Motion carried.

Upon motion of Mr. Gass, Messrs. Hutchinson, Wilkinson,
McRoberts and Christian were elected members of the Executive
Committee.

Mr. Greensf elder offered the following resolutions:

1st. "Whereas, The 44th General Assembly of Missouri on
April 15, 1907, in its appropriations for University and educational
institutions, deemed it wise to provide in section 9 of said act, for
the erection of a building for the College of Agriculture at Colum-
bia, in the sum of one hundred thousand dollars.

"Whereas, The growing attendance at the University abso-
lutely demand increased facilities, such as the erection of the build-
ing intended for by the Legislature will afford; be it

"Resolved, by the State Board of Agriculture, That the Presi-

16 Missouri Agricultural Report.

dent appoint a special committee, whose duty it shall be to take up
the matter and push the erection of said building to completion, so
that the meeting of the State Board of Agriculture for the year
1908 can be held in said building.

"It is further recommended that as soon as the new bids have
been received, the Board of Curators meet in extra session to let
the contract, and thus avoid delaying the final settlement of the
matter until the April meeting of the Board."

2nd. "The State Board of Agriculture, in view of the actual
results obtained by the outlying soil and crop experiments of the
Missouri Agricultural Experiment Station in the year 1907, and
because of the interest developed through said experiments, and
the education afforded by the lessons in good seeds, fertilizers,
drainage, etc., hereby approve of said work and recommend that
the soil survey work be extended at least 50 per cent during the
year of 1908, and that the Legislature be asked to provide funds
for the still further enlargement of this work in the future.

"It is likewise earnestly recommended that the number of ex-
perimental fields and outlying experiments be increased fully 50
per cent, and that this work be supported in the most liberal man-
ner possible.

"It is ordered that a committee, consisting of the President
and Secretary of the Board, be appointed to confer with the Board
of Curators in regard to this matter."

3rd. "Whereas, The State Veterinarian, in his annual report
to the State Board of Agriculture, December 17, 1907, has stated
that the tuberculosis discovered in the herds tested by him during
the last few years, can be traced to certain prominent herds in
the State of Missouri; and,

"Whereas, Under section 10542, it is the duty of said veteri-
nary surgeon to protect the live stock interests of this State ; and,

"Whereas, Section 10546 provides that an investigation of
supposed infected or capable of infecting live stock, may be or-
dered by the Board, if, upon satisfactory information, it is thought
the presence of the veterinarian is necessary to a protection of the
live stock interests of the State from contagious or infectious
diseases; therefore, be it

Resolved, That the State Veterinarian and the Executive Com-
mittee of the Board of Agriculture be empowered to take action
in the inspection of said prominent herds in the State of Missouri,
referred to by the State Veterinarian."

Minutes of Proceedings. 17

Upon motion, the resolutions were declared adopted.

Mr. Greensfelder moved that the incoming President appoint
a committee of three, to which the Highway Engineer's report be
referred. Motion carried.

The Board took a recess until 7 :30 p. m.

At 7 :30 the Board was called to order by President-elect Col-
man.

Mr. Colman, in a brief address, thanked the Board for the
honor conferred upon him by the election.

The Secretary read a letter from Hon. C. R. Davis, member
of Congress from Minnesota, calling attention to a bill in Congress
making provision for Federal aid for the establishment of agricul-
tural high schools in the State. Mr. Davis requested consideration
of the bill. The time being too short for a thorough discussion of
the measure, the matter was referred to the Executive Committee.

It was moved by Mr. Greensfelder that a vote of thanks is
due the retiring President for the very able manner in which he
has discharged the duties of President, and for what has been ac-
complished. Motion carried.

Mr. Swink moved to continue the committee on roads as now
constituted. Motion carried.

Mr. Gass suggested that an educational exhibit be installed at
the State Fair. His suggestions were approved and referred to
the Executive Committee of the State Fair.

It Was moved by Mr. Thompson that all power vested in the
Board of Agriculture be and is hereby delegated to the Executive
Committee, and that the said Committee is hereby authorized to
act for the Board at all times when the full Board is not in ses-
sion. Motion adopted.

Upon motion, the Board adjourned, to meet in Columbia, Janu-
ary 7, 1908.

Geo. B. Ellis, Secretary.

A-2

REPORT OF SECRETARY.

Gentlemen of the Board:

It is gratifying to me to be in a position to report that the
work of the Board of Agriculture for the past year has been fruit-
ful of greater results than, perhaps, any year in the Board's his-
tory. You, gentlemen, may not have realized the magnitude of the
work done, but time will prove that the things accomplished in
this year, 1907, will become a mile post in the history of the agri-
cultural progress of Missouri.

At the last annual meeting, after examining into the affairs
of the Agricultural College, as the law requires you to do each
year, your Board recommended to the Legislature that an appro-
priation of $200,000 be made for an adequate Agricultural building,
and an appropriation of $87,000 for betterments in the Agricultural
College. Through the untiring efforts of your legislative commit-
tee, headed by President Hudson, an appropriation of $100,000 for
the building, and $75,000 for the College of Agriculture was se-
cured. I am informed that the Board of Curators have approved
the architect's plans for the new building and have advertised for
bids, and it is hoped the building will be ready for your next an-
nual meeting. The $75,000 for betterments will enable Dean
Waters to extend several lines of work that will be of direct bene-
fit to the farmers of the State, the most important of which, per-
haps, is the soil survey and crop experiment work inaugurated
three years ago. Another recommendation made by the Board at
the last annual meeting, and which has borne good fruit, was that
the Board of Curators provide funds and the necessary facilities
for entering students in the judging contests and a live stock ex-
hibit at the American Royal and International Live Stock Exposi-
tions. Out of the increased appropriations secured for the Agri-
cultural College, the above recommendation was carried out with
the most successful results. By reference to the appended report,
it is shown that the College farm exhibited stock at the Inter-
State Fair, Kansas City; the Missouri State Fair, Sedalia; the

(18)

Report of Secretary. 19

American Royal Live Stock Show, Kansas City, and the Interna-
tional Live Stock Show, Chicago.

It should be stated in this connection that this is the first time
the College of Agriculture has made an exhibit worthy of notice,
which makes the success of the effort of greater importance. The
live stock exhibited was awarded aggregate cash prizes, as fol-
lows:

Inter-State Fair, Kansas City $238 00

Missouri State Fair, Sedalia 156 00

American Royal, Kansas City 290 00

International, Chicago 525 00

Total $1,209 00

-In making his report, Prof. Mumford says: "Our exhibit has
the distinction among college exhibits (at the International) of
being the only one in which every animal shown took a prize, and
these prizes were nearly all firsts, seconds and thirds, and the classes
were unusually large. Nine champion prizes were included in the
prizes won at all the fairs."

In the Students' Judging Contest the college was equally suc-
cessful. In competition with eight of the leading agricultural
states and Canada, at the Interational, Missouri won two out of
five of the Armour Scholarships of $250 each. This money goes
to the College of Agriculture to be used for assisting worthy stu-
dents. One of our students — Turner C. Cochran — of Columbia,
won first place as the best judge of all classes of live stock, his
average score being six points higher than any student has here-
tofore made in a similar contest. This ought to be gratifying to
the Board of Agriculture, as a result of their recommendation
made one year ago.

THE INTER-STATE FAIR.

The last Legislature appropriated to the Board of Agriculture
five thousand dollars for the purpose of making an exhibit at the
Inter-State Fair to be held at Elm Ridge Park, Kansas, September
23rd to October 5th, inclusive. This appropriation was made by
the Legislature without the knowledge or request of the officers
of the Board. At the July meeting, the Board appointed the
President, S. W. Hudson, Dean H. J. Waters and your Secretary on
a committee to arrange an exhibit according to the provisions of
the appropriation. The very short time made it difficult to as-

20 Missouri Agricultural Report.

semble a large exhibit, but on the opening day of the Fair your
committee had installed a very complete and highly creditable ex-
hibit. The success of the exhibit was made possible only by the
co-operation of the Departments of Agronomy, Animal Husbandry,
Dairy Husbandry and Home Economics of the College of Agri-
culture. The Agronomy Department made a fine exhibit of grains,
grasses, forage plants, seeds and soils, illustrating the work of
the Department, as well as showing the possibilities of soil im-
provement and the improvement of crops by selection and breeding.

The Animal Husbandry Department made a splendid exhibit
of cattle, horses, sheep and hogs, and, as stated elsewhere in this
report, competed for and won a number of prizes.

The Dairy Husbandry Department made an exhibit of dairy
cattle and a complete working dairy. The working dairy received
much favorable commendation from the visitors, and was certainly
very creditable to the Department. Five prizes were awarded to
the Dairy Department on dairy cattle.

The Department of Home Economics exhibited a model
kitchen, showing many conveniences and improvements over the
ordinary kitchen. This exhibit was very interesting, judged by
the number constantly around the kitchen, and it was certainly a
complete success in illustrating some of the work of the depart-
ment.

In addition to the college exhibit the committee offered the
following cash prizes:

COUNTY EXHIBITS.

For the best and largest display of farm products, consisting
of grains, vegetables, seeds of all kinds, grasses, forage plants, etc.

First prize , $150 00

Second prize 125 00

Third prize 100 00

Fourth prize 75 00

Fifth prize 50 00

BOYS' CORN CONTEST.

Prizes to be competed for by boys under 15 years of age. Best
display of ten ears or more. Corn to be judged by the score card :

First premium $25 00

Second premium 15 00

Third premium 10 00

Report of Secretary. 21

BOYS' CORN CONTEST.

For boys over 15 years of age. Best display of ten ears or
more. Corn to be judged by the score card :

First premium $25 00

Second premium 15 00

Third premium , 10 00

COLLECTIVE EXHIBIT.

For the best individual exhibit of agricultural products, com-
prising same scale of points as in county exhibits :

First prize $25 00

Second prize 15 00

Third prize 10 00

HORTICULTURE.

Best and largest collection of fruit, correctly named and
labeled. Open to any county or local Society or one or more indi-
viduals in the county in the State of Missouri, fruit all to be grown
in the county from which entry is made :

First prize „. $75 00

Second prize 50 00

Third prize 40 00

Fourth prize 30 00

Fifth prize 25 00

This list of prizes brought out five excellent county exhibits,
as follows :

Pettis county, installed by Wm. Romig.

Atchison county, installed by Geo. H. Sly, Rockport.

Cooper county, installed by Chris. Smith, Bunceton.

Platte county, installed by C. Thorpe.

Lawrence county, installed by Simon Baumgartner, Pierce
City.

The exhibits consisted of a collection of practically all of the
agricultural products of the counties, and were certainly very
creditable to the counties and the exhibitors.

The Inter-State Fair was not a financial success, and was put
into the hands of a receiver before it closed; but the Board of
Agriculture was in no way responsible for any part of the Fair,

22 Missouri Agricultural Report.

except the installation above mentioned, which was required by
an act of the Legislature.

THE NEW ROAD LAW.

For many years the Board of Agriculture has agitated a bet-
ter system of road construction and maintenance, but until this
year no material advancement had been made. Last year, as men-
tioned in my annual report, this office arranged for and conducted
a series of district road conventions, with a view of crystallizing
public sentiment in favor of a few fundamental principles in a re-
organized road system of the State. The meetings terminated with
a State convention, held by the Board of Agriculture, co-operating
with the county courts of the State, held in Jefferson City, Janu-
ary 16-17 of this year. The convention was attended by more
than three hundred delegates, representing a majority of the
counties of the State. After two days' deliberation, in which
many members of the Legislature participated, the convention
unanimously endorsed the plan recommended by the Board of
Agriculture, and a committee was appointed to confer with the
Committee on Roads in the House and Senate. The members of
this committee were : Judge J. R. Hairston of Fayette ; Hon. J. H.
Bothwell of Sedalia; Hon. W. W. Lawton, Osceola; Judge Woods
of St. Joseph, and Geo. B. Ellis, Columbia.

An agreement was soon reached with the joint committee on
roads, and bills were drafted covering every recommendation of
the Board, and were all finally enacted into law.

The laws which were enacted provide for:

State aid to the counties to the amount of $1,475,000.

The creation of the office of State Highway Engineer, under
the control of the State Board of Agriculture, with an appropria-
tion of twelve thousand dollars for expenses of the department.

The creation of the office of county highway engineer, for
every county in the State, under authority of the county court.

A complete revision of the working system, providing for cer-
tain work by contract and the maintenance of the entire road
mileage.

The submission of a constitutional amendment, giving the
county courts discretionary power to levy 25 cents on the $100
valuation for road purposes.

The submission of a constitutional amendment providing for

Report of Secretary. 23

a levy of ten cents on the $100 valuation of all State property for
a permanent State Road fund.

The road legislation accomplished, together with that secured
for the improvement of the Agricultural College, supports with-
out question, I think, the statement that the present year has been
fruitful of greater results for the betterment of agriculture than
any year in the history of the Board.

HIGHWAY ENGINEER.

In compliance with the law creating the office of State High-
way Engineer, the Board, at a called meeting, held in St. Louis on
July 6th, elected to that office Curtis Hill, who immediately en-
tered upon the duties of the office. Mr. Hill will report to you
directly concerning the working of his department.

APIARY INSPECTION.

The last Legislature enacted a law authorizing the Board of
Agriculture to appoint a State Apiary Inspector for the develop-
ment and protection of the bee industry of the State. At a meet-
ing of the Board held in Kansas City on June 5th, M. E. Darby of
Springfield was elected to that office, and through his efforts 215
apiaries have been inspected, of which 82 were found to contain
colonies affected with foul brood. There were 3,028 colonies in-
spected, of which 297 were affected with foul brood. All of these
colonies were either treated or destroyed by the inspector, and the
apiaries cleared of the disease.

FARMERS' INSTITUTES.

The farmers' institute meetings continue with about the same
good interest of last year. A new feature inaugurated this year,
with the co-operation of the Agricultural College and some of the
State Normal Schools, is to conduct short courses in agriculture
in the Agricultural Department of the Normal School, co-operat-
ing. Under this arrangement four of these courses are now be-
ing given, viz. : Maryville, Kirksville, Warrensburg and Cape Gir-
ardeau. A complete course of these schools will be appended as
soon as the terms close.

Complying with authority given the Executive Committee at
the last annual meeting, S. M. Jordan of Stanberry was employed
as institute assistant, and entered upon his duties July 1. Mr.

24 Missouri Agricultural Report.

Jordan has been employed almost constantly in the field conduct-
ing meetings. Under the arrangement of your committee with the
Board of Curators, Mr. Jordan will be employed for half the time
by the Board of Agriculture and the other half by the Agricultural
College. Mr. Jordan is doing splendid work, and I most heartily
recommend his continuance.

THE YEAR'S HARVEST.

A complete report of this year's harvest will be appended to
this report, and in this connection will call attention to only a
few statements :

Our farmers grew 7,086,059 acres of corn this year, which is
1 per cent more than the acreage last year; but the average yield
per acre for the State is 7-10 of a bushel less, and the total yield
600,000 bushels below last year. The average farm price on De-
cember 1st this year was 47 cents per bushel, compared with 37
cents one year ago; making the total value of the crop $109,000,-
000, or $24,000,000 greater than the crop of 1906.

Of wheat, we produced 28,830,000 bushels, which is nearly
6,000,000 less than in 1906, but the crop this year, based on the
average farm price, is worth $19,000,000 more than last year.

The hay crop averaged 1.3 tons per acre as compared with
only 7-10 of a ton per acre last year, and while the average farm
price is one dollar per ton below last year, the total value is $23,-
000,000 greater.

The oats crop is practically the same as last year, but the total
value is nearly $2,000,000 greater.

FARM BOYS' ENCAMPMENT.

Mr. S. M. Jordan, Institute Assistant, held on his farm in
Gentry county, last August, the first Encampment. The object of
the Encampment is set forth in Mr. Jordan's announcement, as
follows :

"Now For the Boys' Encampment.

"On Glenview Farm, otherwise known as the Geo. Morton
farm, two miles north of McCurry, I will hold a farm boys' en-
campment for one week, beginning August 19th and ending Au-
gust 24th.

"Every farm boy in Gentry county who will join a county

Report of Secretary. 25

farm boys' club is invited. No expense in any way except car
fare to and from McCurry. I will take good care of everyone,
board and everything free.

"The forenoons of two days, Tuesday and Wednesday, will
be taken up in our seed corn work, examining methods of soil
preparation, cultivation, selection and storing of seed, with a lesson
each day on corn-judging. Thursday and Friday to stock-judging,
etc. Some of the best men in the State will be with us, and all
lectures will be demonstrated. Tools used in the work will be
examined and the work demonstrated on a small plat of ground.

"Afternoons will be devoted to sports and games, such as the
boys may desire. The place where we meet is northeast of the
house on a hill in a fine grove.

"On Friday I want each boy to make a written report of the
week's work, and the boy who makes the best one will be given a
free scholarship to the short-course, 8 weeks, in the Agricultural
College at Columbia, car fare, board, room and all expenses paid.

"Every farm boy between the ages of ten and twenty is earn-
estly invited to come, and I can assure you one of the best times
of your life."

Professor M. F. Miller of the Agricultural College, and D. H.
Doane of the Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C, as-
sisted Mr. Jordan in instructing the boys. Altogether, 132 boys
were enrolled.

Atchison and Nodaway counties are arranging to hold a
similar encampment next year in connection with their summer
Chautauqua meetings; other counties are considering a like ar-
rangement.

LOOKING TO THE FUTURE.

We should not be satisfied with what has been done, but
should be encouraged to place our aim still higher. To my mind,
the greatest work the Board could do for the State would be to
bring about the establishment of Secondary Agricultural Educa-
tion within the reach of every farm boy of the State ; and the work
started one year ago, looking to the establishment of a State Agri-
cultural School, admitting the graduates from the rural schools,
should be prosecuted to a successful conclusion.

26

Missouri Agricultural Report.

SECRETARY'S FINANCIAL STATEMENT.

To the Board of Agriculture :

I beg leave to submit the following exhibit of the financial
transactions of the Board for the year beginning December 19,
1906, and ending December 16, 1907, which shows the balances on
hand at the beginning of the year, the requisitions drawn on the
State Auditor, the warrants drawn on W. A. Bright, Treasurer of
the Board, the balances in the treasury of the Board, and the bal-
ances in the different funds remaining in the State treasury:

EXPENSE OF MEMBERS FUND.

Date.

1906.
Dec. 18 . .

" 19..

" 19..

" 19..

" 19..

" 19..

" 19..

" 19..

" 19..

" 19..

" 19..

" 19..

" 19..

" 19..

" 19..

" 19..

1907.

Feb. 5.

April

June

]>•■<-•.

War. No.

669
670
671
672
673
674
675
676
677
678
679
680
681
682
683

Name.

To balance

By J. L. Christian . . .

John Deerwester. . .

W. C. Howell

A. T. Nelson

W. B. McRoberts. .

W. T. Carrington . .
1 S.W.Hudson

N. J. Colman

M. B. Greensfelder .

E. E. Swink

W. R. Wilkinson.. ,

A. M. Thompson. . .

N. H. Gentry

Geo. B. Ellis

W. C. Hutchison...

S. W. Hudson. . :

Geo. B. Ellis K .

M. B. Greensfelder

H. J. Waters

W. C. Hutchison

S. W. Hudson

A. T. Nelson

To requisition

By H. A. Gass

A. T. Nelson

W. C. Howell

N. J. Colman

Geo. B. Ellis

W. B. McRoberts

John Deerwester

J. L. Christian

E. E. Swink

N. H. Gentry

S. W. Hudson

M. B. Greensfelder

W. C. Hutchison

To requisition

To requisition

By balance

Dr.

$281 02

200 00

300 00

200 00

Cr.

$22 60

16 00

17 15
27 10

13 98
6 05

21 90
11 00

14 05

18 00
11 20

18 35

6 50

1 50

19 85

30 40
36 88
44 30

15 80
54 85

2 75

20 20

10 98

20 20

29 55

25 00
15 30
18 00

7 00
18 00

26 00

8 60
20 10

22 50
14 80

314 58

S981 02

(1 02

Report of Secretary.

27

DISTRIBUTION OF ANNUAL REPORT FUND.

Date.

War. No.

Name.

Dr.

Cr.

1907.
Oct. 16. .

" 19..

" 26..
Nov. 1..

" 14. .

" 14..

Dec. 2 . .

2. .

" 2. .

" 17..

135
136
137
138
139
140
141

To requisition

By S. H. Elkins.'

S. H. Elkins

R. P. Scurlock

S. H. Elkins

R. P. Scurlock.-

Pacific Express Co. . .

American Express Co.

To requisition

By balance

$600 00

200 00

$800 00

$130 00
120 00

39 03
180 00

25 23
145 35

56 63

103 76

$800 00

OFFICE EXPENSE FUND.

Date.

War. No.

Name.

Dr.

Cr.

1906.

Dec. 18. .

1907.

Jan. 10. .

Feb. 5. .

5. .

" 5. .

Mar. 7. .

7. .
April 1 . .

1. .

1. .

1. .

1. .

1. .

1. .
9. .
9. .
9. .
9. .
5. .
5. .
5. .
5. .
5. .
5. .
5. .

5. .

6. .
6. .
6. .
6. .
5. .
5. .

31. .
31. .

2. .
2. .
2. .
2. .

." 16.
Nov. 1 .

May

June

July

Aug.

Oct.

To balance.

641
642
643
644
645
646
647
648
649
650
651
652

653
654
655
656
657
658
659
660
661
662
663

664
665
666
667
668
669
670
671
672
673
674

675
676
677

By J. R. Ellis

Smith Premier Typewriter Co . .

J. R. Ellis

W. E. Harshe

Wabash R. R. Co

J. R. Ellis

J. R. Ellis

National Paper Co . .

C. C. Newman & Co

Columbia Gas Works

Strawn-Holland D. G. Co

J. B. Rector

To requisition

By Pacific Express Co

W. E. Harshe

J. R. Ellis

J. B. Rector

S. H. Elkins

American Express Co

Columbia Telephone Co

C. C- Newman & Co

W. E. Harshe

J. R. Ellis

W. J. Carothers

To requisition

By Lemuel Crouch

W. J. Carothers

M. K. & T. R. R. Co

Nifong Mfg. Co

American Express Co

Lemuel Crouch

Chas. Matthews

Lemuel Crouch

W. E. Harshe

Columbia Telephone Co

J. R. Ellis

To requisition

By Smith Premier Typewriter Co .

S. H. Elkins

J. R. Ellis

52 91

200 00

100 00

100 00

15

00

30

00

11

36

1

95

3

09

10

75

11

71

36

25

1

50

2

05

26

00

36

70

2

05

5

15

1( J

92

18

35

3

25

1

06

8

90

2

90

1

95

10

65

6

00

10

70

6

30

1

20

4

75

1

40

10

70

3

00

12

95

3

50

10

55

7

60

28

50

15

00

12

41

28

Missouri Agricultural Report.

OFFICE EXPENSE FUND— Continued.

Date.

War. No.

Name.

Dr.

Cr.

1907.
Nov. 1 . .

1. .
" 14..
" 14..
" 14..
" 20..

Dec. 2 . .

2. .
" 17..

678

679
680
681
682
683
684

By C. Harvey

To requisition

By Columbia Statesman .

W. E. Harshe

Eloise Kneisley

Troxell & Finley

Count Harvey

J. R. Ellis

By balance

S100 00

$582 91

$9 15

6

50

1

90

4

42

17

50

10

00

10

00

137 34

$582 91

MONTHLY CROP REPORT FUND.

Date.

War. No.

Name.

Dr.

Cr.

June

July

1906.

Dec. 18 . .

1907.

Feb. 5..

Mar. 7. .

April 1. .

1. .

" 1. .

1. .
May 9. .

9. .
9. .
9. .
5. .
5. .
5. .

5. .

6. .
6. .
6. .
6. .
6. .
6. .
5. .
5. .
5. .
5. .

31. .
31. .
31. .
31. .

2. .
2. .

" 16..

Nov. 1 . .

" 14..

" 20..

Dec. 2. .

2. .

2. .

" 17..

Aug.

Oct.

410
411
412
413
414

415
416
417
418
419
420
421
422
423
424
425
426
427

428
429
430
431
432
433
434
435
436
437
438
439
440
441
442
443

To balance.

By National Paper Co. . .

S. H. Elkins

National Paper Co. . . .

S. H. Elkins

Smith Premier Co

To requisition

By Columbia Statesman .

M. K. & T. R. R. Co . .

S. H. Elkins

S. H. Elkins

Columbia Statesman . .

S. H. Elkins

Smith Premier Co

S. H. Elkins

American Express Co.

S. H. Elkins

S. H. Elkins

National Paper Co ... .

Smith Premier Co

To requisition

By Columbia Statesman .

Barnes-Crosby Co

S. H. Elkins

S. H. Elkins

S. H. Elkins

Barnes-Crosby Co

American Express Co.

Smith Premier Co

Columbia Statesman . .

H. Harvey

Columbia Statesman . .

S. H. Elkins

Smith Premier Co

National Paper Co ... .

Eloise Kneisley

S. H. Elkins

To requisition

By balance

$68 31

200 00

200 00

100 00

$9

95

20

00

35

00

10

00

35

00

28

50

3

08

3

95

10

00

5

50

8

00

3

25

30

00

2

51

25

00

5

25

20

91

14

70

5 00

26 55

5 00

25

00

22

00

7

66

85

4

00

2

50

7

50

10

50

25

00

2

25

17

64

1

95

30

00

104 31

$56S 31

$568 31

Report of Secretary.

29

APIARY INSPECTION FUND.

Date.

1907.
Aug. 5. . ,
5. . .
Oct. 2 . . .
" 16...
" 16..,
Dec. 2 . .
" 17..

War. No.

Name.

To requisition

By M. E. Darby.
M. E. Darby. .
M. E. Darby . .

To requisition

By M. E. Darby.
By balance

Dr.

$500 00

500 00

$1,000 00

Cr.

$168 30

. .215 65

111 07

279 23
225 75

$1,000 00

STATE HIGHWAY ENGINEER FUND.

Date.

War. No.

Name.

Dr.

Cr.

1907.

July 6..

6. .

6. .

6. .

6. .

6. .

" 6. .

"' 6..

Aug. 5. .

5. .

" .5..

5. .

5. .

" 5. .

" 26..

" 26..

" 31..

Sept 23. .

Oct. 2..

2. .

2. .

" 16..

1. .
14. .
20. .
20. .

2. .
2. .

17. .

Nov,

Dec.

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14
15
16
17
18

19
20
21
22
23
24

To requisition

By W. R. Wilkinson

J. L. Christian

W. C. Howell

S. W. Hudson

W. C. Hutchison

Geo. B. Ellis

H. J. Waters

Curtis Hill

A. M. Thompson

N. H. Gentry

S. W. Hudson

Geo. B. Ellis

To requisition

By S. W. Hudson

Geo. B. Ellis

Curtis Hill

S. H. Elkins

Columbia Statesman

Curtis Hill

To requisition

By Columbia Statesman

Curtis Hill

Columbia Statesman

Troxell & Finley

Economy Drawing Table Co.

Curtis Hill

To requisition

By Balance

$500 00

500 00

500 00

500 00

$2,000 00

$2 50
26 50
15 85
28 85
22 10
15 40
21 15
250 20

19 07
10 60

20 30
9 40

20 50

5 40

258 18

15 00

8 00

247 25

6

270

5

52

32 40

200 00

50
12
00
50

437 23

$2,000 00

FARMERS' INSTITUTE FUND.

Date.

War. No.

Name.

Dr.

Cr.

1906.
Dec. 18

To balance

$1,518 84

1907.
Jan. 10

830
831
832

By Walter Williams

$113 72

" 10

J. R. Hairston

42 74

" 10

F. P. Spalding

47 45

30

Missouri Agricultural Report.

FARMERS' INSTITUTE FUND— Continued.

Date.

War. No.

Name.

Dr. Cr.

1007.
Jan. 10

833

834
835
836
837
838
839
840
841
842
843
844
845
846
847
848
849
850
851
852
853
854
855
856
857
858
859
860
861
862
863
864
865
866
867
868
869
870
871
872
873
874
875
876
877
878
879
880
881
882

By L. F. Childers

$85 14

•" 10

• C. H. Eckles

23 87

" 10

D. Ward King

197 75

" 10

M. F. Miller

15 30

" 10

F. G. King

6 00

" 10

H. Krusekopf

6 00

" 10

M. M. McCool

6 00

" 10

M. E. Sherwin

6 00

" 10

J. W. Read

6 00

" 10

E. L. Lusk

1 80

" 10

T. R. Powell

2 32

" 10

V. Frieze

2 32

" 10

Columbia Statesman

33 25

" 10

A. T. Nelson

23 75

" 10

W. C. Howell

18 40

" 10

Strawn-Holland Co

4 15

" 10

S. M. Jordan

120 51

" 10

P. E Crabtree

52 49

" 10

C. O. Raine

83 38

" 10

M. F. Miller

31 35

" 10

Shields & Court

3 00

" 10

Geo. H. Beaslev

4 50

" 10

Geo. B. Ellis

67 69

Feb. 5 . .

A. P. Grout

15 80

5

W. L. Miller

3081

5

Miles Elliot

69 60

5. . . .

C. G. Hopkins

44 84

5

St. Louis Button Co

25 00

5. .

Geo. B. Ellis

72 96

5

Shige Suzuki

16 45

5. .

H. B. Gurler. .

51 55

5

Oscar Erf

20 02

5. .

A. M. TenEyck

23 62

5 .

Turner Gordon

10 00

5

H R. Smith

27 05

5. .

R. M. Washburn

21 50

Mar. 7 .

Smith Premier Co

4 80

7 .

Miles Elliot

15 80

7

M. A Cochel . . .

1 50

7 .

C. E. Thome

35 00

7

R. E. Talbert

3 45

7

S. H. Elkins

5 00

7 .

F. L. Kelso

10 00

April 1

1

50 00

77 70

1 .

Geo. B. Ellis

8 53

1

Columbia Typ. Exchange . .

2 50

1

P. E. Crabtree

70 34

1

S. H. Elkins

10 00

1

64 70

1

To requisition

$500 00

May 9

June 5

883

sst
885
886
887

sss
889

8 75

S H. Elkins

20 00

5

68 84

5

15 00

July 6
6

36 62

18 88

6

J. W. Waller. .

1 00

6

To requisition

500 00

Auk 5

890
891
892

196 18

Sept. 13

Oct. 2

140 67

125 00

Report of Secretary.

31

FARMERS' INSTITUTE FUND— Continued.

Date.

War. No.

Name.

Dr.

Cr.

1907.
Oct. 2

893

S. M. Jordan

$79 69

2

To requisition ,

$500 00

Nov. 1

894
895
896
897
898
899
900
901
902
903
904
905
906
907
908
909

By S. M. Jordan

125 00

1

M. L. Lipscomb

1 88

" 14

L. F. Childers

22 30

" 14

S. M. Jordan

70 48

" 14

H. J. Waters

6 27

" 14

H. D. Hughes

15 83

" 20

F. B. Mumford

21 30

• 20

D. Ward King

68 74

' 20

J. C. Whitten

23 98

" 20

H. D. Hughes

14 80

" 20

G. W. Williams

65 S3

" 20

M. F. Miller

68 34

Dec. 2

Barnes-Crosby Co

6 75

" 2

C. D. Lyon

15S 17

2

S. M. Jordan

210 24

" 2

P. E. Crabtree

38 06

2

To requisition

. .$1,000 00

'• 17

By balance

596 84

$4,018 84

$4,018 84

KANSAS CITY INTERSTATE FAIR FUND.

Date.

War. No.

Name.

Dr.

Cr.

1907

July 22..

" 22..

" 22..

" 22..

Aug 31..

" 31..

" 31..

Sept 13. .

" 13..

" 13..

" 13..

" 13..

" 13..

" 23..

" 23..

" 23. .

" 23. .

" 23. .

" 23..

" 23. .

" 23..

'* 23..

" 23..

" 23..

" 23. .

" 23..

" 23..

" 23..

" 23..

" 23..

1
2
3

4
5
6

7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28

To requisition

By H. J. Waters

S. W. Hudson

Geo. B. Ellis

S. W Hudson

Geo. B. Ellis

C. H. Eckles

To requisition

By M. E. Sherwin

S. W. Hudson

F. B. Mumford

L. Stanley

Geo. B. Ellis

F. G. King

Clinton Yates

C. H. Eckles

Wabash R. R

C. H. Eckles

Arms Palace Horse Car Co.

Henry Heil Chemical Co. . .

Blanke & Hauk

H. S. Gladfelter

H. S. Wayman

Edna Day

S. H. Elkins

Geo. B. Ellis

M. F. Miller

H. J. Waters

Forest Nace Box Co

Edna Day

$500 00

2,000 00

$12

96

14

25

10

58

12

25

12

00

11

46

41

18

13

50

10

29

9

34

13

23

75

00

11

60

150

00

178

50

13

55

30

00

15

65

11

80

30

93

50

00

150

00

10

00

13

00

70

00

13

64

14

00

100

00

32

Missouri Agricultural Report.

KANSAS CITY INTERSTATE FAIR FUND— Continued .

Date.

War. No.

Name.

Dr.

Cr.

1907.

Oct. 2..

2. .

2. .

3. .
" 3. .

3. .

3..

3..

3. .

3. .

3. .

3. .

3. .
" 3. .

3. .

3. .

" 3. .

" 3. .

" 3. .

" 3. .

". 3..

" 16..

" 16..

" 16..

" 16..

" 16..

" 16..

" 16. .

" 16..

" 16..

" 16. .

" 16..

" 16..

" 16..

" 16..

" 16..

" 16..

" 16..

" 16..

" 16. .

" 16..

" 16..

" 16.

" 16.

" 16.

" 16.

" 16.

" 16

" 19

" 19.

" 26.

" 26.

" 26.

" 26.

" 26.

" 26.

" 26.

" 26.

" 26

" 26.

" 26.

" 26.

29
30

31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48

49'

50

51

52

53

54

55

56

57

58

59

60

61

62

63

64

65

66

67

68

69

70

71

72

73

74

75

76

77

78

79

80

81

82

83

84

85

86

87

88

89

By Barnes-Crosby Co

H. R. Nelson

W. C. Hutchison

H. S. Wayman

B. P. McKinley & Co

Scannell Plumbing Co

Geo. H. Sly

Chris Smith

Simon Baumgartner

C. Thorp

"Win. Romig

D. T. Vannote

H. J. Waters

Scannell Plumbing Co

Chas. Hull

S. W. Hudson

Louise Stanley

Arthur Rhys

Elm Ridge Coal & Feed Co.
Geo. B. Ellis

To requisition

By Columbia Statesman

Smith Premier Co

Mutual Ice & Fuel Co

Wabash R. R. Co

Columbia Printing Co

Creamery Pkg. Mfg. Co. . . .

F. P. Miller

J. W. Waller

Baker & Lockwood

Barnes-Crosby Co

Missouri Dairy Co

A. H. Glass

Louis Kreuz

F. B. Mumford

Forest Romig

Willie Harris

Henry Ohlendorf

Oliver Harris

Ben Smith

Edw. Schmalfeld

American Express Co

L. E. Cline

Sanford McSmith

Pacific Express Co

Geo. B. Ellis

S. W. Hudson

H. J. Waters

Chas. Matthews

Edna Day

C. A. Schwarze

Edna Day

Parker Furn. Co

J. W. Read

I. T. Vannote

Lewis Knudson

M. F. Miller

H. S. Wayman

C. H. Ecklcs

C. T. Yates

H. R. Nelson

O. A. Herzog

SI, 500 00

S6 12

30 00

14 95

200 00

33 25
45 00

175 00
140 00
50 00
75 00
150 00
50 00
13 79
35 00

10 00
23 75

34 20
220 25
124 00

11 54

50 00

1 75

2 19

10 80
56 50
33 89
40 50
42 50
18 50

6 80
96 00

11 00.

3 00
15 54
25 00
15 00
25 00

15 00
10 00
10 00

2 20

16 14
8 00
2 12

18 93

14 50

20 98

136 50

18 73

2 10
22 50
29 20
32 55

42 20
34 74
16 14
53 87

43 92
1 70

45 74

3 60

Report of Secretary.

;3

KANSAS CITY INTERSTATE FAIR FUND— Continued.

Date.

War. No.

Name.

Dr.

Cr.

1907.
Oct. 26...
" 26...

Nov.

Dec.

1.

1.
14.
20.
20.

2.
17.

90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97

By M. E. Sherwin

A. J. Summers

Wabash R. R. Co

Pacific Express Co

West's Machine Shop. . .

J. R. Keithley

Creamery Pkg. Mfg. Co.

Pacific Express Co

By Balance

$4,000 00

$10

00

26

70

10

00

1

30

33

50

10

00

12 00

2 06

298 55

$4,000 00

STATE VETERINARY FUND.

Date.

War. No.

Name.

Dr.

Cr.

1906.
Dec. 18

To balance

$1,331 89

" 19

1887

1888
1889
1890
1891
1892
1893
1894
1895
1896
1897
1898
1899
1900
1901
1902
1903
1904
1905
1906
1907
1908
1909
1910
1911
1912
1913
1914
1915
1916
1917
1918
1919
1920
1921
1922
1923
1924
1925
1926

By G. F. Troxell

$15 00

1907.
Jan. 10

Smith Premier Co

25 90

" 10

American Express Co

2 85

" 10

R. L. Allen

177 66

" 10

S. H. Elkins

7 00

" 10

B. H. Hawkins

40 00

" 10

R. C. Moore

2 50

" 10

Smith Premier Co

6 25

" 10

Stanley Smith

24 40

" 10

Columbia Typewriter Exchange. . . .

1 00

" 10

H. H. Wolfe

8 00

" 10

Columbia Statesman

6 00

" 10

D. F. Luckey

194 62

" 10

Columbia Telephone Co

3 20

" 10

T. E. White

11 45

" 10

W. J. Corothers

10 00

Feb. 5

C. G. Cullison

74 56

" 5

S. H. Elkins

7 00

5

Columbia Statesman

3 00

5

Minnie Foster

4 00

5

R. L. Allen

196 01

" 5

D. F. Luckey

185 54

5

B. H. Hawkins

40 00

5

W. J. Carothers. . . . .•

10 00

Mar. 7

B. H. Hawkins

40 00

" 7

Western Union Co

3 89

7

Columbia Statesman

4 50

7

S. H. Elkins

14 00

» 7

W. J. Carothers

9 45

7

Pacific Express Co ...

4 82

7

D. F. Luckey

189 87

7

S. H. Elkins

5 00

7

Minnie Foster

1 00

April 1

H. H. Wolfe

19 43

1

R. C. Moore

15 00

1

Horace Bradley. .

9 30

1

J. H. Slater

16 35

1

R. L. Allen

207 21

1

R. B. Love

70 24

1

S. H. Elkins

22 00

A-3

34

Missouri Agricultural Report.

STATE VETERINARY FUND— Continued.

Date.

1907.

War. No.

Name.

May

July

9.

9.
" 9.
" 9.
" 9.
" 9.
" 9.
" 9.
" 9.
" 9.
" 9.

9.

June 5.

" 5.

5

5.
" 5.
" 5.

5.
" 5.
" 5.

5.

6.

6.

6.

6.

6.

6.

6.

6.

6.

6.

6.

6.

6.

6.

6.

5.

5.
" 5.
" 5.

5.
" 5.

5.

5.
" 5.
" 5.
" 31.
" 31.
" 31.
" 31.
" 31.
" 31.
Sept 23.
" 23.
Oct. 2.
" 2.

Aug.

1927
1928
1929
1930

1931
1932
1933
1934
1935
1936
1937
1938
1939
1940
1941

1942
1943
1944
1945
1946
1947
1948
1949
1950

1951
1952
1953
1954
1955
1956
1957
1958
1959
1960
1961
1962
1963
1964
1965
1966
1967
1968
1969
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974

1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984

By B. H. Hawkins

Columbia Telephone Co.

National Paper Co

D. F. Luckey

To requisition

By Horace Bradley

Columbia Telephone Co.

R. P. Poage

W. F. Berry

F. W. O'Brien

R. C. Moore

S. H. Elkins

R. L. Allen

B. H. Hawkins

D. F. Luckey

W. J. Carothers

To requisition

By B. H. Hawkins

S. H. Elkins

R. C. Moore

S. Sheldon

H. H. Wolf

L. D. Brown

J. H. McElroy

E. Brainerd

D. F. Luckey

To requisition

By E. Brainerd

R. C. Moore

D. F. Luckey

H. F. Boettner

Stanley Smith

F. W. O'Brien

W. D. McKee

Hatton & Knight

Geo. B. Ellis

S. H. Elkins

B. H. Hawkins

S. W. Hudson

J. M. Courtright

A. T. Peters

L. D. Brown

B. H. Hawkins

Columbia Statesman. . .
R. L. Allen

D. F. Luckey

E. Brainerd

H. F. Boettner

Horace Bradley

R. C. Moore

W. J. Carothers

To requisition

By H. V. Goode

S. Sheldon

J. E. Taylor

B. H. Hawkins

W. E. Dabbs

D. F. Luckey

C. Murphy

F. I. Vande venter

Hatton & Knight

Columbia Statesman. . .

Dr.

$1,500 00

500 00

1,000 00

1,000 00

Cr.

$40

00

9

75

50

00

187

79

24

10

3

00

15

20

100

95

11

85

73

75

7

00

234

54

40

00

247

69

7

00

40

00

53

30

15

00

10

00

17

25

19

20

6

25

9

24

208

59

11

46

29

55

204

62

37

01

12

00

15

86

38

64

12

00

15

81

20

00

40

00

31

50

45

00

100

00

48

40

40

00

9

50

209

03

243

62

15

84

IS

30

16

55

22

00

6

60

22

59

14

00

41

10

40

00

190

67

207

58

36

00

3

50

4

00

3

50

Report of Secretary.

35

STATE VETERINARY FUND— Continued.

War. No.

Name.

Dr.

Cr.

1985
1986
1987
1988
1988
1990
1991
1992

1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017

2018
2019
2020
2021
2022
2023
2024
2025

Chas. Doerrie

R. C. Moore

R. L. Allen

Horace Bradley

J. E. Taylor

D. F. Luckey

J. H. Slater

W. E. Dabbs

To requisition

By S. W. Hudson

J. E. Taylor

Jas. Cullsion

R. C. Moore

Columbia Statesman.

R. P. Poage

F. W. O'Brien

E. Brainerd

J. H. Slater

R. C. Moore

L. D. Brown

E. M. Marten

D. F. Luckey

R. B. Love

S. H. Elkins

S. H. Elkins

Eloise Kneisley

Columbia Statesman .

W. F. Berry

Horace Bradley

H. H. Wolf

H. V. Goode

Stanley Smith

J. E. Taylor

W. E. Dabbs

To requisition

By E. M. Martin

D. F. Luckey

Stanley Smith

R. C. Moore

F. W. O'Brien

H. V. Goode

E. M. Hendy

R. P. Scurlock

By balance

$1,000 00

1,000 00

$7,331 89

$8 75

45 00
202 SO

6 74

72 48
279 41

37 49

46 83

73 75

50 60

9 36

50 00

11 00
8 02

23 30
19 20
19 44

47 50
22 71
50 00

202 82

7 22

12 75

14 00

10 65

17 00
42 37
33 39

8 50

15 98
14 26
69 03

103 00

50 00

230 35

19 69

47 25

14 96

15 38

11 74

18 31
363 18

$7,331 89

SUMMARY OF SECRETARY'S FINANCIAL STATEMENT.

EXPENSE OF MEMBERS FUND.

Date.

Dr.

Cr.

December 18, 1906.. .

To balance

$281 02
1,200 00

April 1, 1907

To appropriation

By vouchers paid

$666 44

balance with our treasurer

314 58

balance with State Treasurer

500 00

$1,481 02

$1,481 02

36

Missouri Agricultural Report.

FARMERS' INSTITUTE FUND.

Date.

Dr.

Cr.

December 18, 1906.. .

To balance

$1,518 84
10,000 00

April 1, 1907

To appropriation

By vouchers paid

$3,422 00

balance with our treasurer

596 84

balance with State Treasurer

7,500 00

$11,518 84

$11,518 84

OFFICE EXPENSE FUND.

Date.

Dr.

Cr.

December 18, 1906...

To balance

$82 91
1,000 00

April 1, 1907

To appropriation

By vouchers paid

$445 57

balance with our treasurer

137 34

balance with State Treasurer

S00 00

$1,082 91

$1,082 91

STATE VETERINARY FUND.

Date.

Dr.

Cr.

December 18, 1906.. .

To balance

$1,331 89
16,200 00

April 1, 1907

To appropriation

By vouchers paid

$6,968 71

balance with our treasurer

363 18

balance with State Treasurer

10,200 00

$17,531 89

$17,531 89

STATE HIGHWAY ENGINEER FUND.

Date.

•

Dr.

Cr.

April 1, 1907

To appropriation

$12,000 00

By vouchers paid

$1,562 77

balance with our treasurer. .

437 23

balance with State Treasurer

10,000 00

$12,000 00

$12,000 00

APIARY INSPECTION FUND.

Date.

Dr.

Cr.

April 1, 1907

To appropriation

$2,000 00

By vouchers paid ...

$774 25

balance with our treasurer

225 75

balance with State Treasurer

1,000 00

$2,000 00

$2,000 00

Report of Secretary.

37

KANSAS CITY INTERSTATE FAIR FUND.

Date.

Dr.

Cr.

April 1, 1907

To appropriation

$5,000 00

By vouchers paid

$3,701 45

balance with our treasurer

298 55

balance with State Treasurer

1,000 00

$5,000 00

$5,000 00

DISTRIBUTION ANNUAL REPORT FUND.

Date.

Dr.

Cr.

December 18, 1906...

April 1, 1907

December 18, 1906 to
December 17, 1907

December 17, 1907.
December 17, 1907.

To balance in Treasury, Board of Agriculture.
Amount of appropriation

$8,000 00

By warrants drawn for distributing annual
report

By amount paid for printing and binding
annual report, account with Printing Com
mission

By balance in treasury, Board of Agriculture

By balance in State Treasury

$696 24

3,214 58

103 76

3,985 42

$8,000 00

$8,000 00

MONTHLY CROP REPORT FUND.

Date.

Dr.

Cr.

December 18, 1906.. .

April 1, 1907

December 18, 1906 to
December 17, 1907

December 17, 1907...

December 17, 1907...
December 17, 1907...

To balance in our treasury. .
amount of appropriation.

$68 31
2,000 00

By warrants drawn on Treasurer Board of
Agriculture

By amount paid for printing bulletins, ac-
count with Printing Commission

By balance in treasury, Board of Agriculture

By balance in State Treasury

$2,068 31

$464 00

127 05

104 31

1,372 95

$2,068 31

TREASURER'S REPORT.

To the State Board of Agriculture :

I, W. A. Bright, Treasurer of the Board of Agriculture, sub-
mit the following report of the amount of money received from the
State Treasurer, including balances, and the amounts paid out on
warrants presented against the several funds of the Board of
Agriculture, and the balances now on hand, all for the year end-
ing December 13, 1907 :

PRINTING OF ANNUAL REPORT.

Date.

Dr.

Cr.

September 21

By overdraft

$ 10

October 19

To State warrant

$600 00
200 00

December 6. .

State warrant

December 13

By warrants paid and cancelled

696 24

December 13

balance

103 66

$800 00

$800 00

MONTHLY CROP REPORT.

Date.

Dr.

Cr.

December 15, 1906.. .

To balance

$102 93
200 00
200 00
100 00

May 20, 1907

July 15, 1907

State warrant

State warrant

December 6, 1907

December 13, 1907. . .

State warrant

By warrants paid and cancelled

$498 62

December 13, 1907. . .

balance

104 31

$602 93

$602 93

(38)

Report of Treasurer.

39

EXPENSE OF MEMBERS' FUND.

Date.

Dr.

Cr.

December 11, 1906.

May 20, 1907

June 8, 1907

December 6, 1907. .
December 13, 1906.
December 13, 1907.

To balance

State warrant

State warrant

State warrant

By warrants paid and cancelled,
balance

$281 02
200 00
300 00
200 00

il 02

$666 44
314 58

$981 02

FARMERS' INSTITUTE FUND.

Date.

Dr.

Cr.

December 17 1906.

To balance

$2,338 41

500 00

500 00

500 00

1,000 00

May 20, 1907

July 10, 1907

October 7 1907

State warrant

State warrant

State warrant

December 6 1907..

State warrant

December 13, 1907.. .

By warrants paid and cancelled

$4 203 51

December 13 1907. . .

634 90

$4,838 41

$4,838 41

OFFICE EXPENSE FUND.

Date.

Dr.

Cr.

December 17, 1906. . .

$82 91
200 00
100 00
100 00
100 00

May 20, 1907

June 8, 1907

October 7, 1907

State warrant

October 5, 1907. .

State warrant

December 13, 1907. . .

By warrants paid and cancelled

$445 57

December 13, 1907.. .

balance

137 34

$5S2 91

$582 91

STATE VETERINARY FUND.

Date.

Dr.

Cr.

December 17, 1906. . .

To balance

$1,382 69
1,500 00
500 00
1,000 00
1,000 00
1,000 00
1,000 00

May 20, 1907

June 3, 1907

State warrant

June 8, 1907

State warrant

August 9, 1907

State warrant

October 7, 1907

State warrant

December 6, 1907. . . .

State warrant

December 13, 1907.. .

By warrants paid and cancelled

$6,874 14

December 13, 1907.. .

balance

508 55

$7,382 69

$7,382 69

40

Missouri Agricultural Report.

SALARIES AND EXPENSE OF APIARY INSPECTION FUND.

Date.

Dr,

Cr.

August 9, 1907

October 19, 1907. . . .

To State warrant

$500 00
500 00

State warrant

December 13, 1907.. .

By warrants paid and cancelled

$774 25

December 13, 1907. . .

balance

225 75

»

$1,000 00

$1,000 00

KANSAS CITY INTERSTATE FAIR FUND.

Date.

Dr.

Cr.

July 31, 1907

To State warrant

$500 00
2,000 00
1,500 00

September 23, 1907. .

State warrant

October 7, 1907

State warrant

December 13, 1907.. .

By warrants paid and cancelled

$3,667 95

December 13, 1907. . .

balance

332 05

$4,000 00

$4,000 00

HIGHWAY ENGINEER OR STATE HIGHWAY ENGINEER FUND.

Date.

Dr.

Cr.

July 10, 1907

To State warrant

$500 00
500 00
500 00
500 00

August 9, 1907

State warrant

October 7, 1907

State warrant

December 6, 1907. . . .

State warrant

December 13, 1907.. .

By warrants paid and cancelled

$1,530 37

December 13, 1907.. .

balance

469 63

$2,000 00

$2,000 00

Very respectfully submitted,

W. A. Bright, Treasurer.

REPORT OF STATE VETERINARIAN.

Mr. President and Gentlemen of the State Board of Agriculture:
I must again call your attention to many unwholesome con-
ditions existing in connection with the slaughtering of food ani-
mals in this State. Following the agitation some two years ago,
country slaughter houses were temporarily cleaned up. A large
per cent of the butchers of the State have drifted back into the
old rut and are slaughtering animals for food in plants that are
so filthy as to make it entirely impossible to dress a carcass in
them and have it clean enough to be fit to eat. A number of
butchers are making a practice of taking diseased animals from
the stock yards and slaughtering them for food. I am reliably in-
formed that one firm, at least, handles practically nothing but
diseased stuff. Such practices by even a few, are bound to reflect
discredit upon and damage the reputation of all plants not having
meat inspection, in addition to imposing upon the public with meat
unfit to eat.

The practice of slaughtering diseased animals is bound to
grow and is growing, on account of the rejection of such stuff by
plants having inspection, and the field being left clear for their
use by plants having no inspection. Sooner or later the evil ef-
fects of this must be felt, not alone by the guilty, but by those
who have plants in proper condition, and who use only healthy
animals.

As was suggested in the annual report of 1906, and in a bul-
letin on meat inspection, crooked practice on the part of a few
butchers, among those who have no meat inspection, reflects dis-
credit upon them all. During the next few years the process of
weeding out tuberculous cows from the herds of the State and
sending them to the market for slaughter will go on more rapidly
than ever before. Naturally, large numbers of these, especially
those that are condemned on a private test by their owners, will

(41)

42 Missouri Agricultural Report.

be sold to unsuspecting packers without any notice of their dis-
eased condition. It is not possible to foretell just how bad the re-
sults will be, but the way is clear for the few who engage in igno-
rant and unlawful practices to almost ruin the independent pack-
ing industry. Every sort of practice which tends to bring inde-
pendent packing plants into disrepute should be stopped.

A bill authorizing the Board of Agriculture to prevent the
removal of diseased animals from the public markets was defeated
in the House of the last General Assembly. Bills (1) regulating
sanitary conditions about slaughter houses, and (2) authorizing
all cities of the State to provide by ordinance for meat inspection
and a city abattoir, were defeated in the Senate committee. The
protection of the public from unwholesome and diseased meat,
and the promotion of the packing industries makes such legisla-
tion necessary.

During the past two years, while trust packers have been re-
ceiving attention from the Federal Government, there has been a
great opportunity to build up a magnificent, independent packing
industry in this State. It is true that independent plants have
been a little more prosperous than usual during this period, but
all disputes between the packing trust and the government are
liable to be settled in the course of time, and when they are, I am
satisfied that the trust will be in a position to do the lion's share
of the packing business. Instead of being contented to let well
enough alone and let independent plants enjoy a temporary pros-
perity, the opportunity ought to have been taken advantage of to
encourage the development of so many deserving independent pack-
ing houses, as to have provided abundant markets for live stock.
The one great essential to the successful operation of a packing
plant is that it turn out wholesome meat.

I still believe that the State ought to have a law authorizing
all county and city boards of health to enforce cleanliness in all
slaughter houses and the disinfection of such houses after each
slaughter, and require the removal of offal some distance away
from them. The law ought to authorize all cities to provide at
will, for meat inspection and for slaughtering all food animals at
a city abattoir or other approved plant. In large cities there
onght to be a sufficient number of city abattoirs to accommodate
all the butchers who have no approved plant of their own, or are
not doing enough slaughtering to justify the authorities in keep-
ing a city inspector at their plant.

Report of State Veterinarian. 43

SCABIES.

During the year 1907 there were 25 shipments from this
state to the public markets, of sheep affected with scabbies. These
shipments orginated in almost as many different sections of the
State. In every case the origin of the shipment was investigated
by this department. The stock pens, through which the sheep
were loaded, were quarantined until properly disinfected by the
railroad over which the shipment was made. The history of
every lot of scabby sheep was traced out as far as possible, and all
infected flocks placed in quarantine until dipped and cured. The
same practice was carried out in connection with scabby cattle, of
which there were nine shipments during the year.

In about three-fourths of the investigations of sheep and
cattle scabies, it was found that the infection in this State was
introduced by sheep and cattle imported from other western states.
In about one-half of the outbreaks, it was found that the infection
has come direct from the stock yards. The extreme small number
of outbreaks of scabies among sheep and cattle compared to the
great numbers of shipments of these animals imported from ter-
ritory more or less infected with this disease, reflects great credit
upon the system of field and stock yards inspection maintained by
the Federal Bureau of Animal Industry.

The outbreak of scabies among sheep in Laclede county, has
apparently been stamped out. On account of lack of funds and
the necessary amount of help, the work in Laclede county was not
as complete as desired, but the fact that no scabby sheep were
shipped from the county during the year 1907, indicates that very
little, if any, infection remains.

Altogether, the indications are that scabies exists anywhere
in this State only to a very limited extent. A few outbreaks, in-
cident to the importation of sheep and cattle from the western
ranges are unavoidable, and may be expected from time to time
in the future.

Under present arrangement it is almost impossible for any
outbreak to gain much headway. This disease is easily cured, and
we may reasonably expect to keep the losses from it down to the
minimum.

TEXAS FEVER.

During the past year Texas fever ticks were found on cattle
in Ripley, Oregon, Jasper, Newton, McDonald and Barry coun-

44 Missouri Agricultural Report.

ties. These ticks have been more or less prevalent in Southwest
Missouri for years. They were first noticed in Ripley county in
1906, and were apparently carried there and spread over the
county by western horses. The infection in Oregon county seems
to have been spread there by ticky cattle ranging over the line
from Sharp county, Arkansas.

The general plan adopted by this department for preventing
the spread of the fever ticks and eradicating them from the in-
fected areas, was (1) to place all infested cattle and pastures in
quarantine, (2) to require all cattle ranging on infested ground to
be greased every four weeks, and (3) to forbid the use of infested
pastures by any cattle or horses except they were greased every
four weeks. An especial effort was made to have every cow in
the State, ranging on any infested ground, greased after cold
weather to prevent the possibility of her carrying any ticks through
the winter on her body. To complete the eradication of the fever
ticks in the State will require the burning over of all infested
ground before warm weather, toward which a campaign of educa-
tion has been continually carried on by all inspectors engaged in
the work. A healthy sentiment has been developed in favor of
burning the infested ranges and pastures, and the only remaining
element of doubt about the results is whether or not the weather
will be dry enough for thorough burning. The amount of infec-
tion which will remain in the State during the coming year, de-
pends wholly upon the thoroughness with which the infested pas-
tures and ranges are burned over. If, at any time, before warm
weather, there is an opportunity to do this burning effectively the
work will be promptly attended to.

Dr. R. L. Allen was employed to take charge of the tick eradi-
cation work in Southwest Missouri for the month of July and Au-
gust. Mr. W. E. Dabb, a cattleman of Anderson, Missouri, was
employed to assist him and to attend to whatever work was left to
do, after Dr. Allen's time expired. With the assistance of Mr. J.
E. Taylor of Oregon county, I attended to this work in Ripley
county in person.

During the season, 78 lots of cattle were quarantined in Rip-
ley^ county, 8 in Oregon, 9 in Jasper, 40 in Newton, 27 in McDonald
and 1 in Barry. I wish to explain that hunting up and finding all
the lots of tick infested cattle is a very tedious matter. These lots,
usually small, are found scattered through different neighborhoods
and in many cases in almost inaccessible ranges. Some of the
herds in Ripley county, among which ticks were found, were so

Report of State Veterinarian. 45

badly scattered in uninhabited range, that it required, in some
cases, two to four weeks' riding for their owners to find all of
them. Yet, under the method pursued, no infested cattle got away
from Southwest Missouri to the public markets or outside neigh-
borhoods, as far as we are able to learn, and only a few infested
individuals were shipped out of Ripley county undetected in four
or five shipments.

I believe that every ticky animal in the State was quarantined
and disinfected. If it is possible to get the infested pastures and
ranges burned over before any cattle become re-infested in the
spring, there ought to be very little, if any, infection left in the
State next year.

GLANDERS.

The number of cases of glanders found over the State during
the year 1907, was 117. Of the animals condemned, 89 were in
Kansas City, and 28 over the balance of the State. From the num-
ber found over the State it may be judged that fair success has
been obtained in stamping out this disease. As long as shipments
of horses into and through the State continues, especially horses
from western ranges, where glanders is somewhat prevalent, a few
outbreaks are bound to occur. Compared to the traffic in horses
through this State the number of cases, outside of Kansas City, in-
dicates a good condition of affairs. On the other hand the number
of cases found in Kansas City is sufficient to warrant grave con-
sideration of the matter. I believe that a careful investigation of
actual conditions in Kansas City would show glanders much more
prevalent than is indicated by the number of cases reported. Dur-
ing the past five years Kansas City has had more cases of glanders
than all the rest of the State together. Considering that every ef-
fort has been made to stamp out glanders in Kansas City and the
fact that this disease is still so prevalent, is just cause for alarm.

In this connection it is well to note that in 1903, when glanders
was widespread in Kansas City, the most perfect system possible
was put into operation for its eradication. The work was begun
in August of that year by securing the services of some thirty-four
Bureau of Animal Industry inspectors, with whose assistance prac-
tically all of the horses in the city, outside of the large, well kept
stables, were inspected in one day. This was followed up with a
systematic campaign in which the field officers of the Humane So-
ciety and the entire police force of the city were enlisted in re-
porting animals which they found on the streets showing symptoms

46 Missouri Agricultural Report.

of glanders. All cases reported were investigated by Dr. R. C.
Moore, Deputy State Veterinarian, and all animals found affected
with glanders were quarantined and later destroyed by the sheriff.
The water was shut off from the public watering basins. The re-
sults were highly satisfactory, and there was a gradual decrease
in the number of cases each month, until the following April, when
there were none reported. Following this the water was turned
on again, and the number of cases of glanders almost simultan-
eously began to increase. Since then the story has been the same.
With the water shut off, the number of cases of glanders has de-
creased. With it turned on, the number of cases has increased.

The watering basins in Kansas City, are so constructed as to
allow teams of horses to approach them from different directions.
They are circular, about four feet high and about forty inches in
diameter. When a number of horses are drinking from one of
these basins at the same time, their noses are only a few inches
apart. If one of these horses happens to be affected with glanders,
it may convey the disease to all the others in a few minutes' time.
In all other outbreaks of glanders over the State, for the past eight
years, all dangerous watering troughs have been promptly dis-
pensed with, and the outbreaks have been completely stamped out.
As long as the present type of watering trough is maintained in
Kansas City, there is no hope of controlling glanders. In justice
to the balance of the State, and especially to the farming com-
munity adjacent to Kansas City, where a number of outbreaks of
glanders have occurred by infection direct from the city, some rem-
edy ought to be applied. Unless the dangerous type of watering
basin is abolished so that the disease may be controlled in the city,
a quarantine restricting the movement of horses into and out of
the city is a necessity.

HOG CHOLERA.

Since September, 1902, there have been 880 shipments of hogs,
diseased with cholera, from this State to the public markets. Each
of these shipments represented a loss in the locality from which
it came. In some cases this local loss was small. In a number of
cases it was very large. The loss in one county from which only
a single shipment of diseased hogs came, amounted to at least $150,-
000.00. Another county, which was swept over by an outbreak of
the cholera, sent only two shipments of diseased hogs to the mar-
ket. Two other counties which had extensive outbreaks and con-

Report of State Veterinarian. 47

sequent heavy losses sent no such shipments. Altogether it seems
that there must have been a local loss averaging at least $10,000.00
at the point of origin of each of the 880 shipments. At least, the
total loss from hog cholera in this State, during the past five years,
can not be placed below $8,000,000.00. The exhibition of a lot of
hogs diseased with cholera this year at our State Fair, resulted in
the infection of choice hogs from our finest registered herds. Al-
most without exception these hogs were returned to the herd with-
out the precaution of keeping them in quarantine for 30 days.
They were the source of the infection which has not only ruined
many of our best registered herds, but spread the disease through-
out the various neighborhoods in which they belonged. Whatever
the loss from this amounts to, it must be added to the $8,000,000.00
already accounted- for, to get at the total loss from hog cholera in
the past few years.

During the drouth of 1901, the stock hogs were shipped out of
this State or killed outright to such an extent as to leave barely
one-half of the normal number in the farmers' hands. In 1902 the
bumper corn crop raised in the State, created a big demand for
stock hogs to which to feed it. Anticipating the results that al-
ways follow the promiscuous shipping of stock hogs, this depart-
ment undertook to forestall the impending outbreak. On investi-
gation it was found that the funds available for veterinary control
work would not permit this department to put any effective system
of control into operation. With a view to preventing the spread
of disease as far as possible, the three stock yards of the State
were quarantined and the authorities in charge were forbidden to
allow any hogs to be removed therefrom except for immediate
slaughter. Information concerning hog cholera and directions for
preventing its introduction into and spread through this State, was
published broadcast in the market reports and all agricultural
papers. The principal directions given were in regard to handling
stock hogs, and they hold good today. These instructions warned
buyers to avoid buying stock hogs in any neighborhood where the
cholera was present. They advised the owner to disinfect any car
used for shipping hogs, by washing it with a corrossive sublimate
solution 1 to 1,000. They also advised that whenever hogs are
moved from one place to another they should be kept in quarantine
for at least 25 days before they are turned in with other hogs. Then
during the session of the Legislature in 1903, after the cholera had
gotten well started, a special appropriation of $6,000 was asked

48 Missouri Agricultural Report.

for hog cholera control work. This appropriation was not made.

Detailed mention of this matter is made to show the results
in the past, that we may begin in time to plan to prevent a repe-
tition of another such loss in the future. Probably three-fourths
of the total loss from hog cholera came directly from hogs ship-
ped into the various neighborhoods in the State. If farmers had
made a practice of quarantining for 25 or 30 days, all stock hogs
which had been shipped and the appropriation of $6,000.00 had
been made, I believe that at least $6,000,000.00 of the loss could
have been saved. Unless we make due preparation for the future,
and take up the work of hog cholera control in the proper way, this
same loss will occur from time to time in the future as it has in
the past. It is almost impossible to ship hogs from one place to
another without getting them exposed to the cholera. As long as
the State allows them to be shipped from place to place without
restriction, just so long will enormous losses from cholera occur.

By some authority the shipment of all stock hogs ought to be
restricted. The shipper ought to be required to disinfect the car
used. He ought to be required to keep the hogs quarantined for
30 days after arrival at point of destination before they are turned
in with other hogs or offered for sale. If, in the quarantine period,
a disease appears among them, the whole lot ought to be shipped

l

to market for immediate slaughter, observing due care to follow
with proper disinfection, or be slaughtered and burned and in-
demnity granted their owner by the State.

This regulation may be either embodied in a statute or the
power conferred upon the Governor to prescribe such regulation
by proclamation, as the emergency might require.

A close study of the history of this last outbreak shows plainly
wherein efficient control work would have prevented the most, if
not nearly all of it. With the information gained by experience
with the outbreak just passed, it seems reasonable that with effi-
cient laws and the necessary funds, another outbreak can be made
very limited if not prevented altogether. As a further evidence
of this fact, we will notice that in the five years during which
Missouri spent nothing in the control of hog cholera, and lost more
than $8,000,000.00 from the disease, the Dominion of Canada spent
less than $100,000.00 in control work and lost less than $25,000.00.
In other words, the State of Missouri is out $8,000,000.00 plus the
loss of many of our registered herds, and the whole Dominion of
Canada is out $125,000.00. The work we are planning now was

Report of State Veterinarian. 49

planned and carried out in Canada more than 15 years ago. It is
impossible with any amount of money to jump into the midst of
a widespread outbreak of hog cholera and control it. The neces-
sary laws must be passed and the money appropriated for the work
in advance is that each little outbreak can be stamped out before
the disease spreads beyond control.

There are two factors which will enter into the future work
for controlling hog cholera which have not heretofore been put
into practice, viz. : Immunizing and breeding immune. Both of
these are now well enough understood to be used to some extent,
at least, and it is possible that by their extensive use the hog
cholera may be stamped out absolutely. Although the method for
immunizing hogs against cholera and the one for breeding them
immune from it are more or less crude and untried, there is no
doubt about the complete success of either. If these methods can
be put into general practice, which is entirely feasible, the disease
can be controlled without any law restricting the movement of
stock hogs and with much less expense.

IMMUNIZING.

The fact that hogs may be completely immunized against
cholera has been thoroughly demonstrated by the Federal Bureau
of Animal Industry and verified by the Missouri Experiment Sta-
tion. A hog which is known to be immune from cholera is used
in the beginning of the operation. The fact that he is immune
from cholera is ascertained by his having gone through an out-
break of cholera without taking it or has taken it and recovered.
This hog is injected with a culture of hog cholera germs. The re-
action from this injection causes a still more intense immunity and
the hog is spoken of as "hyper-immunized." The blood of the
hyper-immunized hog is drawn by cutting off a short section of
his tail. The serum of this blood is injected into the hog, which
is to be immunized. Injected alone, the serum produces temporary
immunity. By injecting a small quantity of a culture of hog
cholera germs at the same time the serum is injected, the im-
munity is made to last for a long while, if not permanently. The
blood of the hyper-immunized hog is drawn some 8 or 10 days after
he is given the hyper-immunizing dose. It may be drawn several
times thereafter, only a very short section of his tail being cut
off each time. A large hog is best suited for the purpose of pro-

A— 1

50 Missouri Agricultural Report.

during immune blood. The amount of blood drawn from different
hogs differs, but is always comparatively small. The amount of
the serum to be injected into the hog to be immunized is not set-
tled positively, but good results have been gotten by injecting 20cc
or 5 teaspoonsful with 1 to 2 cc. of the culture. The operation
of immunizing a hog may be performed with the use of an ordi-
nary blackleg syringe, and is not more difficult than preparing and
administering blackleg vaccine. The principle hindrance to the gen-
eral use of the immunizing method is the difficulty of getting the
necessary amount of serum from immune hogs. If it is possible to
produce a suitable serum in hogs, in which case much larger quanti-
ties may be procured, the method may be put into general practice.
Unless this can be done, the process of immunizing must of neces-
sity be too slow for general use in a wide spread outbreak of hog
cholera. Even now, the use of this method is of the greatest value,
laying the foundation for breeding hogs immune from cholera.

BREEDING HOGS IMMUNE FROM CHOLERA.

It was demonstrated some years ago by Dr. A. T. Peters, of
the Nebraska Experiment Station, that by beginning with immune
sows, hogs could be bred immune from cholera. The method has
been successfully followed by farmers in this State. There is no
room for doubt about the success of the method. The only diffi-
culty will be to get hog raisers to put it into general practice.

This method consists in beginning with immunized sows and
feeding them the germs of hog cholera once, two weeks before
and twice at intervals of two weeks after farrowing. Immune sows
with which to begin this method may be secured in two ways:
(1) By selecting hogs that have gone through an outbreak of the
cholera and either recovered or did not take it; (2) by immunizing
sows artificially as explained above. The germs with which to
feed the sows under treatment, are present in the flesh of a hog
which has died of cholera and this flesh may be used. It is some-
times very difficult to obtain the flesh of a diseased hog. On that
account it will be necessary to use an artificial culture. The au-
thorities of the Missouri Experiment Station have agreed to keep
a culture of hog cholera germs and send out supplies to those who
desire to make use of this method.

Report of State Veterinarian. 51

TUBERCULOSIS.

During the past year the tuberculin test was administered to
30 herds of cattle, in six of which tuberculosis was found. A total
of 702 head of cattle were tested, of which 32 head, or 4.5 per cent,
were found diseased. In all cases the accuracy of the test was
verified by post-mortem examinations. The herds tested were well
distributed over the State. Within the last year cattle affected with
tuberculosis, shown by post-mortem examination, were received at
the public markets from Windsor, Bronaugh, Sturgeon, Hallsville,
Lebanon and Columbia. Hogs diseased with tuberculosis were re-
ceived at the public markets from Westboro, Tarkio, Iantha, Clear-
mont, Wayland, Raymore, Mosby, Skidmore, Boonville, Center-
view, Garden City and Centralia. As a rule, hogs and cattle, after
being purchased by the packers, are lost trace of, and it is only in
rare cases that accurate information concerning the point of origin
of diseased stuff can be definitely ascertained. The number of cases
reported to this office must, therefore, be only a small per cent of
the total number of shipments of diseased hogs and cattle from
this State. The results of the inspection of herds over different
parts of the State and the receipt of so much tuberculous stock at
the public markets shows tuberculosis to be prevalent over the
State. The number of cattle and hogs found diseased with tuber-
culosis last year, both by the test and in the meat inspection, was
so much greater than in previous years as to indicate a rapid
spread of this disease.

Among the cattle tested during the last five years, individuals
diseased with tuberculosis were found coming direct from six
prominent registered herds of this State. Diseased individuals
were traced directly to as many prominent registered herds in
other states. Very few of the breeders of registered herds have,
up to this time, taken any effective precaution to prevent the in-
troduction of tuberculous cattle into their herds. The tuberculin
test, the only accurate means of ascertaining whether or not an
animal is diseased with tuberculosis, has been neglected almost al-
together. But one result could possibly follow, viz. : All perma-
nent herds, to which individual animals are added from time to
time, have been left open to infection, and many of them have
actually become infected. These herds, in turn, send out breed-
ing animals to be used in improving scrub herds, which, in many

52 Missouri Agricultural Report.

»

cases, carry tuberculosis with them. Tuberculous cows from one
registered herd of dairy cattle have been found in three dairy
herds of the State and were the first infected animals in two of
these herds and apparently so in the third. It is no longer safe
for any person, with a permanent herd of beef or dairy cattle, to
add animals to it without first testing them with tuberculin. This
is especially true of dairymen, who must soon either keep cows
free from tuberculosis or go out of the dairy business. The gen-
eral use of the tuberculin test, and that alone, will stop the spread
of tuberculosis among cattle.

During the past few years the tuberculous cattle that were
found in a number of different herds were taken out and the prem-
ises disinfected. A subsequent re-test showed these herds to be
free from tuberculosis. In a number of herds, where the disease
was badly spread among the cattle, those affected were either iso-
lated or killed, as their value justified, and by the use of care the
disease is being stamped out. There is no herd so badly diseased
with tuberculosis but that with a small indemnity from the State
for those animals which it is necessary to slaughter, it will be
cheaper to the owner and to the State to stamp the disease out than
to leave it in. The fact that tuberculosis can be stamped out of any
herd has been thoroughly demonstrated. To let it exist in any
herd within this State is the falsest kind of economy.

The tests of dairy cattle made so far, although limited in num-
ber, have revealed a condition of affairs in some dairies that is
truly repulsive. In one case, some 27 cows and heifers were found
diseased with tuberculosis. Some 20 head of the diseased cows
were being milked and the milk shipped to St. Louis. Five of these
cows showed marked clinical symptoms, such as the most filthy
abscesses about the throat and, in one case, in the udder. The milk
from these diseased cows was shipped to a milk dealer in St. Louis,
mixed in a vat with his general supply and thence distributed over
the city. While the diseased cows in this herd were still in use,
their owner became very ill with symptoms of tuberculosis and
later on died. Another notable case was one in which a high class
dairy was furnishing milk to wealthy residents of the West End in
St. Louis at a fancy price. Although the cows were apparently
healthy, the test shows about half of them to be diseased with
tuberculosis. Post-mortem examination on all condemned showed
all to be diseased. About one-half of the number condemned show-
ed extensive lesions on post-mortem, including large pockets of
pus among the internal organs. The examination of dairy cattle

Report of State Veterinarian. 53

over the State has gone far enough to show, beyond a doubt, that
the general milk supply of St. Louis, Kansas City, St. Joe, and
many of the smaller cities of this State, is contaminated with milk
from cows diseased with tuberculosis.

All scientific investigation indicates that bovine tuber-
culosis is transmitted to man. The circumstantial evidence in the
case shows that a large part of the tuberculosis among human be-
ings is contracted by the use of the milk of tuberculous cattle. For
instance, we know that in St. Louis the use of milk from tuber-
culous cattle is general. We know that there is a very large num-
ber of cases of human tuberculosis in St. Louis. Some years ago
an anti-spitting ordinance was passed by the city, and other pre-
cautions taken to remove what were supposed to be the most fruit-
ful sources of tuberculosis infection. After all has been done, the
death rate from tuberculosis is still enormous. It is not confined
to the poor who live in unkept tenement houses. It invades the
most sanitary homes. The question is, "Where does this infection
come from?" Some answer to this question should be given. The
neglect to search for the source of infection causing so great a loss
of human life amounts to criminal carelessness on the part of those
who are in official positions. It is not a matter to admit of parley
and delay. If it is impossible to discover exactly which source of
infection is the most dangerous to the human family, we ought to
proceed without debate to remove all sources of infection, as an
army would close all doors of its fortress against the enemy. The
annual death rate from tuberculosis in Missouri can not be given
at less than 4,000. This State is paying out not less than $600,000
annually, nursing and burying consumptives. It is the consensus
of opinion of scientists that tuberculosis in the human family comes
largely from cattle. The milk supply of this State is now in such
a condition as to be easily responsible for one-half of the deaths
from tuberculosis in the human family. For that reason, if for no
other, this disease ought to be stamped out of our dairy herds.

In all of the work of testing cattle, we have tried to be care-
ful, accurate and fair with the owner. Whenever there has been
any doubt about the results of a test, we have always given the
owner the benefit of that doubt. We have made it a practice to re-
test animals that were especially valuable, in order to make doubly
sure of no errors. We have always invited the owner of condemned
cattle to witness the post-mortem examination of such animals as
were slaughtered. We have issued permits for the shipment for
immediate slaughter, subject to inspection, of all scrub stuff. When-

54 Missouri Agricultural Report.

ever valuable breeding animals have been condemned, their owner
has been given full and careful instruction as to handling them and
breeding them in such a way as to protect his herd and still get the
use of his diseased animals. It has been the rule in this work to
protect those who were unfortunate enough to own diseased cattle
from undue notoriety. Among those who have had their herds
tested there is practically nothing but good will.

LEGISLATION.

As the law stands, very little can be done by way of controlling
tuberculosis. All the work, so far, has been of a desultory nature,
this department making tests whenever there was an opportunity.
The requests for the test have, of necessity, been voluntary. No at-
tempt has been made to force the test on anybody, there being no
authority to do so. The voluntary requests for the test have been
comparatively few. The reason is very apparent. As the law stands,
all that can be done is to test a herd and place the diseased animals
in quarantine. The doubtful authority to permit their shipment
to market for immediate slaughter has been exercised. Even with
this, the owner, of dairy cows especially, gets almost nothing for
them. The loss is so great that it would be the financial ruin of
many who own tuberculous herds to have them tested under the
present law. In the last Legislature bills adding the word "tuber-
culosis" to the statutes were defeated by the Senate committee on
agriculture. The effect of the law, if it had been so amended, would
have been to pay an indemnity for cattle condemned on account of
tuberculosis, as is now done in case of horses condemned on ac-
count of glanders. It is well known that the majority of the dairy-
men of the State are willing to have their herds tested, and. are
anxious, once for all, to get clear of all tuberculosis in their herds.
This they can not do now without facing financial ruin. The law
must be amended to provide for indemnity before any effective work
can be done. The policy of coersion is a doubtful one. It seems
wise to arrange the law so as to provide for indemnity and let the
requests for the test remain voluntary for at least two years. It
is reasonably certain that a majority of the dairymen, under such
conditions, would have their herds free from tuberculosis within
two years. Then the public, by making a little inquiry, could at
least get dairy products that are wholesome. The few, however,
who would neglect to clean up their herds and continue to sell dis-
eased milk, would remain a menace to milk consumers and a dis-

Report of State Veterinarian. 55

grace to the dairy industry. If necessary, after two years' work,
laws could be passed requiring all dairy cattle to be tested. If a
law is passed off-hand, requiring all dairy cattle tested, it must
also provide for a liberal indemnity to be promptly paid. Some
law, making it possible to proceed with the eradication of so great
a scourge, is an absolute necessity.

APPROPRIATION.

Heretofore, the appropriation for the control of contagious
diseases of live stock has been so small as to prevent effective work.
As a result of too much economy, immense losses have occurred.
The appropriations have in no way been commensurate with the
vast live stock interest of this State. At the last session of the
general assemblies of those states, Minnesota appropriated $170,-
000.00 and Pennsylvania, $135,000.00 for control work. Other
states have appropriated money almost as liberally. At a sale in
Missouri last year, 2 pigs sold for over $9,000.00. The appropria-
tion by the great State of Missouri for the control of all the con-
tagious diseases of all animals for the year was $8,100.00. This
State ought to appropriate at least the value of 20 of the best pigs
in the State, and of 10 head of cattle, for controlling the many
contagious diseases of the domestic animals.

Respectfully,

D. F. Luckey,

State Veterinarian.

REPORT OF STATE HIGHWAY ENGINEER.

Columbia, Mo., December 17, 1907.
Mr. President and the Honorable Members of the State Board of
Agriculture :

Since assuming office on July 6th, I have devoted two-thirds
of my time to two of the three proposed cross-state roads from
Kansas City to St. Louis. The idea which first went abroad that
the State was to build this road, created much enthusiasm, which
was greatly lessened after the facts were understood. There still
remain enough genuine advocate of this movement to eventually
bring results. The idea is to build these roads by the organization
of road districts under the "benefit assessment" law. Five pro-
posed districts, comprising in all about 50 miles of road, are in dif-
ferent stages of organization. The publicity given these roads has
done much in the agitation for better roads.

During the time not devoted to the cross-state roads, I have
been fully employed with other roads of the State. Besides in-
quiries answered by mail, I have made personal trips for investi-
gation to Troy, Elsberry, Steedman, Springfield, Raymore, Belton,
Marshfield, Billings, Neosho, Odessa, Norborne and Van Buren.
Places which have made calls and now await a personal trip are
Gazette, Novelty, Savannah, Oregon, Holden, Hardin and Gains-
ville.

Estimates of cost have been made for 18 miles of road at
Troy, 6V2 miles at Elsberry and 6 miles at Steedman. I am draw-
ing up specifications and forms of contract for 5*/2 miles at Spring-
field and 18 miles at Raymore. Have had made a complete field
survey and am working on plans, estimates, specifications and con-
tract for 4 miles of road at Pleasant Hill. The calls to Marshfield,
Billings and Neosho were to assist in devising some method for
general improvement of the surrounding roads; to Odessa, for
consultation in the formation of a benefit district for the purpose
of making a graded earth road and construction of permanent cul-

(56)

Report of State Highway Engineer. 57

verts ; and to Norborne, to investigate draining a road through low
grounds. A survey has been made and when time permits, I shall
make an estimate and draw plans and specifications for bridging
the Current river at Van Buren.

There is considerable unfinished work on hand, and where it
has been necessary to have assistants, I have employed them. The
cost of this assistance to date amounts to $83.35, which I have
submitted, with receipts, in my expense account. Until such time
as a deputy is required, this method can be used with less expense
than the employment of a regular assistant.

As I now view the situation the engineer must, for the pres-
ent, devote his time to organizing counties under the new road
laws ; systemizing road work, making and maintaining earth roads
and constructing permanent culverts of stone masonry or concrete.
It is in this way that we must prepare for, or lead up to, a hard
surface on the main roads. All the encouragement and assistance
possible should be given to making rock roads, but by far the
greater part of the State is not ready for them.

The work has been of such nature as to keep me away from
the office, leaving practically no time for the preparation of pub-
lication. It is my intention to prepare a bulletin of instructions to
the county engineers. This bulletin will call attention to wrong
ways now used on working the roads, and will contain general
plans and remarks for the care of earth roads. It will contain
drawing and plans for concrete and stone masonry culverts, with
general items of approximate cost. It will set out and define some
of the new road laws, the benefit assessment law, the enactments
governing the State road fund and the county highway engineer,
with his duties and his relation to the county court. The main
feature, however, will be the development of the earth road with
permanent culverts and bridges.

I advise the establishment of a road laboratory in conjunction
with the University Engineering College. The approximate cost
of this will be $800.00. The Board of Agriculture through the
road department could pay one-half the cost, or $400. The labor-
atory is a necessary adjunct to the University in the establishment
of a course in road engineering. Aside from the benefits to be
derived from training boys in road work, we will then be prepared
to test road material from different parts of the State.

Some inducement is necessary to stimulate action toward the
more liberal application of rock as a road surfacing.

In a great many places to quarry and crush the rock, in whole

58 Missouri Agricultural Report.

or in part, would be considerable aid. This can be done by con-
vict labor, a plan of which I wish to present to the Board.

The State can own quarry and crusher plants, to be operated
under State supervision by the less troublesome convicts from the
penitentiary. These must be portable plants with some portable
means of housing the prisoners, and can be so limited in number
as to utilize only the less vicious convicts. Two hundred convicts
suitable for this work are now available in the penitentiary, enough
to operate ten plants, with an output from each of 60 cubic yards
of crushed rock per day, or a total of 600 cubic yards ; sufficient
during the nine working months of the year, for 70 miles of road.

The cost would be about $5,000.00 per plant, and the care of
each prisoner, 40 or 50 cents per day.

The State would soon be more than repaid by the increased
revenue derived from the increase in population and the increased
valuation of property accruing from good roads.

I do not advocate scattering the convicts out along a road. I
would keep them confined strictly to the quarry and crusher plants,
and leave hauling the rock and other work necessary to road con-
struction to be performed by the community for which the road is
being made. With systematic order of distribution and application
for such plants, much assistance can be given in the form of State
aid to road work. Were these plants available, I could use four
of them when the season opens next spring. As affairs now stand,
there may be nothing done. It is my belief, that in less than two
years we would have in constant use every plant the State could
man.

If such use of convicts is not inconsistent with the view of
the Board, I shall make a closer study of the subject and present
it in more detail.

Respectfully submitted,

Curtis Hill,

State Highway Engineer.

REPORT OF THE STATE INSPECTOR
OF APIARIES.

M. E. DARBY, SPRINGFIELD, MISSOURI.

Apiares inspected during the season, 1907 215

Apiaries found diseased with foulbrood 82

Colonies inspected 3,028

Colonies found diseased with foulbrood 297

I was appointed State Inspector of Apiaries June 5th, 1907,
and when I started on my work, part of the season best suited for
the inspection and location of diseased apiaries had passed.

A good deal of my work had to be educational, as most of the
bee keepers of our State are not aware that the disease of foul-
brood has spread through their apiaries. I had to make long trips
from one part of the State to the other to look after apiaries where
they were reported diseased, and the traveling expenses on this ac-
count were quite heavy.

In some parts of the State nearly every apiary inspected was
diseased with foulbrood, and much work is necessary to check the
disease in these localities.

It is of great importance that the bee keepers of the State
learn to recognize foulbrood when it appears in their apiaries, as
great losses can be prevented when foulbrood is detected as 'soon
as it makes its appearance in a locality. Since bees, honey and
queen bees are constantly shipped from one place to another the
disease is easily spread, unless great care is taken to prevent in-
fection.

Honey which is brought from unknown sources ought not to
be fed to bees. When feeding is necessary it is safe to feed syrup
made by dissolving granulated sugar in water, using half sugar and
half water, thus the danger of feeding honey which may contain
the germs of foulbrood is avoided.

When queens are bought from queen breeders, they can be in-

(59)

60

Missouri Agricultural Report.

troduced without any danger of infection with foulbrood, even if
the queen came from an infected hive, if precaution is taken.
Transfer the queen into a new cage provided with sufficient healthy
food. Destroy the cage in which the queen came, together with
the food and the bees it contains, by burning. The queen itself will
never transmit foulbrood, it is done by the bees which are sent
with her and the food in the cage.

Bee keepers ought to be very careful in using old hives with
comb, from which the bees have died, or in buying second-hand
supplies from infected apiaries, as often foulbrood is spread in
this way.

SYMPTOMS OF FOULBROOD.

(1) Brood in combs badly scattered, many empty cells,
cappings dark and sunken, some with holes in cappings, part
of brood hatching while others are dead. The dead larvae

Jbt-Oi.

State Ins

.

Figure 1. Oomb badly affected with Foulbrood. By courtesy of N. E. France, In-
spector of Apiaries, Wisconsin.

of a dark brown color, or blackish according to age. The
lightest colored will, upon inserting a toothpick, draw out much
like rubber or glue and at that stage has the most odor, much like
stale glue when warm.

Report of State Inspector of Apiaries.

61

(2) Dried scales. If the disease has reached advanced stages
all of above conditions will be easily seen. According to its age
of development, there will be either the shapeless mass of dark
brown matter on the lower side wall of the cell or the dried scale.
This scale nearly black and dried hard to wall of comb as thin as
side wall of the cell. The heat of the larvae often dries in a small
bunch and turned up some, in size about half size of pin head.

HOW TO DETECT FOULBROOD.

Take out carefully the oldest hatching brood in the hive, and
first see if the cappings are smooth or sunken and scattered, with
some having small holes in the cappings. This is more noticeable
in old black combs. Now bring the brood comb right side up to
the level of your chin, tip the top of the comb towards you so your

Figure 2.
Wisconsin.

Looking for Foul brood. By courtesy N. E. France, Inspector of Apiaries,

view strikes the lower walls of the brood cells, about one-third dis-
tance from front. Next turn your body so that bright daylight
comes over your shoulder and shines in each cell where your view
of suspected disease is found. The white line in this picture shows
the angle I want the light to come in each brood cell. Gas or
electric light will not take the place of sunshine or strong daylight.
On the lower side wall, just back from front end of the cells,
will be seen the apparently dead foul brood, nearly black, with a

62 Missouri Agricultural Report.

sharp pointed head slightly turned up. The body portion of the bee
flattened to a mere black lining of its cells, no thicker than one
side wall of the comb cells. The other side walls and bottom of the
cell look clean. The scales, if present as described, is a sure proof
of foulbrood. Such infected combs must be burned or melted in
boiling water, thus killing all disease and saving the wax. Dis-
eased combs melted by sunshine heat will not kill all disease. Al-
ways use abundance of boiling water in saving wax from old combs.
First melt the combs in large kettle of boiling water, and when all
melted and well stirred, is then strained through the wax press,
thus saving everything of any value.

TREATMENT.

McEvoy Treatment — "In the honey season when the bees are
gathering honey freely, remove the combs in the evening and shake
the bees into their own hives ; give them frames with comb founda-
tion starters and let them build comb for four days. The bees
will make the starters which they took with them from the old
comb. Then in the evening of the fourth day take out the new combs
and give them comb foundation (full sheets) to work out, and
then the cure will be complete. By this method of treatment all
the diseased honey is removed from the bees before the full sheets
of foundation are worked out. All the old foulbrood combs must be
burned or carefully made into wax after they are removed from
the hives, and all the new combs made out of the starters during the
four days must be burned or made into wax, on account of the
diseased honey that would be stored in them. All the curing or
treating of diseased colonies should be done in the evening, so as
not to have any robbing done, or cause any of the bees from the
diseased colonies to mix and go with the bees of healthy colonies.
By doing all the work in the evening it gives the bees a chance to
settle down nicely before morning, and then there is no confusion
or trouble.

TO PREVENT SWARMING OUT WHEN TREATED.

This same method of curing colonies of foulbrood can be car-
ried on at any time from May to October, when the bees are not
getting any honey, by feeding plenty of sugar syrup in the evenings
to take the place of the honey flow. It will start the bees robbing
and spread the disease to work with foulbrood colonies in warm
days when the bees are not gathering honey, and for that reason
all work must be done in the evening when no bees are flying.

Report of State Inspector of Apiaries. 63

When the diseased colonies are weak in bees, put the bees two,
three or four colonies together, so as to get a good-sized swarm to
start the cure with, as it does not pay to spend time fussing with
little weak colonies. When the bees are not gathering honey, any
apiary can be cured of foul brood by removing the diseased combs
in the evening and giving the bees frames with comb foundation
starters on. Then, also, in the evening feed the bees plenty of
syrup, and they will draw out the foundation and store the dis-
eased honey which they took with them from the old combs ; on
the fourth evening remove the new combs made out of the starters
and give the bees full sheets of comb foundation and feed plenty
of sugar syrup each evening until every colony is in first class order.
Make the syrup out of granulated sugar, putting one pound of
water to every pound of sugar, and bring it to a boil. As pre-
viously stated, all old combs must be burned or made into wax, and
so must all new combs made during the four days. No colony is
cured of foulbrood by the use of any drug."

All the difference from the McEvoy treatment that I practice
— I dig a deep pit on level ground near the diseased apiary, and
after getting a fire in the pit, such diseased combs, frames, etc., as
are to be burned are burned in this pit in evening, and then the
fresh earth from the pit returned to cover all from sight. Often
I use some kerosene oil, a little at a time being poured on old brood
combs or those having much honey in, as they are hard to burn.
If diseased combs with honey in are burned on the surface of the
soil there is great danger, the honey when heated a little will run
like water on the soil and in the morning the robber bees will be
busy taking home the diseased honey that was not heated enough
to kill germs of foulbrood.

I also cage the queen while the bees are on the five or six
strips of foundation. It helps to keep the colony from deserting
the hive and going to other colonies.

GETTING RID OF FOULBROOD.

Baldridge Treatment — "I am positive that I know how to get
rid of foulbrood in my own apiary and I see no reason why others
can not do likewise. I think my plan is so very simple and prac-
tical that any bee keeper, though a novice, can adopt it, and with
the best of results. In the first place I cage the queen of the dis-
eased colony so as to stop breeding, and then place the caged mother
in the top of the hive where the bees can have ready access to her,
and likewise so I can get possession of the cage when needed, and

64 Missouri Agricultural Report.

with the least possible disturbance of the bees. I then bore a hole
— say an inch in diameter — in the front end of the hive, a few
inches above the bottom entrance, and fasten a metal bee-escape
over the hole and on the outside of the hive. I do the foregoing to-
wards sunset and then let the colony alone until the next morning.

I now prepare an empty hive by filling the brood-chamber with
a set of frames — less one or two — filled with foundation or simply
narrow strips of the same. I now go to any strong, healthy colony
and remove one or two combs of brood, with or without the ad-
hering bees, and place the same in the prepared hive.

I now gently as possible reverse the diseased colony, or turn
it end for end, and move it sidewise the width of the hive, or a
trifle more, and leave the bee entrance open — when this is done
I then place the prepared hive on the old stand, but with its bee-
entrance in the opposite direction. This may all be done any time
in the forenoon or when the bees are busy getting honey from the
flowers. The bees will now, on their return from work, or play,
enter the prepared hive and remain there, and within two or three
days the main force of the matured bee will be transferred to their
old location.

Now towards sunset blow a few puffs of smoke upon the caged
queen, to drive the bees away from it, and then transfer the queen
to the colony in the prepared hive. She may be given her liberty
at once and by way of the bee-entrance. Now close the bee-en-
trance to the diseased colony so that no bees can pass in nor out
except through the bee-escape, and gently reverse the hive again
so that both hives will now front the same way. Both hives should
now set close together or within an inch or so of each other. From
now on all the bees in the diseased colony must pass out or through
the bee-escape, and, as they can not return, they must and will'go
into the prepared hive. In about three weeks all the healthy brood
in the diseased colony will be hatched out and soon thereafter all
the bees will be found in the prepared hive — and no loss of either
bees or labor. The contents of the diseased colony may now be
taken to some proper place and be disposed of by burning the same.
This is best done in a room or building to which no outside bees
can gain access and get at the honey. But it is not necessary that
this should be a total loss. Such combs as contain honey and are
free of diseased brood may be extracted and saved for table use,
and the empty combs melted and made into wax — those that con-
tain brood may as well be burned up at once — frames and all —
as the cost of replacing them nowadays is but a trifle anyway.

Report of State Inspector of Apiaries. 65

By this time the prepared hive will or should be full of both
comb and brood and without any foul brood or any trace of the
disease. In fact it will be and remain a healthy colony. At least
that has been my experience for thirty years.

The now empty hive may, by simply scraping it thoroughly,
be used again with no occurrence of the disease.

The foregoing treatment of foulbrood malady is based upon
the generally accepted theory, which I indorse, that the honey in
the combs of a foulbrood colony is more or less impregnated with
the germs of the disease. The manipulation given simply but
successfully transfers all the bees — nurse-bees included — from the
foulbrood colony to another hive free from disease, and without
any of the diseased honey in their bodies, nor in the food the nurse-
bees may have in their stomachs. All the nurse-bees by this plan
remain in the diseased colony until their baby-food becomes ex-
hausted, and the method outlined is the only one I am acquainted
with that secures this result when the combs of the diseased colony
are filled with brood in all stages of its growth.

To conclude: As soon as foulbrood is found to exist in an
apiary please don't get excited nor foolish, and thereupon burn or
otherwise destroy the entire apiary. The better way by far is to
ascertain as speedily as possible how many colonies are diseased,
mark them, and then let them severely alone until the proper time
arrives to treat them. Do not open such hives nor handle the
combs unless absolutely necessary, and then use care that no rob-
ber bees get a chance to steal and carry off more or less of the
honey."

The careful bee-keeper who keeps everything cleaned up in
his apiary and is very careful, this last method of treatment during
honey harvest will give satisfaction. Be sure the brood combs
from other swarms are healthy and a good bee-escape is at hive
entrance so no bees can return through it. I use the Porter bee-
escape just above entrance, which is nailed closed. Read very
carefully Mr. Baldridge's method and follow it to the letter.

THE PART OF THE APIARY LAW INTERESTING TO BEE-KEEPERS.

Sec. 2. Said Inspector shall, when notified of the existence of the disease known
as foul brood, or other infectious disease among apiaries, examine such reported
apiaries and all others in the same locality, and if satisfied of the existence of
foul brood, or any other infectious disease, shall give to the owner or person having
charge of any such apiary full instructions as to the manner of treating them. With-
in a reasonable time after making the first examination, the inspector shall make
a second examination, and if the conditions of any of the colonies affected is such

A-5

66 Missouri Agricultural Report.

as, in his judgment, renders it necessary, he may personally treat the disease, or,
if in his opinion, it is necessary to prevent further spread of the disease, and the
owner refuses to treat them according to the instructions of said inspector, then
the inspector may burn or otherwise destroy such diseased bees, comb or other ma-
terial that might cause the spread of the infection.

Sec. 8. Said inspector shall have the right to enter any premises where bees
are kept, for the performance of his duties.

Sec. 6. ^.ny owner of a diseased apiary, or any person, persons, company or
corporation who shall knowingly sell, barter, give away or import into this State
any colony or colonies of bees, honey or other article infected with disease, or ex-
pose other bees to the danger of contracting such disease, or refuse to allow the
apiary inspector to inspect or treat such apiary, honey or other articles so infected,
or shall resist, impede or hinder him in any way in the discharge of his duties,
under the provisions of this act, shall be guilty of a misdemeanor, and shall be
fined not less than ten nor more than twenty-five dollars for each offense.

SEAL OF MISSOURI STATE BOARD
OF AGRICULTURE.

The Missouri State Board of Agriculture was organized under
the laws of the State, March 13, 1865. The Board is authorized to
adopt a common seal by section 4697, R. S. 1899 :

"A Board of Agriculture is hereby instituted and created a
body corporate by the name and style of 'The Missouri State Board
of Agriculture,' and by that name shall have perpetual succession,
power to sue and be sued, complain and defend in all courts, to
make and use a common seal and alter the same at pleasure."

No seal, however, had been adopted until on February 1, 1908,
the Secretary, under previous order of the Board, submitted a de-
sign, consisting of the Great Seal of the State for the center, circled
by a wreath of wheat-heads, which in turn is circled by the let-
tering "Seal of Missouri State Board of Agriculture * 1865 * ",
with a wreath of corn ears in the husk on the outer edge of the
seal."

At a called meeting of the Board, held in Kansas City on Feb-
ruary 1, 1908, the above design was adopted as the official seal of
the Board.

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Farmers' Week in Agricultural College.

January 7, 8, 9, 10, 1908.

Fifth Annual Meeting Missouri Corn Growers' Association, Elev-
enth Annual Meeting Missouri Improved Live Stock Breeders'
Association, Eighteenth Annual Meeting State Dairy Associa-
tion, Second Annual Meeting Missouri State Sheep Breeders'
Association, First Annual Meeting Missouri Swine Growers'
and Breeders' Association, and First Meeting Missouri House-
keepers' Conference.

{Conducted under the auspices of State Board of Agriculture.)

AN ABSTRACT OF THE ADDRESSES DELIVERED.

HISTORICAL.

Farmers' Week in the Agricultural College is the outgrowth of
the meeting of the State Industrial Associations formerly held in
various places under the auspices of the State Board of Agricul-
ture. Believing that a greater amount of good could be accomp-
lished by bringing the farmers in closer contact with the work of
the Agricultural College and Experiment Station, the Board of
Agriculture decided, in 1904, to unite all farmers' organizations
possible into one great Farmers' Convention held annually in Co-
lumbia during the first week in January. The wisdom of this
course has been demonstrated by the greatly increased attendance
at these meetings each succeeding year, as well as by the increased
interest of the farmers generally in the work of the Experiment
Station.

It is not possible to give an exact report of all the meetings
held, but the most instructive papers and discussions thought to be
of practical benefit to our farmers are published.

(09)

SWINE GROWERS' SESSION.

Tuesday, January 7, 1908.

A RESUME OF THE EXPERIMENTAL WORK WITH HOGS
DONE AT THE IOWA EXPERIMENT STATION.

(Prof. Wayne Dinsniore, Iowa Agricultural College.)

This subject is so broad that I have decided to confine myself
chiefly to the more recent work completed at the Iowa Station.
The experiments to which I wish to give most attention have been
coducted within the past six years. The principal objects sought
in these investigations have been :

"1. To compare with each other and with a ration of corn
alone, rations made up of corn with certain supplementary feeds
richer in protein. Barley, wheat shorts, meat meal and tankage
were the supplements used."

2. "To compare rations composed of corn and varying pro-
portions of these supplemental feeds."

3. "To compare dry lot and pasture feeding of hogs."

4. "To compare timothy and clover pasture."

The preliminary experiment was conducted in 1902, and while
by no means an extensive one, gave evidence which indicated that
the supplemental foods increased the rate of grain, and were well
worth their cost. No difference of note was discernible in the ap-
pearance of the finished hogs and all sold for the same price on
the market.

This preliminary experiment aroused great interest, and as
the results could by no means be considered conclusive, more com-
plete tests were determined upon. These were conducted during
1905 and 1906, and are reported in Bulletin 91. Altogether, 18
lots were used, including a total of 184 pigs, varying in weight
from 31 to 291 pounds at the beginning of the tests. Twelve of
these lots were fed in dry yards and six on pasture. Four lots
were fed in midsummer, four in spring, and ten during the late
summer and fall.

It is manifestly impracticable to go into any considerable de-
tail in this review, and I shall therefore consider only the general
results obtained.

(70)

Swine Growers' Session.

71

The rations fed to the various lots, and number and weight of
the pigs in each lot, is herewith given:

FIRST EXPERIMENT.

Nutritive
ratio.

Lot 1. Corn two parts, barley one, wheat shorts one

" 2. Corn

" 3. Oorn nine, Armour's meat meal one

" 4. Oorn nine, Swift's tankage one

1:7.1

1:8

1:4.7

1:4.8

The feeding was begun June 8th and extended to July 10th, a
period of thirty-two days.

Twelve pigs in each lot. Average weight 218 pounds.

SECOND EXPERIMENT.

Nutritive
ratio.

Lot 1. Corn meal seven parts, meat meal one

" 2. Oorn meal eight and one-half , meat meal one.

" 3. Oorn meal ten parts, meat meal one

" 4. Oorn meal alone

1:4.8
1:5.2
1:5.5
1:9.1

Nine pigs in each lot. Average weight 137 pounds. Fed 100

days.

THIRD EXPERIMENT.

( Six lots, fed on pasture.)

Concentrates, parts by weight

Nutritlv

e ratio.

Kind of
pasture.

No. of pigs.

Oorn.

Supplements.

Concen-
trates.

Pasture.

Lot 1 . .

10
. . 10

• ,

1:8.4
1:6.8

1:5.7

ii 2

2

1:5.7

" 3

.. 10

1 1

1

" 1

1:6.2

1:5.7

" 4

.. 10

t *

5

Meat meal.. 1

1:3.8

1:5.7

" 5

.. 10

1 1

5

1:3.9

1:5.7

" 6..

10

1:8.4

1:4.2

{Four lots, fed in dry yard.)

Lot 7

10

10

10

10

Oorn'meal 2
1
5
5

1 1
Meat meal..

1

1

. 1

1

1:6.8
1:6.2
1:3.8
1:3.9

" 8

" 9

" 10

'

days.

Ten pigs in each lot. Average weight, 59.6 pounds. Fed 112

72 Missouri Agricultural Report.

The summary of gains for the above lots is as follows :

FIRST EXPERIMENT.

Summary.

June 8.

July 10.

Gain per

head,
32 days.

Daily gain.

Total gain
per lot.

Lot 1—12 hogs

221.7
213.4
222.6
214.4
218.

292.5
273.6
308.5
289.3
291.

70.8
60.2
85.9
74.9
73.

2.213

1.88

2.685

2.841

2.28

849.9

"2- "

722.1

"8- "

1031.

"4- "

899.

Four lots

3502.0

"The meat meal and tankage apparently increased the palata-
bility of the ration, for while all the lots were started on a ration
of 6.3 lbs. per head daily, June 8th, and gradually increased till all
the hogs were getting 8.8 pounds each June 18th, and from that
time on lots 3 and 4 showed a willingness to take more feed than
the other lots. The hogs getting meat meal and tankage as 10 per
cent of their ration, with corn, ate practically one pound each
daily of the supplementary feed."

SECOND EXPERIMENT.

V P

3 o
®~

p o

^2

35

?o

: o
• p
: ®

® 5

t-i. ID

» So
3. TO
3 a
TO .
- S

g®

P 30.

P-jJS

05 c+

Daily gain per pig by
periods.

Av. daily gain dur-
ing 100 days, March
13 to June 2

= a

I*

2. to

s P
< 3

V

(0

•a

TO

>

C (D

3 "»

12 3 4

.TO

3)

Marc h
13 to
April
11.

April

11 to

May

10.

May

10 to

June

7.

June

7 to

June

21.

P

Si

*
TO

3"

Lot 1

7.
8.5
10.

136.3
140.2
137.1
131.9
137.1

1.834
1.769
1.693

.772
1.518

1.697
1.959
1.983
1.259
1.725

1.779
1.696
1.880
1.239
1.647

1.614
1.643
1.900
1.621
1.692

1.748 J
1.786 ]
1.858 ]
1 . 163 ]
1,639 ]

74.8
78.6
85.8
16.3
63.9

311.1

" 2

318.8

" 3

322.9

251.2

301.0

Swine Growers' Session.

73

o

®

a

H

Total gain per lot din
ing 112 days

Average dual weight
November 13 ,

TOf-H

■o .

So
®~
toS

o3 .

u >>

Total gain per
Pig

Paily gain per
pig

T3
O

0>

a

3

p

r< to

S >.

03
be -3

as
a

03

to

e3

Oct. 16 to
Nov. 13...

Sept. 18 to
Oct. 16....

Aug. 21 to
Sept. 18...

July 2* to
Aug. 21...

Average weight at be-
ginning, July 24

?

3

**

to

03

a

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o

-a

o>

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01

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to .5 •- _. ~^ 3
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93

74 Missouri Agricultural Report.

In all of this work it has been noticed that the rate of gain in-
creases with the increase in age and weight of the pigs. Thus the
most rapid gains secured were for a short feeding period with hogs
averaging 218 pounds at the start. The most rapid gains secured
were 2.685 pounds per head daily on the heavy hogs referred to in
a short fed lot receiving corn and meat meal in proportions of nine
to one, with a nutritive ratio of 1 :4.7.

All the tests show that the rations of corn with some supple-
mental feeds give more rapid gains than rations of corn alone, so
far as dry lot feeding is concerned. This holds true even with the
nearly mature, heavy hogs, where the corn ration might reasonably
be expected to show to the best advantage. All of the supplemental
feeds mentioned as used, increased the protein, and all increased
the efficiency of the ration in the production of gains.

In the one experiment made in pasture feeding, the rate of
gain was increased on the addition of supplemental feeds to a
basal ration of corn on timothy pasture. It does not appear, how-
ever, to have risen proportionately, for lot 5, on ration with a
nutritive ratio of 1 :3.9, made slightly greater gains than lot 4,
with a nutritive ratio of 1 :3.8. This result would indicate that we
had passed the maximum point of gain from the use of supple-
mental feeds, but as a matter of fact, some of the pigs in lot 4
were unthrifty, so that we cannot yet say that a ration of 1 :3.8
on timothy pasture, is too narrow for maximum gains. The lot
on corn and clover made greater gains than the lots on timothy
pasture, corn and shorts, and nearly as great gains as the lots on
timothy pasture, corn and meat meal or tankage.

The supplements are, therefore, most effective in supplement-
ing corn in dry lot feeding.

The proportion of meat meal or tankage which should be used
cannot, as yet, be considered settled. Very heavy gains were secured
. in the perliminary test where these were used in the proportions
of 1 to 5 of corn. Still greater gains were secured in the test with
heavy hogs when meat meal or tankage constituted but one-tenth
of the ration. In the second experiment, where tankage was fed
in the proportions of 1 to 7, 1 to 8.5 and 1 to 10 of corn, the greatest
and most profitable gains were secured in the lot receiving but
1 pound of meat meal to 10 of corn. Later experiments may or
may not coincide with this. At present it appears that with fat-
tening hogs, weighing 137 at the start, 1 pound of tankage to 10
of corn is better than larger amounts; and therefore, with these

Swine Growers' Session.

75

supplements, that a nutritive ratio of 1 :5.5 is more satisfactory
than narrower ones.

In comparing dry lot and pasture feeding, the latter has given
decisively favorable results. The following table shows the lots
in the third experiment, according to total gains. Lots 4 and 10
are omitted, as their results were unquestionably misleading, ow-
ing to unthrifty individuals.

LOTS ARRANGED ACCORDING TO GAIN.
(Third Experiment. Table No. 8.)

o

Concentrated feed.

H

*H

^0

r*

tt *-*•

B

Z-&

~

a *-

IB

a o

9

3

§2

A o
£3

3 1

to

a

Q
-2
— a
£3
"!?

B r»
3 S.

tJ

C 5
o <

» o

W

■a

B

Corn 5, tankage 1..

Oorn alone

Corn 1, shorts 1

Corn 2, shorts 1

Corn 5, meat meal 1

Corn alone

Oorn 1, shorts 1

Corn 2, shorts 1

1539.

6131.

1386.6

5562.

1332.5

5304.

1254 7

5143.

1217.0

4993.

1034.2

4660.

1001.8

4785.

900.4

4654.

308.4

416.1

398.

409.0

409.9

451.4

477.6

511.8

1:3.9
1:8.4
1:62.2
1:6.8
1:3.8
1:8.4
1:6.2
1:6.8

Timothy

Clover

Timothy

Timothy

None

Timothy

None

None

To quote directly from Bulletin 91 :

PORK PER ACRE OF GRASS.

"By comparing the lots fed similar rations in dry yards and
on grass, we can obtain a very close estimate of the amount of gain
by the pigs which is directly credited to the grass. Lot 2 on pas-
ture ate 5,143 pounds of corn and shorts, of which 511.8 pounds
would have produced 100 pounds gain if fed to lot 7, making a total
of 1,004.9 pounds gain. Lot 2 gained 1,254.7 pounds, or 249.8
pounds more than the corn and shorts alone would have produced.
In like manner the grass of the other lots accounts for 221.9 pounds
gain for lot 2, 0.9 pounds for lot 4, and 207.4 pounds for lot 5. Lots
4 and 10 were manifestly lower in thrift as compared with the
other lots, so it is probable that 0.9 pounds gain is too low for the
grass of lot 4 and 207.4 pounds is too high for the grass of lot 5.
Combining the feed and gains, respectively, of lots 4 and 5 and of

70 Missouri Agricultural Report.

lots 9 and 10, we find that lots 4 and 5 made together 200 pounds
gain from grass alone, or 100 pounds for each lot. If, however, we
assume that meat meal and tankage are of equal efficiency and
that lot 5 correctly represents them when fed to pigs on pasture,
and lot 9 when fed in dry yards, we have 43.4 pounds gain pro-
duced by each of lots 4 and 5 from the grass alone. Probably, then,
the grass produced somewhere between 43.4 and 100 pounds for
each of lots 4 and 5. Each pasture yard contained nine-tenths of
an acre, so that the pork produced by the grass itself per acre was
as follows, after deducting the amount of pork produced by the
full feed of concentrates fed the pigs :
Lot

2. Corn meal 2, shorts 1, 278 pounds pork per acre.

3. Corn meal 1, shorts 1, 247 pounds per acre.

4. Corn meal 5, meat meal 1, 48 to 110 pounds estimated, pork

per acre.

5. Corn meal 5, tankage 1, 48 to 110 pounds estimated, pork

per acre.

In this connection it should be borne in mind that, besides the
pork produced, large though the amount is for lots 2 and 3, there
was cut off these yards the last of June 1.85 tons of hay per acre.
Further than this, as an offset to the expense of fencing pastures, a
great deal of labor is saved in caring for pigs if they have the run
of grass. No work was done for the lots on pasture beyond pro-
viding them with feed and water, and during the last month bed-
ding was taken to them, but the dry yards with their adjoining
sheds had to be cleaned at least once a week in order to keep them
in decent shape. On pasture the manure was naturally very well
scattered over the yards and did not accumulate perceptibly.

"There was a striking difference in the amount of pork made
by the grass of the different lots. It is impossible to include corn
alone in this comparison, since no pigs were fed corn alone in the
dry lot, but of the rations compared above we find that with the one
having the least protein — corn two parts to shorts one part — the
gain from grass itself is largest; with corn one part to shorts one
the gain from grass is smaller, and with meat meal and tankage
the rations carrying the most protein, the gain from the grass it-
self is smallest."

Swine Growers' Session.

77

TIMOTHY AND CLOVER PASTURE.

"The gain made by lot 6 on clover was 29.2 per cent larger
than that made by lot 1 on timothy pasture. The clover pigs ate
5,562 pounds of corn, which, if it had been fed to lot 1, would have
made 100 pounds gain for each 451.4 pounds corn, or a total of
1,232.1 pounds gain. Lot 6 gained 1,336.6 pounds, which is 104.5
pounds from nine-tenths acre, or 116 pounds of pork per acre of
clover more than would have been produced by an acre of timothy.
Timothy, we have seen, produced 278 pounds of pork per acre with
a grain ration of corn two parts, shorts one part, and as it showed
itself to be of greater benefit the wider the nutritive ratio of the
grain, it is probable that with corn alone the timothy would make
more than 278 pounds pork per acre from the grass itself. Thus,
from clover pasture from July 24th until the end of the season, we
may reasonably expect a production of about 400 pounds pork per
acre from the clover itself, when the pigs are fed in addition all
the corn they will eat. It is a matter of common knowledge that
young, growing pigs can only with difficulty be kept healthy and
thrifty on a ration of corn alone in a dry yard, so that practically
the value of pasture is even higher than indicated above.

In concluding this review of the work of the Iowa Experiment
Station with supplemental feeds, I present the following table,
taken from Bulletin 91, showing the profit from different stand-
points for the hogs used in the third experiment. Prices of feeds
were as follows :

Price
per ton.

Price
per ewt.

Corn, 40c, plus 3c 1'or shelling and grinding, 43c per bushel

Shorts :

Meat meal, |35.50, plus freight, $1.50

Tankage, $34.00, plus freight, $1.50

$ .768
1.075
1.85
1.775

Pasture per acre $4.50 for full season, and since July 24th to
November 13th, included, only the latter half of the growing sea-
son, it is charged at $2.25 per acre.

78

Missouri Agricultural Report.

PROFITS FROM DIFFERENT STANDPOINTS.
(Third Experiment.)

r 1
o

Feed

-a

M 01
1) o

" » S
« -2.

CD Hj

< ~01

?!

i— °
o —

• ^

I

£o

o

r.

Wo
c o

o. g

oT

5.*
oi C"

8 ^ r -■

o o

_*? c

S •/) g

1
2
3
4
5
6

7

8

9

Jii

Luis 1 to 6 mi pasture.

Corn (timothy).

Corn 2, shorts 1

Corn 1, shorts 1

Oorn 5, meat meal 1

Corn 5, tankage 1

Corn (Olover)

Lots ,' In 10 in ilry yards

Corn 2, shorts 1

Corn 1, shorts 1

Oorn 5, meat meal 1

Oorn 5, tankage 1

S3 66

3 73
8 82

4 03
3 85

3 35

4 16
4 40

3 88

4 80

|2 34
2 27
2 18

1 97

2 15
2 05

1 74

1 60

2 12

1 70

10.34

$24 20

12.55

28 49

13.82

29 04

12.82

2526

15.39

33.09

13.37

36 43

9.09

14.00

10.02

10. 03

12.18

25.82

10.25

17.42

83
01
47,
78
91
99,

55
42

74.

70.

$0 29
47
01
82
36
86

25
38
85
25

$0 09
87
1 01
72
76
76

66

78
75
(5

From the standpoint of a safe profit, one ration is best of all
for the market hog raiser, and that one is corn and clover from the
time the pigs are up to 60 pounds weight. At the same time it
must be noticed that the supplemental feeds fed with corn on pas-
ture gave greater gains than corn alone on pasture. Where hogs
are high priced, therefore, swine raisers can afford to use these
supplemental feeds, even on good pasture, for the sake of the extra
growth secured ; and this will apply with special force to the breed-
er of pure bred swine, who must have the maximum development
which his animals are possible of, if he is to successfully compete
in show rings and sales with his fellow breeders.

In every test in dry lot feeding the use of barley and shorts,
meat meal, or tankage with corn, has increased the rate of gain,
decreased the cost per 100 pounds gain, and increased the total
profits when compared with a ration of corn alone. There can be
no question, therefore, of the advisability of using some of these
supplements with corn, in feeding hogs in the dry lot, when prices
for feeds are approximately the same as these tests.

The minimum prices were: For corn meal, 40 cents per 56
pounds; for tankage, $33.00 per ton; for ground barley, 35 cents
per 48 pounds; for shorts, $18.00 per ton. The maximum prices

Swine Growers' Session. 79

were: Corn meal, 43 cents per 56 pounds, meat meal, $37.00 per
ton.

In the experiments quoted, meat meal and tankage have both
varied considerably in composition, but when of the same composi-
tion are apparently of about equal value.

The highest per cent of protein in either tankage of meat meal
was 66.36; the lowest 53.54. That which was highest in protein
was of somewhat more value than the shipments with lower pro-
tein content.

The supplemental feeds used have in no way affected the sell-
ing price of the hogs, nor have they, so far as one test of carcasses
will show, affected the value of the dressed carcasses.

The high value of good clover pasture is the most striking fea-
ture of the entire series of experiments. In the one experiment in
which dry lot and pasture feeding has been compared the pasture
feeding has given the greatest gains at lowest cost. Clover is
credited with 400 pounds gain in pork per acre, from July 24th
till November 13th. With pork at 4 cents per pound, this gives a
return of $16.00 per acre for clover pasture, and this is for but half
the season. I think it is not too much to assume that good clover
pasture is worth at least $25.00 per acre per season, when utilized
by growing hogs that receive all the corn they will eat while on
such pasture.

In closing, I desire to call your attention, briefly, to the work
done by the Iowa Experiment Station in demonstrating the trans-
missibility of tuberculosis from cattle to swine. The losses to the
packers from the purchase of swine affected with tuberculosis have
become so serious that all buyers buy with a sufficient margin to
protect their firms against loss. In other words, all hogs are bought
low, in order that the packer may not suffer loss. The result is that
the man who ships healthy hogs suffers as much loss as the man
who ships tuberculous swine.

In the experiments referred to, four lots of ten head each
were used. All tests that could be made to determine the health
of the pigs at the start were made, and there is every reason to
believe that they were healthy at the beginning of the test. Two of
the lots were fed some pasteurized milk and two some milk infected
with finely hashed tubercular tissue containing virulent tubercle
germs. Within four and a half months from the time they re-
ceived the first infection the hogs were slaughtered. All lots had
received milk, corn and shorts as their main ration. Lot 1, fed
on pasture and allowing some pasteurized milk, had two affected

80 Missouri Agricultural Report.

animals. Lot 2, fed some infected milk, on pasture, had all ani-
mals affected. Lot 4, also fed infected milk, but in the dry lot, had
all animals affected. Lot 3, fed pasteurized milk in the dry lot,
had no affected animals. The animals most serously affected made
less gains than those slightly affected, and these, less than healthy
pigs.

Of the hogs that received the infection, 30 per cent only were
fit for food, 45 per cent were fit only for lard, and 25 per cent were
entirely condemned.

It is difficult to account for the fact that two pigs out of the
pasture-fed lot, fed on pasteurized milk, developed tuberculosis, but
it is probable that these two were either affected at the start, or
were infected by the droppings of cattle. The test shows conclus-
ively, however, that milk containing virulent tubercle germs will
produce tuberculosis, even in the generalized form, within four and
a half months from time of infection.

It was impossible to detect tuberculosis in any of the lots from
a casual examination of the living animals.

All milk that is not positively known to be free from tubercle
germs, should be pasteurized before feeding.

ALFALFA AND HOGS.

(W. D. Gose, Spickard, Hogs.)

t

In accepting the invitation to talk on "Alfalfa and Hogs," I do
so without regarding their production as the chief end of life, but
simply as one of the means to that end. Your ambition is, or should
be, the grand acme of life, and in order to secure this we are will-
ing to devote our time and our thought and our labor to make
money. There never was a time in the history of the world when
the words "Money answereth all things," found in the book of Ec-
clesiastes, were more obvious than today. Thus, we labor to make
money because it answers so many things and purposes. It is
clearly our duty to build up our county, our State, and our nation.
A nation's greatest product is man, but men are of no value except
as they are virtuous, industrious, and intelligent; and it is to con-
tribute to the education and happiness of this class of people that
we are willing to raise horses and cattle and sheep and hogs. I make
these prefatory remarks to show to you that through all the years
of ceaseless toil and arduous tasks on the farm I have riot lost sight
of the higher things of life for which we labor.

Swine Groicers' Session. 81

Professor Miller, while in our county during our institute,
wrote me from Trenton asking me a series of questions on hogs and
alfalfa. These questions were well chosen and covered about the
entire field, and I will discuss them with you at this time. One of
the questions is: "About what have you done financially with al-
falfa and hogs?" I began raising alfalfa after having read up on
what was being done in Kansas in this line. One would infer from
Prof. Miller's question that he thought I had made some money.
He perhaps got the idea at Trenton. I went to a real estate office
in Trenton a few years ago and asked for a loan and mortgaged my
farm. A few years later I went back to the same office and stated
that I wanted to loan some money. They asked how the change
had come about. It came about with alfalfa and hogs, gentlemen.
That's how I did it. That's how I reversed matters and had money
to loan after having been $2,700 in debt.

I will talk on the last part of my subject first, that will be
hogs. Prof. Miller asked me, "How do you handle pigs the first
two months?" "How do you handle brood sows through the year?"
"What length of time do you feed corn before marketing hogs, and
about how much?" "How many hogs do you feed from an acre
of alfalfa?" Now, I read everything I can get hold of on these
subjects and then proceed along the line I think best. The question
of how to select the brood sow is one of vital importance if you are
going to make money, because in order to raise a hog you- must
first get a pig, and you must either buy it or raise its mother. I
would say, to select a brood sow, go back a few generations, noting
facts closely ; that is to say, a long line of breeding is necessary to
get an ideal brood sow. Fourteen years ago I passed from the
Poland-China breed to the Duroc-Jersey. I liked the Poland-Chinas.
I had stock from good breeders and I like Poland-Chinas fine. I
have nothing against them. Fourteen years ago I went out of the
one breed into the other with the view of increasing the number
of hogs per brood sow. That was the only thing I had in view. I
sent to a breeder in 1893 and bought two gilts that farrowed in
March, and I have never bought another brood sow away from
home. I proceeded this way : I would take a sow that was a good
mother, fairly well made, and that brought a large litter of pigs,
and from her progeny select the best of her sow pigs, and so on
down through a series of years until I reached such a point of
prolificness in my brood sows that I did not have to pay any more
attention to that. I would take any brood sow that would, in my

A-G

82 Missouri Agricultural Report.

judgment, make a good fattening hog and bring a large litter of
pigs. That was my idea. To get a hog that would fatten easily
and breed a large litter of pigs. I want to say here that in going
out of Poland-Chinas into Duroc-Jerseys I covered a period of seven
years; and I learned the following to be a fact, although you may
contradict it. I have said already that I like the Poland-China
hog. I say this now, that in passing from one breed to another,
holding to the Poland-Chinas until I could get a sufficient number
of Durocs, I learned that 15 Duroc- Jersey sows will just about
equal in prolificness 20 Poland-Chinas. I am building up one herd
with another, and my object is to get hogs at the lowest possible
expense, and the difference in keeping 20 brood sows and 15 is the
difference in the two breeds.

Now, as to how I selected brood sows this year. It is pretty
hard to get alfalfa hogs not too fat. Alfalfa gives them bone and
muscle. I have about 100 head of spring pigs. They are allowed
to run in the alfalfa with about % of a pound of corn per day.
Now, they were fed that way until the new corn crop came in, and
all ran together until this period. Then they were in such good
order that I could easily determine by looking over the herd the
sows that were going to take on fat most easily, and that is the
end of hog raising. Get her fat and put her on the market. All
I did in selecting what I wanted was to go among my hogs and
pick out those that I thought were going to fatten the best. Some
will say you will soon get your hogs so they will become chunky.
I recognize that. I govern this solely by the sire. I think it very
important, if you have plenty of alfalfa, that you have at least
100 hogs and spring pigs to turn on it.

Now, I come to the next question, how shall we handle hogs
until weaning time ? All of you who don't raise alfalfa feed shorts
and bran, don't you? Well, that's all right. I used to do it, but
I don't now. Until they are three weeks old they get alfalfa
through the mother, and at that age they can begin to eat it them-
selves. They grow rapidly and then I teach them as best I can to
eat corn. I shell the corn. A pig will eat shelled corn about as
early as anything else you can give it. It will eat shelled corn
quicker than slop. I want to say right here that I have never
seen the time when I was afraid of my hogs eating too much corn
when they had access to alfalfa. You know you are afraid pigs
will eat too much corn and get chunky ; but they don't do this when
you feed them alfalfa too. You need not be afraid as long as you
let them run on alfalfa. When the mothers are fed alfalfa, their

Swine Groivers' Session. 83

milk will balance all the corn the pigs eat up until the time they
are weaned. Allow the sows to wean the pigs themselves. They
will do this and soon be prepared to produce the next litter. I
feed the sows some corn until they wean their pigs, and then do
not give them any more. This year corn was scarce and I did
not feed the pigs any at all. They were turned on alfalfa and did
not get any corn. I fed the sows some more corn and they grew
fat and some of them went on to the market. I gave them % of a
pound of grain per day and they grew fine.

Now, as to the question how long I feed corn before market-
ing and how much. I feed these sows all summer % of a pound
per day. As soon as the new crop comes in I increase their feed
gradually until they are pretty well on full feed, and then after
about two weeks of full feeding I sell them.

As to keeping the sows the other six months, I give my brood
sows all the alfalfa they will eat, and it would surprise you, too, to
see how much they will eat. I shell about 20 ears of corn and sow
it over the feed lot, and in that way no one hog gets more than its
share of grain. When you are feeding such a small amount, you
must do that in order to get it evenly distributed. It is not much
but it will do some good. You will please note this fact: Corn
does not furnish the proper nourishment for an animal that is ex-
pected to bring a large litter of healthy pigs. The brood sow needs
a bone and muscle making food, and she gets it in alfalfa, also in
red clover and alsike.

Now the question of preparing the ground for alfalfa. In the
first place will say it has been my custom to sow in the spring.
While on the train coming down here some gentlemen were talk-
ing with me about alfalfa and said they were thinking of putting
out a crop and asked me the best way to get a crop of alfalfa. I
told them I sowed mine in the spring, but it necessitates the mow-
ing of each crop five times to keep back the weeds — a pretty hard
task when you come to think of it. These men did not want to
lose the use of their land for a year; and I told them if they had
rich land they could prepare it well in the spring and sow it to
millet early in April. Millet will mature within about ninety days,
and when that crop is taken off the ground will be in good condition
with disking for a crop of alfalfa; and in this way the use of the
land is not lost for a year. If you can get the moisture you are
almost sure to get a crop next year. Of course you take chances on
winter freezing ; but I really believe that by sowing the last of Au-

84 Missouri Agricultural Report.

gust or the first of September, if you have sufficient moisture, you
are pretty sure to get a crop next year.

There are some things which have kept farmers from sowing
alfalfa which were not intended to do so. For instance, one of our
agricultural papers made this statement a year or two ago: "It is
useless to sow alfalfa on ground where posts are heaving out."
Now, of course, many a farmer seeing that statement would be-
lieve it. Sometimes we think alfalfa is killed off when it really
is not. You have heard the statement that if you have taken off
the crown of your alfalfa you have killed it. I have found that is
not true. That happened to my crop at one time and I supposed
it was gone; but was surprised later to see little white sprouts
starting up on the stalks all over the field. So you cannot believe
all you hear. Another statement I have recently heard made is,
that red clover is a weed in alfalfa. I know that is not true. Red
clover is no detriment to alfalfa whatever. In fact it only lives a
little while. It dies out in two years, while alfalfa is of perennial
growth. Red clover would not stand three consecutive cuttings
either, while the longer you cut alfalfa the better it seems to get.
If you cannot grow alfalfa, then grow red clover or blue grass.
I want to say this, that red clover is not only not a weed, but red
clover, alfalfa and alsike make a perfect paradise for hogs. There
is no doubt about that. I have it on my own farm and it is splen-
did. I sowed five acres of alfalfa last year for my brood sows and
small pigs' and secured a partial stand. I am going to disk the
ground lightly in the spring and sow alsike and red clover with it.
1 1 will make it as thick as I can and I will have an ideal hog pas-
ture. I could not get a better one.

Now as to ground. I began growing alfalfa in an experimental
way on second bottom land. Then I increased on the same kind of
land until I had five acres sown there. Then I thought the question
of growing alfalfa on our place was settled, and I named our farm
"Alfalfa Glen," and then made my first mistake next spring by
sowing 18 acres. That was too much. I had to mow it five times
and I lost half of it. Alfalfa won't succeed on land where water
will stand within three feet of the surface all the time. Water
may run over alfalfa and stand on it as long as three days, but
where the water stands on the ground all the time alfalfa will not
grow. If you have upland you will just have to try alfalfa and see
if it will grow. I was told that it would not, but it did for me, the
difference in the crop being about the difference there would be in
a crop of corn on rich lowland and on upland soil. Common sense

Swine Growers' Session. 85

would tell you you could not get as good a crop from the one as
from the other.

But I must hasten on. The question, "what I have done finan-
cially," includes hogs and cattle and sheep. I keep a book at home
in which I enter a record of the sales I make. I went over this book
just before coming down here, and found that from the 13th day
of October, 1904, to the 16th day of November, 1907 (three years)
I had sold $3,189.99 worth of hogs— an average of $1,065.39 per
year.

Before I close my talk, I want to tell you how glad I am to be
here. I have read so much about your meetings. All of our boys
who have been down here have come back feeling better, and they
are talking about the short course now, and one thing they are
saying is "Our Experiment Station," "Our University," etc. It
used to be "The University," and "Down there at the Experiment
Station." I tell you Old Missouri's Experiment Station is coming
to the front. It used to be you would hear more about what other
states were doing than about what we were doing. But now old
Missouri is coming to the front and the grand old State is educat-
ing us all along the line.

And in the 60's when we went out to fight, the country furn-
ished 77 per cent of the men who fought. So we are at the back
of things, and over and under them, and we should seek to make
the very best country possible, and all the obstacles in the way of
the farmer should be removed.

In conclusion, I say again I love the farmer.

ALFALFA IN SOUTHWEST MISSOURI.

(Simon Bautngartner, Pierce Oity.)

Until about eight years ago this summer alfalfa growing seem-
ed almost impossible, but perseverance has won, and after a great
many trials, or rather failures, I have solved a perplexing problem.
My nine-acre field in five cuttings produced about 6V2 tons of hay
per acre the season of 1906. In 1907 the crop fell short on account
of the hard freeze in April. It made about 41/2 tons per acre. I
top-dress my field with good stable manure, about 4 to 5 tons per
acre during each winter. In the spring I harrow both ways to
pulverize and level the surface. About the middle of May the first
crop is ready for harvest. I mow one day and usually put it in

86 Missouri Agricultural Report.

the barn the next. Alfalfa can be mowed away pretty green. It
will heat of course, but there is no harm in that. It must be spread
evenly as it goes in the barn, and I use about two gallons of salt
to the load. Sprinkle salt evenly as the hay is spread, then shut
the doors to keep the cold night air out. The result is a very nice
green hay, of fine aroma, and free from dust. This is the kind of
hay that makes the horses laugh and the cows give milk. As soon
as the field is cleaned off I hitch on to the disk or spring tooth har-
row, whichever I think best to use, and work up the ground in good
shape. Cultivation is absolutely necessary in this section, and in
my opinion would be beneficial most anywhere, for it is the only
way to keep the field clean. The disk and the spring tooth harrow
will keep undesirable plants in check, and there is practically no
harm done to the alfalfa plants. In fact, they will do better, grow
more vigorously, besides the advantages of a loose cultivated sur-
face are numerous and well understood. Ninety-eight per cent of
my hay is fed out on the farm, very little sold. This enables me to
practically cover my land each year with the very best manure,
hauled direct from the stable to the field and spread without loss of
any kind and no extra handling. This means better crops, and
my land improves every day I farm it. Results speak for them-
selves. Twelve years ago, when I bought this place, it was referred
to as an old worn-out farm, for it has been in cultivation as long
as any land in this section, and in fact would not produce more
than ten bushels of wheat per acre, and other crops in proportion.
I had ten acres in clover, which was sown on growing wheat in
March, 1905. I manured it heavily during this winter; sow it to
cowpeas next May. Harvest them in August and disk and harrow
the ground until I have it in the very best possible condition to sow
alfalfa. I repeat what I have so often said, "there is no better
way to prepare land for alfalfa than by sowing it to cowpeas ;"
but the growing of one crop of cowpeas does not insure success
with alfalfa — that depends on the condition of the land. As most
of our soils are sour or acid to a remarkable degree, lime must
be applied in sufficient quantities to correct that abnormal and un-
favorable condition. I hope to live long enough to see some alfalfa
growing on every farm in this section. It can be done, and by do-
ing so, you don't make "two," but four or six blades of grass grow
where only one grew before. So you had better be at it and do
something. I was born and raised in a county where alfalfa grows
well, learned its feeding value, and its even greater value as a soil
builder. In my boyhood days and during the twenty-four years

Swine Growers' Session. 87

which I have lived here I have spent more time, money and work
on this than any other one proposition. I have corresponded with
the best authorities of both this country and Europe on the subject,
and after so long a time have finally succeeded.

ALFALFA.

(Geo. W. Williams, Humansville, Mo.)

In giving a short paper on Alfalfa, the most wonderful forage
plant of all plants, I shall give my own experience and observation
here in south and southwest Missouri, for there is not a rule or
plan in regard to its culture that will hold good everywhere.

I find many failures here can be attributed to the grower try-
ing to follow the advice of some one whose environment is entirely
different from what it is here. Alfalfa, like many other plants,
will adapt itself to its surroundings after a few years growing
under certain conditions.

There are many mistaken ideas prevailing among farmers that
have caused many failures and many more not to try to grow it.
If there had been one-third less written and said about how to grow
it, there would be three times as many growing it in Missouri as
are growing it today. Some man in western Kansas or Nebraska
tells all about the kind of soil it grows on and when and how to
sow it for a success. The Missouri farmer knows his soil is differ-
ent and will not try it, or he does not know that it is different and
does try it, and a failure is the result. It would have been much
better if that Kansas or Nebraska man had put in his time telling
its feeding value, and not in getting our Missouri farmers enthused
over it as a feed. Then they would at once set about trying to find
out how to grow it, not in Kansas or Nebraska, where it is grown
ander irrigation, but here in Missouri, where we depend on the
rainfall and usually have a little too much for best results. I have
been growing it for fourteen (14) years, ?,nd the best crop I have
ever raised or ever expect to get again unless we have another sea-
son like it, it was the dry year of 1901. That year I fully disproved
the idea that alfalfa sent its roots deep in the earth searching for
water. I found in the fall of 1901 and the following spring, that
the roots of plants from seed sown in the fall of 1900 and passed
through the extreme dry season, when all surface moisture had
evaporated, were no deeper in the ground than plants of the same

88 Missouri Agricultural Report.

age from seed sown any other season. And if the plant roots are
going down after water why will they go deeper in an extreme wet
season than an extreme dry one? The fact is, the roots are search-
ing for plant food and not water. In three tests I have made, by
supplying plenty of potash, wood ashes on the surface so the plants
had access to it, after three or four years the roots were but little
deeper than the roots of many other plants.

I have some that has been growing for eight years on upland
gravelly land, where there is a solid limestone rock within from
three and one-half to five feet of the surface, and this part of the
field is in good condition yet.

I shall only touch the manner of seeding. I have had the best
results to sow it after cowpeas, cut the cowpeas off, do not turn
the ground but disk or work up a nice seed bed with a spring tooth
harrow, and sow any time from the 15th of August to the 15th of
September, when there is sufficient moisture to germinate the seed
and keep them growing. If sown broad cast sow twenty pounds of
seed to the acre, but with a press drill sixteen pounds will be plenty.
Sow enough to get a good stand at first, for if it comes up too thin
it is a big job to try to thicken it afterwards. Do not sow any
nurse crop ; it will take care of itself. It does well after wheat.

If sown after wheat the ground should be turned as soon as
possible after the wheat is cut, but not turned deep, two and one-
half or three inches being plenty. When the weeds and grass start,
go over it with some kind of "weed killer," and do this as often as
they make their appearance, and by sowing time there will be a
nice seed bed. I have had very fair success sowing after corn.
Get the corn off out of the way, feeding while green to hogs and
dragging the ground until level, then harrow until the seed bed
is good. The seed should be covered about the same as millet or
any other seed of that size. Do not sow it on fresh plowed ground.
If sown on a very sour soil the seed will germinate all right and the
plants grow from 3 to 5 inches high, turn yellow and disappear.
After the plants are 6 or 8 inches high, examine the roots and see
if there are any nodules, and if not better inoculate with Alfalfa
Bacteria. This is easiest done by going to a field where alfalfa has
grown for several years, and getting a few hundred pounds of soil
and scattering it over the field. Do not pasture it until two years
old and never when the ground is soft.

Now let us discuss briefly the care it should have after once
a stand is procured. I have received many letters telling me that
the writer's alfalfa did well for a few years, but the foxtail, crab-

Swine Growers' Sessio?i. 89

grass, blue grass, white clover, and in some instances, Japan clover,
had crowded or smothered it out, and asking what to do to get it
cleaned again. Perhaps I cannot answer those questions better
than to give my own experience along that line. I had about three
acres that got in just the shape these writers tell me theirs did, i. e.,
foxtail, crabgrass, blue grass, white clover and Japan clover were
crowding it to where it was dying out. I saw something must be
done or I would lose the piece. I tried the disk, cutting it both
ways, but when I would set the disk at an angle that would destroy
grasses it would injure the crown of many of the alfalfa plants,
and was not a success. I next tried a heavy spike tooth harrow,
that I had made to order for a new piece of stump land, and this
was no better, in fact, the Japan clover thrived under the treat-
ment. I have a spring tooth attachment to my cultivator, five little
plows on a side — ten in all. I tried this and in very few moments
I found I had struck the key note. I bought a spring tooth harrow
at once and went after the Japan clover. After going over it each
way I had torn up so much that I was compelled to rake it up in
wind rows with the hay rake and haul it off before I could do any
more. After another going over I had it cleaned and no injury to
the alfalfa was noticeable, as springs are flexible and will either
hang and jump over the plant or slide around and cut all the grass
right up against the roots. I might mention that there was a cor-
ner of that piece that was set with wild onions, and they were so
strong in the hay that the horses did not like to eat it, but the
spring tooth harrow made short work of them. After every cut-
ting I go over my entire alfalfa field with the spring tooth harrow
and do not have any more trouble with any foreign growth, and it
cultivates the plant and makes it grow much thrifter. The spring
tooth harrow is the tool to use on the alfalfa, in fact, it is a good
implement to have on the farm for many purposes. Since getting
mine I seldom use the steel smoothing harrow any more.

DISCUSSION.

Q. How many hogs do you feed to the acre of alfalfa?

Mr. Gose — You can take a patch of alfalfa, say 14 acres, and
14 brood sows, one sow and her litter to one acre of alfalfa, let
them run through the year on the alfalfa, and it will hardly make
any impression on the crop. You will find they have trampled it
down in a few places and beat a few paths through it, but you
will go right on and get your crop oft* of it, and put your hogs on

90 Missouri Agricultural Report.

the market with very little corn; and I maintain that you have
made the cheapest pork that can be made in the United States and
in the world, and you have got your hay besides.

Q. Describe the kind of soil you grow alfalfa on as regards
soil content.

Mr. Gose — Well, I have no sour land on my farm. You would
counteract that with lime. I have never inoculated any soil until
last spring. I hauled out 15 bushels of dirt from the low land to
the high land and inoculated it. The kind of soil I have sown on
consists pretty nearly of every kind of soil in our county. On my
farm I am growing alfalfa on what you would call hardpan.

Mr. Crabtree — What kind of stone do you find on the higher
land that surrounds your farm — limestone, sandstone, or what?

Mr. Gose — I do not find any kind. If you will come and show
us where to find some you will be right in it. We have prairie
land and timber land, but no stone at all.

Q. Do you wait until the alfalfa blooms to clip it back?

Mr. Gose — No, you will lose everything if you do that. The
first crop may never bloom. If I had time I would never let al-
falfa bloom at all. That may sound strange to some of you old
alfalfa men. I would have five crops instead of four if I never let
it bloom. My fourth crop was cut in October. It was about 12
inches high, and it is as green now as it would be standing out in
the pasture. I have sixty pigs that came in September. I will tell
you how I am feeding them. Those sixty pigs eat all of that al-
falfa they want. Then I give them sixty ears of corn in the morn-
ing and sixty ears in the evening. In addition to that, in the morn-
ing I give them a little slop made of two parts of shorts and one
part bran. I give them this slop instead of water. I make it about
as thick as buttermilk, and give them three large bucketsful of
it. In order to make the slop go round, and to keep the big ones
from getting it all, I pour in one bucketful of slop and then shell
a half bushel of corn and scatter some on the slop; then put in
some more slop, then some more corn, etc. I got 50 of those pigs
on the scales 30 days ago and they weighed 2,020 pounds ; and I
weighed them again just before coming up here, and they weighed
2,700 pounds. Now that is not much, but you know that some pigs
in the winter stop on us entirely. If that increase can be kept up
through the winter we will be doing well.

Swine Growers' Session. 91

FURTHER DISCUSSION.
(Led by T. P. Russell, Pemiscot County.

Q. What do you consider to be a stand?

Mr. Russell — I sow 20 pounds of seed, and of course a great
deal of it dies out. We cut two tons the first cutting. We have
five different cuttings, and average one ton to the cutting.

Q. What is the most successful time of seeding in your lo-
cality?

Mr. Russell — We seed in the spring. We have sown in the
fall, but the fall sowing is more apt to die out.

Q. Do you sow a nurse crop?

Mr. Russell — No, never.

Q. What kind of land have you?

Mr. Russell — Most of our Pemiscot county land is dark, with
a sandy sub-soil. It is Mississippi bottom land.

Q. Is alfalfa a successful crop on the prairie?

Mr. Russell — Yes.

Q. Do you raise alfalfa on gumbo land?

Mr. Russell — Yes, we find it will succeed on gumbo.

Q. Do you tile drain your soil?

Mr. Russell — No, we have a sub-soil of sand which acts as tile
drainage.

Q. Where do you get your seed?

Mr. Russell — We buy it from the St. Louis Seed Company — it
is western seed.

Q. Is the matter of curing a serious problem in your locality?

Mr. Russell — We have quite a good deal of trouble on account
of excessive rains ; but this year we had no trouble at all in curing
our crop.

Q. Compared with clover how is alfalfa to cure?

Mr. Russell — Alfalfa is more easily cured than clover.

Q. Have you had any trouble with water grass choking out
the alfalfa?

Mr. Russell — Yes, a great deal.

Q. Have you ever tried disking to keep out crab grass?

Mr. Russell — No, but we are going to try it this spring.

Q. Is there any definite height to which you let the young al-
falfa get before you begin to clip it?

Mr. Russell — No, but we practice this rule ; we allow the young
shoots to appear for the next crop at the roots of the stalk before

92 Missouri Agricultural Report.

we ever clip either the old or the young. I notice Mr. Gose said
awhile ago that he would not allow the alfalfa to bloom at all if
he could find time to get around to it, but we let our crop get
pretty well in bloom.

Q. Are you speaking of the first crop?

Mr. Russell — The first crop will not bloom very much. We
don't wait for it. We depend on the appearance of the new shoots
at the root of the plant. If cut too soon we have found it seems
to turn yellow. And it sometimes dies if clipped too often. It is
recommended in some localities to clip often, but it won't work in
my section.

Q. When do you begin cutting?

Mr. Russell — We occasionally begin cutting in about nine
weeks. That can only be done on the bottoms. We have got as
much as three crops the first year. We sow in April, and in nine
or ten weeks begin cutting hay. Sometimes we make five crops in
a year. We cut the hay early in the morning as soon as the dew
will permit. Then we run the mower the rest of the day. We
sometimes leave the hay on the ground until the following day, and
then put it in the barn. We never stack anything up. We have
come to the conclusion that barn space is cheaper than to stack
the hay out.

Mr. Crabtree — Right along that line of curing; I take it that
you cut early in the morning so that the hay will have the benefit
of the sun during the entire day; that's the point, is it not? I
have a new idea along this line, and I would like an expression
from the farmers who have been thinking and putting their
thoughts into effect. It is the nature of the leafage of plants to
breathe out the moisture that has been taken up through the roots
in the night. If we would mow a crop of any kind late in the
evening so that it would not become sun dried, the leaves will go
on and perform their function of breathing out the moisture. When
cut just before sun down, the plant being green will absorb no more
of the moisture of the air and the leaves will perform their duty,
and the hay will be cured better.

Mr. Russell — I have noticed no difference. We cut all day.
We have a good many acres of ground, and by the time we go over
it five times each season we are kept pretty busy. I have noticed
no difference in drying in that cut early and that cut late in the
day. If anything, we think the hay cut early in the morning dries
out more perfectly than that cut in the evening.

Q. What about this matter of kiln-drying alfalfa?

Sivine Groivers' Session. 93

Mr — That is a little premature yet. We conceived

the idea at the World's Fair. Experiments were made with hay,
subjecting it to the heat of an oven, and it retained its green color.
I asked Dr. Waters what he thought of it, and he said he thought
it would be hard to compete with old Sol when it comes to making
hay. But we are not discouraged, and have done some experiment-
ing with the ordinary lumber kiln. The U. S. Department of Agri-
culture has sent their Mr. McClure to our place, and he has worked
with us in curing alfalfa, and we have found some very encourag-
ing results brought out in the feeding quality of this kiln-dried
hay. The idea is to cut the hay, no matter what the conditions of
the weather, just so it is not pouring down rain, take it up with a
rake, put it on a wagon, put it right through the kiln and in an
hour's time it will be dried. We dried some hay in fifty minutes
and it has kept ; but I don't know whether we can make it practical
or not. There are many points in its favor. When we want to cut
it we won't have to wait to see how the moon is, or the condition
of the weather. As long as it is not raining we will be cutting it.
This will enable us to get the whole plant. The best part of the
alfalfa is in the leaf, and if it is too dry when you take it up a big
per cent of the leaf will be left. Another thing, we will have regu-
lar even growth on all of our hay, which ought to demand a better
price. The analysis from the government shows a gain of 25 per
cent over the barn and field cured hay.

Q. Do you bale that hay?

Mr. Russell — Yes, bale it if you can, because that is one of the
biggest savings in the process. It saves storage and gets on the
market 30 days sooner.

Q. What is the comparative value of a crop of alfalfa and a
crop of corn on your land?

Mr. Russell — Well, I'm not sure. Alfalfa is worth six or
eight times as much as corn.

The table given below shows the chemical analyses or the
feeding value of alfalfa hay when cured by the common method in
the field, and of artifically cured hay.

The samples were secured and prepared by Mr. A. S. Russell
of Hayti, Mo., in co-operation with H. B. McClure of the U. S.
Department of Agriculture. Chemical analyses made by the Bu-
reau of Chemistry of the U. S. Department of Agriculture :

94

Missouri Agricultural Report.

H

>

Q

»z

r.*

<

<r+

n

o

C"

—

P

—• &

GC» £+

0.

d c '- C

<r*n -;

DO

cd

i-s ■ TO

w«

B>

o^r

o : <*

►1

» X

o"

c+ . J3

b-: p

CD

rt c+

cd

G> ." O

• em

i ?

cd . ■-.

rt-. CD
O • CD
^-1 CD

3.03
2.75

2.05
2.19
2.77
3.80
2.16

J.78
J. 41

7.03

0.71
9.50
8.75
0.75

27.33
27.80
28.07
28.22
30.85
23.93
37.01

19.39
18.94
14.21
13.22
17.65
19.73
12.40

10.80
41.04
48.70
49.70
39.17
43.75
41.67

72.31

74.93

16.72

Barn

17.19

3.92

Artificial

5. 94

Artificial (bale)

11.72

The green samples were taken as soon as cut and did not lose
any of its moisture content.

The barn samples were cut and cured in the field in the ordi-
nary way and were taken from the barn after being there about
one month.

The samples of artificially cured hay were taken as soon as
cut and cured in forty minutes. The first two were analyzed a few
days after curing, and the last sample was baled immediately after
curing and left in the bale for eight weeks.

It is interesting to note that the samples of artificially cured
hay contain on the average a larger per cent of nutritive elements
than the samples of the field cured hay. This is very noticeable in
the protein content of the samples.

The average protein content of the two first samples of arti-
ficially cured hay is 18.68 per cent, while the average of the sam-
ples taken from the barn is 13.71 per cent. This gives a difference
of 4.98 per cent, or, the artificially cured hay contains 27.5 per
cent more protein than the barn hay. When considering its pro-
tein content the artificially cured hay is worth one-fourth more
than the other; that is, one ton of artificially cured hay is equal
to one and one-fourth tons of hay cured in the field by the com-
mon methods.

The amount of ash in the artificially cured hay is a little
higher than the field cured hay.

In crude fiber the barn hay is lower. In the nitrogen free
extract the barn cured hay is from 5 to 9 per cent higher than in
the artificially cured.

In summing up the results of the analyses, it shows that so
far as the actual amount of nutritive elements is concerned, the

Swine Growers' Session. 95

artificially cured hay is much more valuable than the hay cured in
the field.

The ether extract in the artificially cured hay is, on an aver-
age, higher than in the field cured hay.

Mr. Gentry — There has been very little alfalfa raised in Pettis
county. I raised some two years ago which was quite a success.
I tried sowing some this fall, but it has not done very well. I
doubt whether it will go through the winter; but I expect to sow
more in the spring. I believe we can grow alfalfa if we go at it
intelligently. I believe alfalfa is a good feed for hogs, but I don't
believe quite as much in the hay proposition as the speaker who
addressed us a while ago. I think hay is pretty good for the hog,
but corn is good, too. I never saw a hog that did not like corn. I
think that good corn is one of the best things we can. give a brood
sow, and in fact we have had better success in giving brood sows
corn than in giving them too much mushy food. If a man will
select his ration right, he will find corn is good for a hog at any
age, and for brood sows especially. Teach your pigs to eat corn.
I don't beliee in a watery diet for little pigs. I like a solid diet.
The saliva is more thoroughly mixed with the food and we get a
better digestion. Start them on solid food. Don't be afraid to give
them corn; the mother's milk will balance the corn. Especially in
the spring of the year if you undertake to feed slop to small pigs
you induce scours and other diseases. I am a firm believer in corn.
Mix alfalfa with your corn, but don't fall out with corn.

Mr. Crowell of Bates county — I want to ask Mr. Gentry when
he sows alfalfa in Pettis county. *

Mr. Gentry — The first year I sowed it on the 20th of Septem-
ber, which was a little late, and lost about one acre out of the three
we sowed. The rest of it did finely. This fall we were late in pre-
paring the ground and the dry weather came on and we did not
sow it until the first of October, and I am afraid it will have a hard
time to live until spring.

Q. How much do you sow per acre?

Mr. Gentry — Twenty pounds to the acre.

Q. I have been told that 10 pounds is just as good as 20.

Mr. Gentry — It depends on the condition of the soil. We
would rather sow two or three times as much as is necessary in
order to get a stand ; but if you put your land in proper condition
and sow at the proper time I have been told by men in Kansas that
10 pounds is more than you need. It is best to start growing it in
a small way.

96 Missouri Agricultural Report.

Q. Do you sow the seed with a drill or sow it broadcast?

Mr. Gentry — I sow it broadcast.

Mr. Crowell — I put in 30 acres of alfalfa on the 16th of Sep-
tember. I believe that in the low lands of the State, where you
undertake to prepare the land for alfalfa, you have less trouble in
the spring than when you sow in the fall. I sowed my alfalfa at
the same rate Mr. Gentry sows his — 20 pounds to the acre. I doubt
if you can be successful with a smaller amount the first time yon
put alfalfa on your land. I would not advise anyone, in making the
first stand, to sow less than 20 pounds to the acre. I sowed mine
in the fall and it was the handsomest field I have ever seen in my
life. It ran from the high ground down to a branch, and was
absolutely level, with the exception of one hill in the northeast cor-
ner. The hedge was trimmed evenly, and every one who passed
said it was the handsomest field that he had ever seen. I had some
difficulty next spring in saving the first crop. I had the whole 30
acres cut, and then it began to rain and rained for a solid week,
and that alfalfa lay on the ground. The next Monday I got it up
and put it in a rick and put three barrels of salt in the rick, and
the cattle ate it all winter. The next two crops I saved ; the first
averaged one ton to the acre, the second one ton and the third 60
per cent of a ton. I had a great deal of trouble with foxtail and
crabgrass. Some parts of that field got too near the water level
and I guess got "cold feet" and died.

Prof. Miller — On most thin lands manuring is essential to
raise a crop of alfalfa. Mr. Baumgartner of Pierce City top dresses
his land with manure every winter, and he claims that that is very
essential in order to get a stand.

Q. How can we raise alfalfa on our black prairie land, under-
laid with hardpan?

Prof. Miller — Our experiments to date on that kind of land,
especially that underlain with heavy clay, show that it takes a great
deal of care to learn how to raise alfalfa on that kind of land.
The land must be heavily manured, and should be just as well sur-
face drained as you can get it. If you can under-drain it, all the
better. I will admit that under-drainage on some flat lands is a
difficult proposition. We have been conducting some experiments
on that kind of land. Some of the results are very encouraging,
even in the northeastern and southwestern parts of the State. So
you will find that on all of this land you must learn how to handle
the soil before you can make a success of alfalfa. We don't say
that the soil of this State is all adapted to the growing of alfalfa,

Swine Growers' Session. 97

but I think that when we learn how to grow it, when we learn how
to treat the different kinds of soil, that we will be able to grow
alfalfa as widely as it is now grown in Nebraska and Kansas.

Q. Is it not a dangerous process to put alfalfa on tile-
drained land?

Prof. Miller— No, I think not. Wing Bros., the big alfalfa
growers, have all their alfalfa land under-drained, and I have
heard of no trouble.

Mr — I think in the case of the gentleman from

Pettis county, he ought to under-drain his soil. It is better than
manuring. Under-draining is the main point in any soil of that
kind.

Prof. Miller — Yes, that is true; and we should always begin
in a small way to grow alfalfa. If you sow 50 acres you are al-
most sure to fail. It is better to start with 2 acres rather than 50.

IMMUNIZATION OF SWINE AGAINST HOG CHOLERA.

J. W. Oonnaway, Veterinarian, Oollege of Agriculture and Experiment Station

University of Missouri.

Gentlemen of the Live Stock Breeders' Association:

The economic relation of "hog cholera" to the swine industry
is so important that the discussion of this subject is always in
order at a meeting of this kind; and I am glad to be able to give
you some hope that the losses from this plague will in the near
future be greatly diminished by means of "preventive inoculation."
With the possible exception of tuberculosis, the "infectious
diseases of swine" have engaged the attention of the farming pub-
lic and of veterinary scientists to a greater extent than any other
disease affecting farm animals.

Nearly thirty years ago, and before the organization of the
United States Bureau of Animal Industry, the Commissioner of
Agriculture caused important investigations to be made into the
nature of these diseases. Dr. D. E. Salmon, who was later ap-
pointed Chief of the Bureau of Animal Industry, Dr. James Law of
Cornell University, and Dr. H. J. Detmers were appointed to carry
on investigations, independently, in different parts of the country.
The reports of their investigations left but little to be added in
the way of description of the gross objective features of the dis-
ease or diseases, which we now know as "hog-cholera" and "swine

A-7

98 Missouri Agricultural Report.

plague." Each of the above named investigators conducted bacterio-
logical researches, but the results of these furnished no conclusive
evidence as to the true cause of the disease, or a safe basis for
"inoculation" or "vaccination" methods.

Since the organization of the Bureau of Animal Industry, work
along this line has been prosecuted with vigor, first under the ad-
ministration of Dr. Salmon, by Drs. Theobald Smith, V. A. Moore,
Kilbourne, De Schweinitz, Schroeder, Dorset and Niles; and more
recently under the present Chief, Dr. Melvin, by Drs. Dorset, Bol-
ton, Niles and McBryde.

Investigations have also been carried on at a number of State
Experiment Stations, of which I may mention South Carolina, un-
der Drs. Bolton and Niles ; Nebraska, under Dr. Billings, and later
by Dr. Peters; Indiana, by Drs. Craig and Bitting; Arkansas, by
Dr. Dinwiddie, and at our own Station here in Missouri.

A brief review of a part of this work is pertinent, and I trust
will be instructive. Much of the painstaking work that has been
done has not, from a practical point of view, been rewarded with
fruitful results; and some of it, which for a time gave promise of
supplying an effective method of preventing hog cholera, proved a
disappointment when put to a severe practical test. Such re-
searches, however, are not without value ; they are often necessary
steps in discovering the true road to success.

In the earlier investigations of the Bureau of Animal Industry
a bacillus was discovered in the blood and organs of hogs affected
with cholera, that was regarded by Salmon and Smith as the speci-
fic cause of the disease. This bacillus was a short rod-like organism
with rounded ends and provided with delicate hair-like processes,
the rapid vibrations of which cause the bacillus to move about ac-
tively in the culture fluid in which it grows. Later several investi-
gators in this and other countries found the same bacillus so con-
stantly associated with hog cholera that it was generally accepted
as being the true cause of the disease. As to its disease producing
powers, it was found that a very small quantity of an artificial cul-
ture of the germs, injected under the skin of rabbits, would cause
death within a week or ten days; and when injected into the veins
death resulted within 48 hours. It was also found to be fatal to
guinea pigs, mice and pigeons. Swine die very promptly when in-
oculated intravenously with fifteen to thirty drops of a fresh growth
of the germs; but as a rule, they do not die when injected simply
under the skin. "Cultures freshly obtained from diseased animals
are more virulent than those which have been grown for a con-

Swine Growers* Session.

99

siderable time in artificial media." This bacillus was found in hogs
presenting the common type of the disease, viz. : Congestion and
ulceration of the bowels, congestion of lymph glands, enlarged

«

spleen, haemorrhagic spots on kidneys, etc.

Later in the investigations of the Bureau an outbreak of hog
cholera was encountered in which the prominent feature was an
inflammation of the lungs (a broncho-pneumonia), along with some
of the disease changes seen in the usual type of cholera. In the
tissues of the affected animals that were examined, the hog cholera

Inoculating a pig against Hog Cholera, Veterinary Department, Missouri Experiment

Station, 1907-8.

bacillus as described above was not found, but a short, oval bac-
terium was discovered which does not have the delicate hair-like
appendages with which the hog cholera bacillus is provided, and
does not have the power of moving about in the fluids in which it
grows, and when staining fluids are applied to it, the ends or poles
of the bacterium become well stained, while the central portion re-
mains unstained. This discovery led to the conclusion that we have
in this country two highly infectious diseases of swine instead of
one. To the disease which appeared to be caused by the newly

100 Missouri Agricultural Report.

discovered bacterium the name "Swine Plague" was applied. It
was found, however, that cultures of this microorganism from dif-
ferent sources were quite variable in their action when inoculated
into experiment animals. In some cases a rapidly fatal septicaemia,
"blood poisoning," was produced in rabbits; while in other cases
no serious illness resulted ; and especially were the effects on swine
doubtful when cultures of the germs were injected subcutaneously,
and the feeding of cultures, or even of the viscera of inoculated
rabbits proved negative.

"Injection of the germs directly into the circulation is usually
fatal when virulent varieties are employed." "When the bacteria
are injected directly into the lung tissue through the chest wall
death may follow in 16 to 24 hours, or life may be prolonged and
a severe inflammation of the lungs may result."

Following these investigations, efforts were directed towards
discovering effective means of immunizing swine against the dis-
eases mentioned: —

Experiments were made to determine whether the bacteria
described could in any way be utilized as a vaccine against these
maladies. Success in this direction had been attained in other dis-
eases ; for instance, in "anthrax" and in "black-leg." Domesticated
rabbits, having shown a susceptibility to the pathogenic action of
the swine bacteria mentioned, these animals were used mainly in
the laboratory experiments, and it was found possible to produce
a considerable degree of resistance in these animals against the
"hog-cholera" and "swine-plague" bacteria, that had been cultivated
artificially, and the same was also true in the case of swine; but
when the hogs, which had been immunized against the bacteria
grown artificially in the laboratory, were exposed to natural out-
breaks of cholera they showed no great resistance to the disease;
and for practical ends these measures failed.

The "toxins" or poisonous products produced by the bacteria
during their growth were next tried as immunizing agents. Dr.
Von Schweinitz separated from artificial cultures of the hog-cholera
bacillus, and the swine-plague bacterium, certain chemical sub-
stances (alkaloids and albuminoid products) some of which he
found to be poisonous, and with which he produced with graduated
doses a certain degree of resistance against the usually fatal doses,
that is, in small experimental animals — guinea pigs. Both he and
the Chief of the Bureau felt greatly encouraged, and were led to
think that in the use of these chemical substances a practical
method of preventing these diseases would be found. The chemist

Swine Growers' Session. 101

mentioned even produced a substance by purely chemical methods,
without the intervention of the bacteria which seemed to have
the same action as the substances isolated from the bacterial cul-
tures. Later events, however, demonstrated that none of these
substances could be depended upon to produce immunity in swine
against the natural disease.

Following this, the investigations were directed toward the
production of an "immunizing or antitoxic serum" by the inocu-
lation of horses and cattle with gradually increasing doses of the
cultures of hog cholera and swine plague bacteria, somewhat in
the manner of the production of the "antitoxin," which is used so
successfully in human practice against diptheria. Extensive ex-
periments were made by Drs. De Schweinitz, Dorset and Niles of
the Bureau of Animal Industry and by Dr. Peters of the Nebraska
Experiment Station. The reports that were issued in regard to the
experimental work and practical tests indicated for a time that a
practical solution of the problem had been attained. But, unfor-
tunately this method in the end failed to meet the requirements.*

The reason for the lack of success in the above mentioned ex-
periments is now very plain ; and is this : The Prime Cause of the
disease had not been discovered ; and the several investigators had
been working with bacteria which play only a secondary role in
producing the phenomena observed in hog cholera (and probably
swine plague).*

The unsatisfactory results in attempting to produce immunity
by means of the bacteria mentioned, as well as other facts, in re-
gard to these bacteria, which were observed in the various investi-
gations, led to some doubt as to the so-called hog cholera germ be-
ing the true cause of the disease. It had early been observed that
the high degree of infectiousness of the disease, under natural con-
ditions, and the well marked virulence of the blood of diseased ani-
mals, was out of harmony with the low virulence of the germs which
had been isolated, and charged with being the cause of the disease.
But as these germs were so constantly associated with the disease
and were more virulent than any other forms that were occasion-
ally found, it was reasonable td regard these as the cause, and to
ascribe their low virulence to the unnatural conditions of their

•In Germany, Wasserman and Osterag, working on the same line with the disease,
"Schweine seuche," which corresponds to the American swine plague, claim to have pro-
duced aprotective serum which is now in very large use In that country; being actively
promoted by a private commercial concern which manufactures it. The reports from dis-
interested veterinarians, however, indicate that this method has not proven an unquali-
fied success. The chances of success are more favorable in the case of the German switie
plague, since it Is not so frequently complicated with hog cholera.

102 Missouri Agricultural Report.

growth in artificial media. This view, however, was not entirely
satisfactory ; and experiments were made to determine whether the
infectious blood contains some undiscovered element that is cap-
able of producing the disease, when all the so-called hog cholera
germs are removed. Accordingly a quantity of highly infectious
hog cholera blood was passed through a very fine porcelain filter.
A careful examination of the blood after filtration proved that no
bacteria were present, that could be discovered by our present
microscopical and bacteriological (cultural) methods. But the in-
jection of this filtered blood beneath the skin of swine proved that
it had not lost its virulence. It caused sickness when injected into
pigs, and the disease produced was identical with that caused by
inoculation of unfiltered blood, and similar to acute cases of the
natural disease. It was also shown that the disease thus produced
could be transmitted from animal to animal without dimunition of
virulence, by artificial inoculation of the blood, also' that the dis-
ease produced by this filtered blood was contagious to other swine
by ordinary exposure, as in cases of natural outbreaks of cholera.
It was thus proven that there exists in the blood of hogs affected
with cholera some living organism that had previously been over-
looked, and which the evidence, now adduced, seems to prove is
the essential cause of hog cholera. All attempts to cultivate this
invisible microorganism by artificial laboratory methods have fail-
ed, and the inoculation of rabbits and guinea pigs show these small
experimental animals to be insusceptible. Inoculations which we
have made at this Experiment Station on horses and cattle with
unfiltered infectious blood from swine affected with acute cases of
cholera produced no marked ill effects on these animals. The pig
alone seems to be susceptible to the pathogenic action of this new-
ly demonstrated "hog cholera-virus;" and swine alone must be
used in testing the efficiency of any method that is proposed for
immunizing against hog cholera. The above facts have in part led
to experiments on immunization which depends upon the use of
the blood serum of swine, that have become immune to cholera, and
the immunizing power of which is greatly increased by subsequent
inocidation of the immune animal ivith large quantities of virulent
blood.

In a number of the infectious diseases, the fact has been de-
monstrated that when an animal recovers from an attack of one
of these maladies it is, as a rule, immune to further attacks of the
same disease. And it has been proven in certain of these diseases
that an anti-toxic substance is developed which has the power of

Swine Growers' Sessio?i.

103

counteracting in some way the action of the disease producing
germs; and, as mentioned in the case of diptheria, this substance
can be produced under certain conditions in one animal, and ob-
tained for use in protecting another animal from what might other-
wise prove a fatal attack. It is well known that a hog that has
once recovered from an attack of cholera proves very resistant
when exposed again to the disease. It was then reasonable to
suppose that the blood of the recovered hog contains an anti-toxin
in sufficient quantity to protect itself against future attacks ; that
is, to maintain its own immunity. Whether the blood of the ordi-
nary immune hog contains this "anti-toxin" in sufficient quantity
to protect another susceptible hog against the disease, by use of
the small quantities of serum that would be practicable to use, was
a matter to be decided by actual experiment. The United States
Bureau investigators, Drs. Dorset and Niles, found that no great

Lot 1. Pigs 1 to 8 "vaccinated." Pigs A and B not vaccinated. Pigs A and 8 died. All
severely exposed to cholera. Pigs 1 to 7 all remained well.

degree of protection was produced by this means. And in some
inoculations in an outbreak in Cooper county, I found that no ap-
preciable resistance was obtained. The Bureau workers found,
however, that the protective power of the blood could be greatly
increased by a process of "hyperimmunization," that is, by in-
oculating an immune hog (one that had been through an attack of
the disease) with large quantities of virulent blood. It was found
that the ordinary immune hog can resist amounts of diseased blood
sufficient to kill several hundred non-immune hogs ; and that after
this treatment the blood of these "hyperimmunized" hogs had in
jmany cases yvell marked protective properties, as was shown by

104 Missouri Agricultural Report.

the simultaneous inoculation of swine with certain quantities of the
serum (20 to 60 c. c.) and of virulent blood (1 to 2 c. c).

At the request of Dr. Melvin, Chief of the Bureau of Animal
Industry, we have been co-operating with the Department in put-
ting this method to a practical test; and it is to this work that I
shall now call your attention:

To carry out our experiments properly it was necessary to
secure hogs that were susceptible to the disease and were in a
healthy condition. We bought in the latter part of September a
lot of pigs, 41 in number, that were raised on a farm that is well
isolated from the main highways over which hogs are driven and
hauled to market; and is thus well situated to avoid an invasion
of the disease. The owner claimed that hog cholera had not been
on the farm for a great many years. Moreover this farmer was
not in the habit of buying many breeding hogs for improvement of
his herd. He was content to add a male hog every two or three
years. By this means his herd had escaped cholera for many years
and was probably more susceptible to the disease than many of the
herds of the country. To be well assured that the hogs were
healthy they were kept under observation for sometime before the
immunizing experiments were begun.

To test their suceptibility, and at the same time to secure fresh
virulent blood for use in connection with the immunizing experi-
ments, two of the hogs were inoculated with virulent blood that
had been preserved for some time in sealed tubes. Both these pigs
died from an acute attack of hog cholera, thus showing the prob-
able susceptibility of the entire lot.

The remaining hogs were divided into four lots and placed in
separate but adjoining pens, with close board partitions between.
The north end of the pens was well sheltered and the south end
exposed to the sun and weather. Close-mesh chicken wire was put
over the exposed portion of the pens to prevent birds or dogs from
carrying infection out or into the experiment pens. So far as the
hogs were concerned the conditions of shelter, exposure, food and
general care were the average of those found on stock farms. The
test was designed to meet practical conditions.

A summary of the results of the inoculation of those four lots
is as follows :

In lot I (pen 3) 10 pigs, weighing 40 to 60 pounds, were
placed. October 22, 8 head were injected with 20 c. c. of serum
B. A. I., from hyperimmunized swine. At the same time each hog
was injected with 1 c. c. of fresh virulent hog cholera blood. Two

Swine Growers' Session.

105

pigs received no treatment, but were left to determine whether the
disease would spread from inoculated hogs to those not inoculated.
Another pig was inoculated with the infected blood, used on the 8
head mentioned, to determine whether it was virulent. This pig
was put in a pen well isolated from the others, and died November
1 from symptoms of cholera, which was confirmed by the post-
mortem examination. November 27, one of the "check" pigs that
had not been inoculated with serum or virulent blood appeared
sick. Two days later, one of the vaccinated pigs of this lot was
also sick. The check pig died after a very lingering illness. The
vaccinated pig also died at a still later date from an abscess, and
there may be doubts as to whether this pig was affected with
cholera, although there can scarcely be any doubt in regard to the
check pig. The infection probably did not come in this case from
the inoculated pigs, but from lot 4, as shall be explained later. All
the other pigs of this lot remained perfectly healthy, including one

Lot. 2. Pigs 1 to 8 "vaccinated;" all remained healthy. Pigs A and B, not vaccinated, died
from cholera. All severely exposed to cholera.

of the check pigs which had not been inoculated. On December
10th all the pigs of this pen were exposed to the natural disease,
by placing two sick pigs from a natural outbreak of the disease in
the pen with these animals. One of these pigs died the 24th and
the other on December 28th. A post-mortem examination showed
a mixed type of cholera and swine plague. These pigs were under
daily observation, and up to January 24th no ill effects were seen
from this exposure. On this date, two pigs of this lot were fed
viscera obtained from hogs, which had died from a natural infec-

106 Missouri Agricultural Report.

tion of cholera, on a farm several miles from the Station. The
feeding of the diseased organs had no bad effect on the vaccinated
pigs mentioned, and none of the other vaccinated animals exposed
to them have shown any signs of illness up to the time of issuing
this report.

Lot 2 — Lot 2 included 10 pigs, weighing from 40 to 60 pounds,
eight of these were injected with 20 c. c. of the protective serum
(B. A. I.), and simultaneously with 2 c. c. of fresh virulent hog
cholera blood. A larger quantity of diseased blood was used in
this case to determine the protective power of the serum, with
varying doses of the infection. This blood was shown to be viru-
lent when used on pigs not protected with serum. These inocula-
tions were made October 22. As in lot I, two untreated check pigs
were placed in the pen. Up to November 16, twenty-five days af-
ter inoculation, no disease was observed in any of the pigs. On
this date one of the pigs which had not been vaccinated became
sick and died on November 24th, after an illness of eight days.
The symptoms and post-mortem examination showed the presence
of cholera. On November 22nd, the second check pig became sick
and was killed December 2. Post-mortem examination showed hog
cholera lesions. The check pigs, it is certain, did not contract the
disease from the pigs of the same pen that had been injected with
both serum and diseased hog cholera blood — but probably got the
infection from an adjoining pen (see lot 4) . December 10 all the
vaccinated pigs were doing well. None had shown any signs of
illness. On this date two sick pigs from an infected herd were
put in this pen. Two days later one of them died. The other,
after several days' illness, recovered. This exposure caused no ill
results to the vaccinated pigs. On January 24 two of the vaccinated
hogs of this lot were fed diseased viscera from the same source as
that mentioned under lot 1. No ill effects resulted to the animals
fed, nor to the other pigs exposed to them. All of these vaccinated
pigs are, at the present time, alive and in thrifty condition.

Lot 3 (pen 4) contained eight pigs — weight 40 to 60 pounds.
October 22, each pig was injected with 20 c. c. serum from same
source as that used in lots 1 and 2, but the infected hog cholera
blood that was injected at the same time was not freshly collected,
but had been preserved for some time in sealed glass tubes. This
was sent to us by Dr. Niles of the Bureau ; but I was advised later
by Dr. Dorset of the Bureau not to use this on account of an un-
favorable report that had been received. The unfavorable results
were at this time thought to be due to changes that had taken

Swine Growers' Session.

107

place in this old infectious blood. I deemed it important, however,
to test this preserve blood since in practical work in the field, it
is often inconvenient to obtain fresh infected blood each time it is
needed. Moreover the delay of a week or more in securing fresh
infection may at times prove a serious delay. In this lot, three
pigs were injected with 1 c. c. of the "preserved" infection and
five pigs received 2 c. c. No ill effects were observed from the
inoculation of the serum or from the preserved infectious blood,
in the different quantities mentioned, when the immunizing serum
and the infected blood were used simultaneously. To test the
virulence of the "diseased" blood, another pig was inoculated with'
2 c. c. of the same preserved infectious blood (without the simul-
taneous injection of the "protective serum"). This pig died 10
days later from an acute haemorrhagic type of cholera.

Lot 3. Pigs 1 to 8 all "vaccinated" and severely exposed to hog cholera. None became sick.

The vaccinated pigs which had also been injected with the
same diseased blood showed no signs of illness. On December 2,
our records show that all the vaccinated pigs of lot 3 have remained
in good health from date of inoculation, fifty-one days before. De-
cember 12, all the pigs of lot 3 were exposed to natural hog cholera
infection by putting in the same pen a pig that was suffering from
the disease. December 28th the sick pig mentioned died. The
autopsy showed the haemorrhagic type of hog cholera, complicated
with broncho pneumonia (swine plague). December 29, two more
sick pigs from an infected herd were placed in this pen. Both these
recovered. Up to January 24th, none of the vaccinated pigs had
shown any sign of illness. On this date two of the vaccinated pigs
of this lot were fed diseased viscera — spleen, liver, and intestines,
from pigs that had died from the natural attack of cholera. Jan-

108 Missouri Agricultural Report.

uary 28th, through a misunderstanding on the part of the assistant,
this entire lot, including the two that were fed the viscera, were
inoculated two days later with 1 c. c. each of infected blood, from
a pig that had died from a natural attack of cholera,* and in which
the typical lesions of the disease were found ; as ulceration of the
bowels, enlarged spleen, swollen and haemorrhagic lymph glands,
and haemorrhagic spots on the surface of the kidneys. Nothwith-
standing this very severe exposure not one of these vaccinated pigs
has shown the slightest symptoms of illness of any kind.

Lot 4 (pen 1). In this lot were nine pigs, varying in weight
from 35 to 70 pounds. Six of the smaller ones averaged about 50
pounds; the three larger ones were gilts, one of which was preg-
nant.

This lot of hogs was used in an experiment to test the "im-
munizing value" of the blood serum of a hog that had become im-
mune to cholera through a natural attack of the disease; and had
been fed from time to time over a period of two years with large
quantities of viscera (spleen, liver, intestines and kidneys), from
hogs affected with cholera (from natural attacks), with the view
of increasing the acquired immunity. It was to be presumed that
an animal so treated would acquire some degree of "hyperimmun-
ity" and would produce a more potent serum than the ordinary
"recovered" immune.

October 22 six of the smaller hogs of lot 4 were injected with
20 c. c. of freshly drawn serum, from the "viscera-fed immune"
mentioned, at the same time these six hogs were injected with
virulent hog cholera blood; three with fresh hog cholera blood
from the same source as that used on lots 1 and 2. The other three
were injected with preserved hog cholera blood from the same
source as that used on lot 3. The infectiousness of this blood was
shown by its fatal effects on two pigs that were injected with this
alone, and isolated from any other source of infection.

November U, thirteen days after the vaccination of the six pigs
of the above lot, three of the vaccinated pigs seemed to be sick,
and seven days later (November 11), one of the sick vaccinated
pigs died; this one had been injected with 20 c. c. of serum from
the "viscera-fed" immune hog, and simultaneously with 2 c. c. of
fresh infected blood. The autopsy showed an acute haemorrhagic
case of hog 'cholera. The other two sick pigs recovered ; one had
been injected with 1 c. c. of the fresh virus, and the other with 1
c. c. of the preserved virus, The remaining three vaccinated pigs

'Gentry Olark herd.

Swine Growers' Session.

109

never showed any signs of illness from the simultaneous injection
of virulent hog cholera blood. One of these pigs received 2 c. c.
of the preserved blood ; another, 1 c. c. of preserved blood, while
the third received 1 c. c. of the fresh virus.

The two "check" pigs, and the pregnant sow, which had been
left in the pen, and had not been injected with either serum or in-
fectious blood, all contracted the disease in the natural way by
simple exposure to the sick vaccinated pigs. The first signs of ill-
ness in these "check" pigs occurred on November 16th, twelve days
after the first symptoms of sickness were observed in the vaccinated
pigs. Three days later (November 19th) the remaining non-vac-
cinated hog was "off feed." November 21 the pregnant sow abort-
ed. On November 23, after an illness of several days, one of these
sick pigs died, having shown during this time the usual symptoms
of cholera; as, loss of appetite for food, great thirst, emaciation,
great weakness, unsteady gait, shivering as if cold, tendency to
burrow under the bedding. The autopsy showed: congestion of

Lot 4. Pigs 1 to 6 vaccinated from "viscera fed" immune— pig No. 6 died. Nos. 1, 2 and 3

remained healthy, 3 and 4 sick, but recovered. Pigs A, B and O not

vaccinated. All these "check" pigs died.

the lymph glands, small blood spots (petechiae) on the serous coat
of the small intestines and on the kidneys — a number of small
ulcers on the mucous surface of the blind gut (caecum) ; mucous
surface of the intestines greatly congested; small blood spots
(petechiae) on the pericardium; the lungs were in fair condition.
November 26 check pig No. 2 was desperately sick, and was

♦To the time of issuing this report these pigs have remained in the same pen over 150
days and have shown no evidence of sickness.

110 Missouri Agricultural Report.

slaughtered to obtain blood for experimental purposes. The au-
topsy notes are very much like those reported above, except that
the spleen was more enlarged and the lungs showed a slight in-
filtration at the inferior borders of the anterior lobes. November
30 the third non-vaccinated sow died; this was the sow that had
aborted.

The three vaccinated hogs that showed no signs of the disease
were thus continuously exposed for twenty-six days or more in
very close contact with the hogs suffering from the disease. These
and the two recovered pigs were further exposed by putting with
them December 9th a sick pig from an outside pen. This pig re-
covered after a prolonged illness. In the meantime it had doubt-
less added considerable infectious material to the pen. No harm
came to the vaccinated pigs from this additional exposure.

January 24th one of the recovered pigs and one that had never
shown any symptoms of cholera, in lot 4, were fed viscera (spleen,
liver, intestines and kidneys) obtained from hogs that had died
from cholera in a herd suffering from a natural outbreak of the
disease, and in which both the hog cholera and swine plague types
were present.

The two pigs that were fed the viscera suffered no ill effects,
nor did the other vaccinated pigs of the same lot that were exposed.

In lot 4 it will be seen that only one of the six vaccinated hogs
died, and three showed no illness, while five non-vaccinated hogs of
the same breeding that were inoculated or exposed to the same in-
fection died. It therefore seems that the serum used in this case
had some power to protect against the disease. Its potency, how-
ever, was not as great as the serum obtained from supply animals
made "hyper-immune" by hypodermic injection of a large amount
of infectious blood, as is shown by comparison of lot 4 with lots
1, 2 and 3. In the last named lots of 24 pigs only one showed any
signs of sickness. This one in lot No. 1, died after a very linger-
ing illness. A large abscess had developed under the throat. While
the symptoms indicated a case of cholera, the post-mortem in this
animal gave no clear evidence that the death was caused by this
disease. The non-vaccinated animals in these lots, with the excep-
tion of one check pig in lot 1, died from the disease. This one at
no time showed the slightest illness. The reason for this resist-
ance of the non-vaccinated pig I am unable to explain. Such oc-
currences, however, are observed in natural outbreaks of the dis-
ease. I think it very probable that the check animals which died
in pen 1 and 2 contracted the disease from infection carried into

Sivine Growers' Session.

Ill

these lots from lot 4 by the attendant, who, in feeding and caring
for these pigs passed from pen to pen without any disinfection of
his shoes. This was done intentionally (after the outbreak of the
disease in lot 4) as it was evident that the opportunity for infect-
ing the "check" pigs in lots 1 and 2, in other ways, from lot 4
would throw doubt on any conclusion that these "check" pigs con-
tracted the disease from the vaccinated pigs of their own lot,
should the latter remain healthy. In this way a greater exposure
of all the vaccinated pigs was made than was at first planned.

We may also regard the sick pigs of lot 4 as "checks" on the
value of the serum used in lots 1, 2 and 3, since the source of the

Fig. 5. Hog cholera ulcers— Intestines— Vet. Dept, Mo. Experiment Station.

infection in lot 4 was from the diseased blood used in the other lots.
I am confident that all of the pigs in these several lots had far
greater opportunities for contracting the disease than ever occurs
in a natural outbreak of cholera.

We had an opportunity of still further testing the value of the
"hyperimmunized" serum in an outbreak of cholera in the State
farm herd, into which the disease had been introduced by some
hogs of the "show herd" which had returned recently from the

112 Missouri Agricultural Report.

State Fair. A few days after the return of these animals one of
them, the Berkshire herd boar, died somewhat suddenly. The
herdsman, not suspecting an infectious disease, and thinking the
animal had probably been injured or over-heated, did not call my
attention to the matter for several hours after the animal had died ;
and it was impossible to give a positive diagnosis of the case, since
decomposition was well advanced before the examination was made.
My suspicions, however, were aroused that the case was one of
acute hog cholera. These "show hogs" had been unloaded in an
inclosure where the general farm herd* ran from time to time.
On November 8 a Duroc gilt that had been exposed with a number
of others upon these grounds, died during the day. The autopsy
showed highly injected lymph glands, enlarged and soft spleen,
great congestion of the mucous membrane of the intestines. Two
days later a Duroc sow, "Nokomis," that had been at the State
Fair died. The post-mortem examination of this animal gave evi-
dence of cholera. November 13 we inoculated 27 of the choicest
of the breeding herd with mixed serum supplied by Dr. Niles from
some of the Bureau's hyper-immunized hogs. In addition to this
we inoculated all of the surviving hogs that had been taken to the
State Fair — 5 head. One of these was very sick at the time, and
the other, her bed mate, was not eating well; making a total of
32 of the farm animals inoculated with the above material. We
gave to the large animals doses of 60 c. c. of the serum. This had
no good effect upon the sick sow, "Lucy Lee," nor her bed-mate,
"Early Rose." Both of these died from the disease. Two large
Duroc boars and one large Poland-China sow of the show herd
showed no signs of illness following the inoculation. They were not
taken from their pens which were adjoining the pen in which the
other animals died. They were also cared for by the same attend-
ant who had charge of the two sick sows.

We lost out of the 27 of the general farm herd only one large
sow. This sow had been inoculated with only 40 c. c of the serum.
She was suckling 6 pigs at the time. These also died. A large
Duroc sow, suckling 11 pigs, but which received a larger dose, 50
c. c, and running in the same pen, showed no signs of the disease,
although all of her pigs died from the disease. Another sow in an
adjoining pen which had also received 50 c. c. of the serum, and
was suckling 6 pigs, showed no signs of the disease, although her
pigs died from cholera — the pigs of all three sows went back and
forth to infected pens near by. None of the other animals men-
tioned have shown any signs of illness. Thirteen of the choicest

Swine Groiuers* Session.

113

gilts were removed some distance from the grounds for further
protection. These were all inoculated with 40 c. c. of serum each.
These animals, however, did not escape opportunities for infection,
since the same attendant who cared for the sick farm hogs, also
fed and watered these. Moreover some of these gilts were driven
over the infected grounds to the pens of the boars mentioned above
for breeding. During this time a number of hogs that were not
injected with the serum died from cholera. Our observations show
that the serum is not effective when inoculated into an animal which
is showing symptoms of the disease, but it shows a very high pro-
tective value in preventing the development of the disease.

Fig. 6. Disinfecting the tail preparatory to drawing blood.

A further test of the serum from the hog made "hyper-
immune" by feeding diseased viscera was also made upon three
other lots of hogs on the State farm. In one lot, No. 5, consisting
of four Duroc gilts weighing about 150 pounds each, two were in-
oculated with 40 c. c. each of clear serum, and at the same time
were inoculated with 2 c. c. of virulent blood from one of the check
pigs that had died in lot 4 already mentioned. Two more were
inoculated with the blood corpuscles tolerably free from serum, in
doses of 40 c. c. each. These were also inoculated with 2 c. c. of
the same virulent blood. One check animal of the same litter was
not inoculated. All of these animals contracted the disease, and
all but one died. The post-mortems showed evidences of a very
acute septicemia, corresponding to the haemorrhagic type of hog

A-8

114 Missouri Agricultural Report.

cholera. The infected blood used on this lot was not drawn under
the most favorable condition, and there is a possibility that other
infection besides the hog cholera virus was also present. The ob-
ject of the inoculations in this lot was to compare the protective
value of clear serum and corpuscles.

In lot 6, inoculated on the same day with the same serum, were
seven Duroc boars. Two of these were inoculated with 40 c. c. of
the serum, four received 30 c. c. ; the fifth animal, a small one, was
quite sick at the time of the inoculation. This one received only
a small dose as the quantity of the serum available was not suffi-
cient to give a larger dose. With this lot three hogs were not in-
oculated: One, a Berkshire boar, was sick at the time; the other
two, a Duroc boar and a Berkshire barrow, were not showing any
signs of illness. All the sick animals mentioned and the two ap-
parently healthy animals, not inoculated, died some time later;
while only one of the six Duroc boars which appeared to be healthy
at the time of the inoculation succumbed to the disease. As these
animals were all on infected grounds and a part of them had the
disease, the vaccinated animals were not injected with virulent
blood.

In lot 7 were nine animals. Five Berkshire sows were inocu-
lated with 40 c. c. of the serum, one Berkshire sow 30 c. c, one
Berkshire gilt 20 c. c, one Poland gilt 40 c. c, one Duroc gilt 20
c. c. As these animals had an opportunity for natural infection,
they were not inoculated with virulent blood. ■ None of this lot
died.

In regard to the technique of collecting the serum and inocu-
lating it into the hogs, the following description and the accom-
panying illustrations will help to make the matter clear:

After the supply animal is made "hyper-immune," the collec-
tion of the blood is made from the tail on account of the difficulty
of tapping the deep-seated jugular vein. The animal is cleaned
well and tied firmly to an operating table, made convenient for this
work. To prevent contamination of the serum, the tail of the ani-
mal is made thoroughly clean by shaving off the hair and applying
antiseptics. A bit of the tail is then cut off and the blood collected
from the bleeding end in a sterilized vessel, the mouth of which is
carefully protected by a sterile towel. A cover is also drawn over
the pig in such a manner as to prevent any contamination from the
hair and skin. After the blood has been collected the clot is re-
moved and the blood that remains is preserved by adding a small
quantity of carbolic acid (*/•> per cent), or the blood may be used

Swine Growers' Session.

115

at once in the fresh condition. As to the keeping qualities of the
serum, Dr. Dorset has informed me that he has had samples that
have retained potency for several months.* The main drawback
to the use of the hog as a supply animal, in addition to the incon-
venience of collecting the blood, is the difficulty of supplying large
quantities in case of great outbreaks of the disease, since only small
quantities of blood can be secured from the hog at one bleeding —
only from 300 to 500 c. c. can be secured at one time, and this is
only sufficient for fifteen or twenty hogs at a. minimum dose. If
our attempts to make the horse and ox serve as supply animals are
successful, the drawback mentioned will be overcome. But even

Fig. 7. Drawing blood for inoculating purposes, Veterinary Department, Missouri Ex-
periment Station— Niles method.

if these larger animals do not prove appropriate for supplying the
serum, great service can be done the breeders of pure bred swine
through the present method, since the serum appears to retain its
immunizing properties for a considerable time and can be collected
and stored up for use during the seasons when the cholera is not
so prevalent. It is the purpose of our own Experiment Station
and College to serve the swine breeders of the State to the fullest
extent possible along this line. Our conveniences for doing this

•In the Rinderpast inoculations of cattle in South Africa, after which, this work on
the hogs is planned, Drs. Turner and Kolle had samples of serum that were effective two
and one-half and three years after they were collected .

116 Missouri Agricultural Report.

work in the most efficient manner are not at present adequate;
but I am sure that everything needful for the best work will be
supplied, because of the great importance of this line of work.

From your knowledge of the fact that hog cholera presents
such varied symptoms which suggest varied causes, the question
may arise in your minds : Will the immunizing process which we
have been discussing suffice for protection against these various
forms ? As already mentioned, it is my opinion that we have prob-
ably only one true -cause for the various types of epizootics affect-
ing the hogs of this country; but that, associated with this, the
hog cholera germs and the swine plague germs acting in a second-
ary role, give rise to some of the symptoms and lesions noted in
the various types of hog cholera, but it is probable that these sec-
ondary causes are harmless in the absence of the true cause, which
is found in the "filterable virus." And I think that experience
will prove, as our experiments indicate, that we have practically
only one disease to combat; and that in the method which I have
been describing we have an efficient means. In support of this I
recall your attention to the fact that the experiment pigs in lots 1
to 4 were exposed to the "acute haemorrhagic type" of the disease,
to the "slow-and-lingering" form, and to the "swine-plague" type
of the disease and proved resistant to them. While there is yet a
difference of opinion as to "swine-plague" being an independent
disease (and even if it should prove to be so) the losses from this
cause will be materially lessened because in most cases where this
form is noted, the hog cholera type is nearly always present; and
the mitigation of the disease by overcoming the "hog cholera" type
will doubtless lessen the force of "swine plague" with which it may
be associated.

Moreover, in the preparation of the serum, the supply animal
is treated in a way which in fact produces in some degree a "poly-
valent serum" which may be effective against the secondary causes
mentioned. In the infected blood, which is used in the inoculation
of the animals to be "hyperimmunized," unfiltered blood is used.
It thus contains not only the "filterable virus," but also the old
hog cholera germs or swine plague germs with which the diseased
animals supplying this affected blood may be invaded.

Another question which may arise in your minds : Is it neces-
sary, in order to secure a permanent immunity, to inoculate the
animals with diseased blood at the time they are inoculated with
the serum. Experiments have shown in other diseases that when
animals are inoculated with the protective serums alone, their im-

Swine Growers' Session. 117

munity is of a passing nature; and that for the production of a
permanent immunity the animal must be infected either from ex-
posure to the disease or by actual inoculation with the virus. If
this is done at the time the protective serums are present, no severe
results follow, and the animal acquires an immunity which is quite
permanent. In practical work in the field I hardly think that it is
necessary, where animals are already exposed to the disease, to
resort to the inoculation of the virulent blood. In the cases we
have already mentioned on the State farm, we did not think it
necessary to inject the virulent blood on account of the probability
of the animals becoming infected through natural means. Dr.
Niles, writing me on December 14th, says in regard to this matter
— "The results of our field work have been most encouraging, and
we are satisfied that serum used alone in herds in which disease
is just starting, will save a very large majority of the animals."

We must not overlook the importance of the ordinary sani-
tary measures in the prevention of this disease, for in the history
of plagues of all kinds more has been done by good sanitation than
by vaccination. In small-pox, diptheria, bubonic plague, and other
infections, Boards of Health do not relax in the least the enforce-
ment of quarantine and disinfecting measures, although there are
vaccines against some of these human maladies; and if the farm-
ers would apply the proper sanitary measures in the handling of
hog diseases the losses would not be so great. For instance, the
good effect of quarantine will be illustrated by the experience of
one of the members of this Association, whom you all know. I
refer to Mr. Gentry, who tells me that he has a number of times
prevented great losses of hogs in his herd by placing in temporary
quarantine those that he had shown at the various State fairs. It
became his custom, after a sad experience or two with hog cholera,
to put the "show herd" apart from the general herd for a few
weeks after their return to the farm, and to put these in charge of
an attendant who did not come in contact with the other hogs.
He has brought the disease on to his farm a number of times, but
has succeeded by strict quarantine measures, and thorough disin-
fection, in preventing its spread to the other hogs on his farm.

The free use of disinfectants like carbolic acid and quick lime
are very important in the prevention of this disease, and in stamp-
ing it out, when it once invades a farm. Thoroughness of disin-
fection is the important thing. A slight sprinkling of lime here
and there does not suffice; you must make the yards look as if a
snow had fallen. One of the members of this Association, Mr.

118 Missouri Agricultural Report.

Garrett of Maryville, a prominent breeder of Poland-China hogs,
has told me that he has been able to bring in new animals within
a very few weeks after he had had the disease on his place, by the
liberal use of quick-lime in disinfecting the grounds. But he said,
"I did a thorough job of it." It is well in an outbreak of this dis-
ease to separate the apparently healthy hogs from those that are
diseased ; and to divide the healthy lots into several smaller bunches
and place them in separate pens on clean grounds. In this way if
only a few of the number are infected the opportunities for a gen-
eral spread of the disease is lessened. The dipping of the hogs,
that have been exposed, in any of the carbolic dips which are in
general use, is another measure which will aid in preventing the
spread of the disease.

The spread of hog cholera is greatly augumented by the neg-
lect of the swine owner to burn the carcasses of animals that die
of this disease. Many a wide spread outbreak could have been
prevented had the proper measures been employed. In the fall of
the year it often happens that a farmer who has raised a good corn
crop and does not have a sufficient number of hogs to dispose of
it, buys a carload of hogs in some distant part of the State. The
exposure of these hogs to infection in the local stock yards of the
region where they are bought, often starts the disease in the lot
within a few weeks. The farmer ascribes the disease to the feed-
ing of new corn, or to other causes than the real one. The hogs
lie around unburned and the infection is distributed to neighbor-
ing farms, by the drainage to lower lying places, by dogs and birds
carrying diseased parts away, and in other ways.

We have laws in regard to hog cholera and other contagious
diseases which provide that animals dying from a contagious dis-
ease shall be burned or buried, and that notice shall be given the
neighbors in regard to the presence of the disease on the farm. It
is also a misdemeanor to permit these sick animals to run on pub-
lic roadways or the commons. These laws, however, are not known
to many farmers, or their importance is not appreciated, since it
is too common an occurrence to find during an outbreak of this
disease, hogs lying rotting in the streams that run through the in-
fected farm.

In regard to medicinal treatment, I know of nothing better
than that recommended in the Farmers' Bulletin No. 24, issued by
the United States Bureau of Animal Industry. The various pro-
prietory remedies that are on the market are made up of practically
the same ingredients.

Sivine Growers' Session. 119

In combatting hog cholera by means of "preventive inocula-
tion" there is doutbless much work yet to be done, to make this
procedure as practical as is desirable. But it is certainly gratify-
ing to know that the outlook for an entirely successful issue of the
long and arduous labors of the United States Bureau on this line
is so bright. And it is certainly a matter of no little profit as well
as pleasure to us to have had some part in this work.

We wish to assure the swine breeders that the Missouri Ex-
periment Station has enlisted for the entire campaign in the war
against hog cholera.

SESSION

Missouri Sheep Breeders' Association.

January 7th, 1908.

THE CARE AND MANAGEMENT OF THE FLOCK.

(E. B. Wilson, Stanberry, Mo.)

The subject, Care and Management of a Flock, is one which
has been discussed time and again and very likely much of what
I have to say has been said by others in meetings of this kind.

My observations of the care and management of a flock have
all been made in Missouri. I trust that this will be of some value
to the new beginner in Missouri at least. (In starting in the sheep
business, whether it be a pure bred flock or grade flock, we should
not be satisfied with anything but the very best ewes we can buy.
Buy young ewes if you can get them. Look well to size, form and
covering. In this day of high priced wool a few pounds per head
makes quite a difference in the profits at the end of the year. In
selecting a ram, we should buy the best we can find. The best is
none too good, and don't let a few dollars keep you from buying a
good ram. When breeding time comes have your ewes in a healthy
condition. One ram should be used to every forty or fifty ewes,
unless we hand breed. In this case one ram to about sixty ewes.
What I mean by hand breeding is to let rams serve each ewe but
once. But this would be a great deal of trouble in a large flock.
After the breeding season is over we should take rams away from
the ewe flock.

We should see that our flock has plenty of pure water, also
feed them well. Don't feed too much corn to pregnant ewes. I
have seen breeders who thought they were feeding their ewes in
the best possible manner by giving them all the corn they can eat.

(120)

Sheep Breeders' Association. 121

Corn is all right for fattening lambs, but for breeding ewes we
should use but very little corn. Pregnant ewes require feed for
muscle and bone building, such as oats, bran, clover hay, etc. By
feeding corn and timothy hay the fleece seems to get harsh and dry
and the sheep will lose flesh. Experience teaches us that a change
of feed occasionally is beneficial. They also enjoy a change of
pasture and we find that it certainly does them good.

The question of barn room for pregnant ewes is of great im-
portance. No class of live stock needs room more than the preg-
nant ewes. They not only need plenty of room, but they need and
must have plenty of fresh air. Don't confine them to small quar-
ters that are poorly ventilated. If they are shut in close quarters,
they will, upon coming out in the cold atmosphere, contract colds,
and we find colds and catarrh a source of trouble.

For fear of abortion never let ewes crowd through narrow door
ways. Another cause for abortion is ewes eating too much salt.
This only happens when the ewes have not been regulary and prop-
erly salted. The proper way to salt a flock is to keep a box of salt
in some part of the barn where they can go to it any time.

We find by experience that a ewe and lamb should have twelve
or fifteen square feet of barn space. Will also say while on the
subject of close confinement, we should never let our sheep stay
in muddy, filthy lots, lest we have trouble with foot-rot. Keep
plenty of bedding in the barn and let the sheep have the run of
|he pasture as much as the weather will permit.

During the winter time nice bright corn fodder is an excel-
lent feed to scatter out in the pasture in the day time. This is a
good way to make them take exercise. By having good warm
quarters it is best to have lambs come early. February and March
is a very good time to have them come. By coming early and
teaching them to eat they get a good start by time grass comes, and
are less liable to sickness and disease. If the lambs are intended
for market, feed them plenty of corn and get them to market early.
If they are intended for breeding purposes, feed them bone and
muscle making feed. Make them as large as possible without too
much fat. By doing this we have a good size as yearlings. Then
the yearling ram is ready to do good service. The yearling ewes
are ready to breed when breeding time comes. It is advisable not
to use the ram under one year of age, and the ewe should never be
bred under one year.

122 Missouri Agricultural Report.

A SHEEPMAN'S EXPERIENCE IN THE MISSOURI LEGIS-
LATURE.

(Hon. H. R. Brasfleld, Unionville, Mo.
MORE SHEEP OR MORE DOGS — WHICH?

If any one thinks it is an easy matter to get a dog law through
the Missouri Legislature, he is sadly mistaken.

The committee to which the bill for a dog law was referred
consisted of seventeen members. I had made a considerable can-
vass among them and felt discouraged and called for help from
Brothers Carroll and Boles, but when the committee met that night
for a hearing on the bill there were only nine members present.
After some good talking by Mr. Carroll, Brother Boles took the
floor, and in his convincing way told the committee the importance
of the law. One of the committee said to Mr. Boles, "If you men
want to raise sheep, why don't you fence against the dogs?" Well,
you could see the hair on the top of 'Mr. Boles' head rise and turn
red and his eloquence grew loud and strong. He failed to convince
that member enough to get his vote at that meeting, but we did
get it at the final vote and got twelve out of the seventeen on the
committee. There were a number of members who wanted to vote
for the bill, but were afraid to vote either way, so made a sneak
and had business of importance (?) in some other place when the
vote was taken. At that committee meeting we got five votes from
the nine members present. I learned later on that we got all the
votes that we could have gotten from that committee that night —
our work had just begun.

DOG-INSPIRED ELOQUENCE.

I have had quoted to me during this dog law fight every "dog
poem" and every great and famous "dog speech," I think, that has
ever been made; and one could have heard more dog oratory in
both House and Senate than any one could imagine could be pro-
duced on that subject. To hear the arguments produced, you would
think this great State of ours could not exist without dogs; the
business of the merchants, farmers and all would have to be sus-
pended if the law passed. I heard one representative say he would
not vote for it if every man in his county would ask him to do so.
(And I was glad to see that his county was one of the first to
adopt this law.) I heard two senators say it was an outrage on

Sheep Breeders' Association. 123

the poor to pass such a bill. I was pleading with one senator and
showed him that every representative from his district had voted
for the bill, and told him of the many petitions that had come in
from his district asking for the enactment of the law. After hear-
ing me he said, "Well, Bob, it is a bad law and I can not vote for
it."

POWER OF ORGANIZATION.

Well, we got a part of our bill enacted into a law by the aid
of the great army of enforcement that I had in the background com-
manded by Capt. M. V. Carroll, and the members of that army
were the Missouri Sheep Breeders and their friends.

Now we can see the advantage of an organization. There were
four or five dog bills introduced in the last legislature and all died
a chilly death but one, and it was badly treated. One representa-
tive, who introduced one of the bills, came to me and said he had a
much better bill than I, in his judgment, and he could not under-
stand why there were so many petitions coming in for the Bras-
field bill. Our organization was young but it did some great work.

I was requested by our secretary to secure a copy of the peti-
tions that came in on House bill No. 92. 1 found it would be a big job.
I believe there were more petitions came in before the House and
Senate asking for the passage of House bill No. 92 than any other
bill that was petitioned for during the two terms of the last legis-
lature. We could have done nothing without our organization. It
means education. To us farmers it is squarely up to us in open
broad daylight. Do we wish to protect one of the greatest farm in-
dustries, one that will bring wealth to the amount of the capital in-
vested if properly cared for? Farmers, do you know that every
farmer in this State should have a flock of sheep according to the
size of his farm? His farm would look better, it would be better
by having them there. Those obnoxious weeds would not take his
place and make it look like some "widow woman" owned it, be-
sides his land would be reaping a reward by being enriched, and
the farmer's bank account would increase and, at the same time,
miss but little that they eat.

HOW CONVERTS ARE MADE.

I know I have been abused and called hard names over the
enactment of the dog law, and I have had to take the abuse. Little
do the people know that I was backed by such a great force as the
Missouri Sheep Breeders' Association.

124 Missouri Agricultural Report.

In some parts of my own county there has been some dissatis-
faction. One farmer, who has long been a successful sheep raiser
and who has secured a large tract of valuable land from his suc-
cess and had never had the misfortune of having dogs get into his
flocks, said some mean things about me and the dog law. I saw
him a short time ago and he said, "I was opposed to your dog law
but have just had $25.00 worth of sheep killed and, if your dog
law was in force, I could get my money back. I am ready to sign
a petition for the dog law, for now I see where you are right. There
is no income whatever from the dogs; from my sheep is where I
get clothing for my family and money to buy land." He also said,
"I know a number of men who own farms and who always keep a
gang of dogs. They never owned a sheep in their lives and do not
know their value, but they do know how to love a dog."

I find a majority in the House and Senate are willing to vote,
personally, for a dog law, but are afraid of their job. Now, what
we have to do is to go to work and keep this sentiment growing.
We have done a great work in a short space of time. The stock
law that we now have in most every county in the State was not
carried in the county in whhich I live for a number of trials, but we
at last succeeded. The votes for very few of the fine court houses
that are in many counties in our State were not carried on the first
trial, some not even on second or third, but when the people were
convinced that was the right thing to do, the votes counted. Now
we have only got this enterprise started. We did not get a whole
loaf, but a slice, and we must keep the ball rolling till we get a
whole loaf. I was satisfied the validity of the bill would be ques-
tioned, and it has been by one judge, but he is only one man and
not final. I have had the matter examined from one end to the
other by competent lawyers, and there was but one point of ques-
tion in it, and I am confident that point would be sustained by the
Supreme Court on a point of justice and equity, governed by po-
lice regulations. The law does not call for a tax but a license.

A man has to pay a license to have the privilege to keep a
dog. Nearly every city and town in the State has a dog license —
if they pay it there, why not have it in the county and make it
general ?

FEWER DOGS — MORE BREAD AND BUTTER.

It will not be a hardship on the poor — if they would keep less
dogs they would have more for their families to eat. It is the dogs
that are kept and not fed that cause us so much trouble. They

Sheep Breeders' Association. 125

must have something to eat, and in roving over the country hunt-
ing for something to eat, two or more get together and commence
to run stock and do such great damage. It is not always what
they kill that makes the big damage. I heard of one raid lately
where dogs killed six or seven sheep and damaged and crippled
about a hundred more in one flock. Every sheep in the flock is
seriously damaged in such a raid, and it sometimes takes weeks to
get them back where they were if they are ever as good and gentle
as before.

Many times great damage is done to sheep by dogs hunting on
our farms and scaring the flock when the dog does not mean to do
damage.

Now, in my judgment the best thing for Missouri farmers is
a flock of sheep on every farm. More sheep, better sheep and feiver
dogs.

WHAT ORGANIZATION HAS DONE FOR THE MISSOURI

SHEEP INDUSTRY.

(M. V. Carroll, Secretary of Missouri Sheep Breeders' Association.)

In this practical commercial age trees are judged by the fruit
they produce, men and organizations are estimated by their capacity
to do things, to show results. I am told by Missouri's pioneer
sheep breeders that many years ago — just how many was not stat-
ed — there was an organization of sheep men in this State, but what
became of it, what it accomplished or what the cause of its demise,
I am unable to state. Certain it is that the decade ending at 1906
was one of sepulchural quietude in Missouri so far as the sheep in-
dustry was concerned. True, there were a few courageous, enter-
prising sheep breeders here and there over the State whose opera-
tions, while measurably profitable, served largely to inspire curios-
ity among their sheepless neighbors. While Uncle Sam's census
compilers professed to find within the State a considerable number
of sheep each year, our wool production was so much a minus
quantity that the Yankee wool buyers would not concede that Mis-
souri was on the map. The Missouri State Fair held its first an-
nual exhibition in 1901, and possibly, with two or three exceptions,
the sheep display at its first five exhibitions came from other states
— Missouri sheep were conspicuous by their absence.

In February, 1906, when our State Fair Board convened to
arrange its premium list, it was requested to provide special classes

126 Missouri Agricultural Report.

for Missouri sheep as a means of inducing their exhibition but,
owing to the opposition of two members, who contended that "the
sheep industry in Missouri is old enough and strong enough to
stand on its own bottom," the request was refused.

When the sixth exhibition by the State Fair opened Septem-
ber 30, 1906, there were 290 head of fine sheep on display and not
a single Missouri sheep among them. Missouri sheep men to the
number of a "baker's dozen" were rounded up on the grounds on
October 2 and assembled in a small room in the Live Stock Pavilion
where, with the counsel and encouragement of a few of the pro-
gressive visiting sheep men from other states, the Missouri Sheep
Breeders' Association was organized. With this humble and un-
ostentatious beginning the youngster started to grow — by January
9, 1907, when a special meeting was held in Columbia during the
"Farmers' Week" conventions, its roster had increased to 60 mem-
bers. At that meeting a resolution was adopted urging the State
Fair Board to establish special classes for Missouri sheep at the
1907 exhibition, also one strongly endorsing the Brasfield bill for
a dog law, then pending in the legislature, and appointed a legis-
lative committee to aid in securing its enactment. The career of
that measure is now history. Strong — not to say vindictive — opposi-
tion developed early in its consideration, but that opposition served
an unintended good purpose. It aroused the sheep men of the State
and aligned a large number of them with the State Association.
At the end of a long-drawn-out fight the bill was forced to enact-
ment but in so badly a multilated condition that its author and tire-
less champion could hardly recognize it. But we had grown with-
in a short space of six months from the original 13 to 250 mem-
bers, each an earnest and enthusiastic advocate of "more and bet-
ter sheep for Missouri."

The force and influence of that motto have wrought marvels
for the industry in this State. New flocks have been established
in almost every county, scrubs have been replaced with grades and
pure breds, and a well informed importer states that of the 3,000
breeding sheep imported into the United States from Europe dur-
ing the past year, over 300 of them were purchased by Missourians.

Our State Association grew a pace, and by the opening date
of the 7th State Fair, October 5th, numbered 335 members, and
when the first annual meeting convened on the fair grounds, Octo-
ber 9th, our members had the satisfaction of knowing that the
largest and best display of sheep in the history of the fair was on
exhibition, among them being Missouri sheep good enough to win

Sheep Breeders' Association. 127

prizes in competition with imported animals from the crack flocks
of Europe. Then during the afternoon of that same day, when
America's record sheep sale was held in the sheep pavilion on the
fair grounds, 140 head of sheep selling at auction at an average of
over $50 per head, and every animal but four sold to a Missourian
for spot cash, it dawned upon the members of this Association that
organization of their kind does organize, does develop, advance and
elevate an industry. That sale did other things — it not only re-
generated America's wool map, but it caused the sheep men of the
English speaking world to revise their estimate of Missouri. It
was reported and commented upon by practically every agricultural
paper in America. Without the existence of the organization of
the Missouri Sheep Breeders it could not — and would not — have
been held.

Such in brief is a conservative statement of the net results
accomplished by this lusty infant now 15 months old, and with its
membership roster nearing the 400 mark. But its work is only be-
gun. There are yet about 1,800 Missouri sheep men not enrolled
with it, and there is room and need for five million more sheep in
Missouri to give us an average of 20 head per farm. So far as I
have been able to ascertain there are now but three State Sheep
Breeders' Associations having a larger enrolled membership than
Missouri — those are Wyoming, Montana and New Mexico, each of
which has had organizations for many years.

If there be truth in the maxim that "well begun is half done,"
our members can persevere with renewed courage determined to
quadruple their membership, to make the quality of their sheep the
equal of the world's best, and to ornament Missouri's hills and
dales with added thousands of the "golden hoofs."

SHALL WE USE WESTERN EWES?

(J. W. Boles, Auxvasse, Mo.)

I would not advocate using any except the very best ewes.
Whatever I handle or whatever principle I advocate I try to advo-
cate something good. I will say there are conditions under which
I think it is all right to use western ewes. One of those conditions
is if they are the best that we can afford, use them, but do not
use them too often. If we were to advocate using western ewes
to advance sheep industry in the State of Missouri, we would just

128 Missouri Agricultural Report.

as well advocate using Texas cattle, or western cattle and western
ponies, and Arkansas hogs, and all that sort of thing; or, we might
just as well advocate cultivating inferior ground instead of good
ground. We had just as well advocate using inferior implements
to farm with, having inferior teams, and having inferior hands to
work our lands, having inferior teachers to teach our children, and
having inferior schools or any other thing of that kind. All these
things it seems to me are along the same line. I hold that we may
just as well feed a sheep that will produce a $10 lamb or a $5 lamb
or a $15 lamb as one that will produce a $3^ lamb, or one that
will produce twice as much wool as the other. Our land is too high
to use cheap material. We cannot afford to use cheap labor, cheap
teams, or cheap anything according to my way of thinking. Now,
I am not saying that a man should never use western ewes. If a
man has only $20 or $30 to put into sheep, and his farm will carry
12 sheep, then I think he can afford to buy a cheaper class of ewes;
but if he can afford it, if he has the money and can afford to use
a better grade of ewes, then I say use the best he can, and use
them all the time. I have never seen anything too good for the
farmer to use, provided he will take care of it. There is only one
thing I will say in regard to buying the best. If you don't take
care of them the cheap oaie will do you just as well as the best. But
I do not believe in breeding common stock of any kind. I don't
believe in inferior material of any kind.

I advocate using western ewes for one reason :
There are not one-third as many sheep in this State as there
ought to be, and in order to have sheep on every farm where they
should be, I would almost advocate any kind of sheep. Get the
best grade of sheep you can afford, but get sheep. Then just as
soon as we can we should grade up and get better sheep. We need
more and better sheep worse than any other kind of live stock,
because the sheep industry in this State has been greatly neglected,
and there is not an industry — a live stock industry — in this State,
except that of poultry, that pays a bigger profit than sheep. Of
the live stock industries poultry comes first and sheep second;
they come nearer paying 100 per cent than any other. To all these
farmers who are not able to have the best sheep, I say get some
kind of sheep. Let's have more sheep on our farms, because they
pay.

Sheep Breeders' Association. 129

DISCUSSION.

Mr. Carroll — If you did use a western ewe, how would you use
it to the best advantage ?

Mr. Boles — If I were to use a western ewe, or any other kind
of a ewe, I would always use her with a pure bred sire. I would
not breed to a grade sire of any kind. If I could not buy the best
I would buy the best I could and would want him to be pure bred.
I would not have a grade anything. I wouldn't have a grade dog
if I was paid to keep him. I don't believe in grades.

Q. You made the statement a few minutes ago that you would
advise a man, if he did not have more than $25, to invest in 12
ewes, to buy those 12 ewes at $25. Would you advise him to do
that, or to borrow $25, making it $50, and buy 12 better ewes; or
would you advocate the idea of staying out of debt entirely?

Mr. Boles — Well, no, if I did I would be advocating something
I don't do myself. No, I don't mean for you not to go in debt;
but if you think you can not afford to invest more than a small
amount in sheep, buy what your farm will carry and carry right,
and then breed up with a pure bred sire and keep the produce of
that and continue to breed up.

Q. What kind of sheep do you favor?

Mr. Boles — In regard to the kind of sheep to breed, that de-
pends on the individual. Some like one breed and some another.
Some prefer the Merino, the fine wool sheep; others prefer a
coarser wool. Some like the large sheep, others admire those of
medium size. Breed the kind you fancy.

Prof. Mumford — Is it not a fact that we are keeping the sheep
for the profit of them, and is it not a fact that by using the western
ewes and raising early lambs from them we derive greater profit
than in any other way?

Mr. Boles — I don't know. I take this ground about that:
While a western ewe that will weigh 75 pounds will produce a good
lamb, a ewe of better quality that will produce a better lamb is
worth more and is no more expensive to care for than the cheaper
ewe. I have never bred many western ewes. I don't have any de-
sire to do so. I think they are fully as healthful as our native ewes.
We can take them and keep them for one or probably two seasons,
but this thing of using western ewes and selling off the produce
and not breeding up, not grading up, I think is a detriment to the
sheep industry of this State. It is not going in the right direction.

A-9

130 Missouri Agricultural Report.

Q. Don't you think that the kind of sire we should use de-
pends on what we are breeding for — whether wool or mutton?

Mr. Boles — Yes, of course, it depends on what a man wants.
If you want a dairy cow you breed with that in view, and if you
want a beef cow you breed with that in view, etc. And it is the
same with the sheep.

Q. At what age would you commence breeding?

Mr. Boles — At one year of age. Never breed lambs. I don't
think it is the best plan, especially for a man who has pure breds.

Q. What age sire do you begin with?

Mr. Boles — Begin with yearlings ; and I don't advocate selling
lambs and don't sell more than one or two a year myself. It is not
satisfactory to the man who sells them. You have got to protect
your business.

Q. I have an idea that it is well for a man, in buying his
breeding stock, to buy the young ones and raise them up himself.
Sometimes a disease gets among the stock he buys from, but if
he raises them up himself he can keep them free from disease ;
whereas, if he buys an old one he might get the disease in his
herd.

Mr. Boles — I think most of us make mistakes in breeding to
too young a sire than to too old a sire. We very often get rid of
the sires of our breeding stock just at the time when I think they
are at their best.

Now, just a word in regard to selling our sires. We all know
that if a man comes to our herd to buy a sire, the good looking
one is the one he wants ; and if you keep them in just medium con-
dition you will never be successful as a pure bred breeder in sell-
ing your sires. The buyer wants him to look well.

Now in regard to buying these young sires. There are a great
many men who will buy these lambs and turn them out on pasture
and never feed them, and they go down and don't grow any, and
next year some farmer comes along and wants to know where you
got that little old scrubby lamb, and of course they don't want to
buy any where it came from. So that is why I never sell lambs.

SESSION

Improved Live Stock Breeders'

Association.

January 7-8-9, 1908.

PRESIDENT'S ANNUAL ADDRESS.

(R. W. Brown, Oarrollton.)

It has truly been said that "Agriculture is the basis of all
wealth," but as we look over the past and note how each step in
the progress of agriculture has become more and more dependent
upon live stock production, we may well say for the future that
live stock improvement is the basis of all wealth. Upon it must
be built that higher agriculture which in turn must be the founda-
tion of every other line of industry. This fact is now generally
recognized by all men, and there never was a time in the history
of the world when greater interest was manifested toward im-
proved live stock, than today by men of other callings than that of
farming. The tendency to invest in live stock by these men is
rapidly increasing.

What do we mean by improvement? Improvement by some
breeders means only utility. Simply the dollars and cents side of
the question, and we can but admit that this is the incentive that
actuates improvement in all lines of industry. To prove that it
has a dollars and cents value, we need only to refer to the great
markets where the animals are sold on their merits alone. The
quotations on all markets will average from two to three cents
more per pound for well-bred cattle as compared with the scrub
of the same age, and with this must be coupled the fact that it re-
quired a smaller amount of feed to produce a pound of gain on the
well bred animal than it did on the common stuff. It is hard to

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132 Missouri Agricultural Report.

understand how a farmer can fail to realize this fact and continue
to hang on to the common stock, too often found on a great many
of our farm-',.

There is no greater ambition in the world than to be of good
to our fellow men. This ambition may be realized through the
production of improved live stock, because upon this, depends the
economical production of the very necessities of life.

The breeding and feeding of live stock has a refining influence
over man, and develops within him the highest traits of character.
In him you have a public spirited man, who is alive to better farms,
better buildings, better roads, and better social conditions. No
business or profession calls for such a wide knowledge of existing
conditions for its successful management as does the management
of an improved stock farm. To maintain or improve his flocks and
herds a man has not only to deal with living organisms, which are
subject to the most subtle influences in the world, but he must also
have the highest ideals of symmetry in animal form. Many men
are unable to grasp these great principles of animal improvement.
An English writer once said that there were a hundred men in
England fit to become prime-ministers where there is only one fit
to breed short-horn cattle.

As to the future of live stock improvement, I see nothing in the
horizon to hinder or make afraid. In our pure-bred record associ-
ations, we find that the volume of business each year is greater than
the year before. We find also that the demand for pure-bred cattle
is spreading over all sections of the country, and this demand will
increase each year as the country grows older, and the fertility of
the soil becomes more or less depleted. Last August while in Colo-
rado, I attended a convention of the Colorado State Commercial
Association in session at Greely, and had the pleasure of listening
to a very interesting address on "Getting Stockmen for Colorado
Farms." In his address the speaker made the statement that in
every section of the state, even in the fertile, irrigated valleys, the
great problem was : How to maintain fertility of the soil. This
question of course brought out a storm of protests from the real
estate men present, but it was verified by Dean Carlye of the Colo-
rado Agriculture College, who was present at the time. Dean
Caryle said that the address just delivered was the best he had
ever heard on conditions in Colorado, and that the college had re-
ceived a request from every irrigated section of the state to send

Live Stock Breeders' Association. 133

them practical cattlemen. These conditions as applied to Colorado,
can be applied to all sections of the country-
There is no state in the Union more favorably located for the
economical production of all classes of farm animals than Missouri.
The ranges and the markets are at her door. Her soil and climate
provide for the maximum production of all kinds of grain and for-
age. Her pure-bred live stock have long since won for her fame
and distinction, and I predict for her through the excellent work of
this Association a continued preiminence. We are here for an in-
ter change of thoughts and ideas. Let this inter change be free,
and without stint. By coming here you have expressed an unselfish
interest that can do naught but work for live stock improvement in
our State. This is a day of organization, and co-operation. One
hundred men working together for a common cause can accomplish
much more than can one hundred men working separately for the
same purpose.. Through the instrumentality of this organization
must come the appropriations necessary for the promotion of agri-
culture in this State, and through it must be placed on our
statute books, intelligent laws for the protection of our industry.
The out-look is bright, and remember you are on a solid foundation,
and while there may be ups and downs, if we carry on the work
with an earnest purpose and in the light of the knowledge that is
at hand, we shall be on the high road to success.

BEEF PRODUCTION ON HIGH PRICED LAND.

THE PLACE OF BEEF CATTLE PRODUCTION AMONG THE PERMANENT

INDUSTRIES OF THE CORN BELT.

(By H. J. Waters, Dean Missouri College of Agriculture and Director of the Experiment

Station.)

It may be accepted as final that the permanently prosperous
systems of farming in Missouri and elsewhere must be based on
animal husbandry, and must involve the feeding on the farm of the
principal products of the land and the returning to the soil of the
largest possible proportion of the elements of fertility which the
plant takes from the soil in growing.

Thus it is not a question as to whether live stock shall be grown
extensively or not, but rather what particular kind of stock, or

134 Missouri Agricultural Report.

what special phase of live stock farming will prove most profitable
and enduring.

It is true that hogs and sheep possess important advantages
over beef cattle, particularly with respect to the cheapness of pro-
duction and a somewhat higher average price at which the live
animal sells when fitted for the market. On the other hand, cattle
possess certain very marked advantages over all other classes
of live stock, such as comparative freedom from parasites,
contagious diseases, injury from other animals, and the ability to
convert large quantities of coarse and otherwise unmarketable ma-
terial into food of very high value to mankind.

Fig. 1. Cattle of this breeding can be made fat at almost any age. Yearlings
used by the Experiment Station in feeding trials.

These facts become more and more important as the country
becomes more densely populated and the diseases and parasites on
our farms naturally increase in prevalence and extent of injury,
and especially do they become more important when the necessity
for manufacturing meat out of cheap and mainly coarse material
grows larger.

The practice so common now, particularly in the corn belt, of
converting large quantities of palatable and concentrated material
like corn into meat products cannot long endure. This corn will
sooner or later become so valuable for human food that it cannot
be profitably converted into meats, and our animal products must
then be manufactured chiefly from the coarse waste materials of
the farm and the by-products of our factories.

It is perfectly obvious, therefore, that cattle utilized wholly or
mainly for the production of beef must continue to be an important
phase of our agricultural industry for an indefinite time.

If, therefore, this class of farm animals does not yield so large
a profit as other kinds of animals on our high priced land and in
the present state of the labor market, the situation is to be met

Live Stock Breeders' Association.

135

by improving our methods of producing them rather than by going
out of the business.

BETTER ANIMALS THE FIRST STEP TO TAKE.

In no other direction can more be immediately done and with
such slight expense to meet this situation and to increase the profits
to be derived from cattle than by making a marked improvement in
the quality of the animals themselves.

Fig. 2. The type of mother from which profitable calves must come. Shorthorn
cow owned by the Missouri Agricultural College.

Some fifteen or twenty years ago, when dairying was really
beginning to be put upon a rational basis as an important agricul-
tural industry, the first and most important step then taken was
the elimination from the successful dairy farms of every cow that
failed to produce enough milk and butter to pay a profit. A sort
pf minimum of production for profit was established, and all fail-

136 Missouri Agricultural Report.

ing to come up to this mark, so to speak, were consigned to the
butcher. At first this dead-line was fixed at a very conservative
point, viz., about 200 pounds of butter in a year, so as not to have
so large a proportion of the average herd fall behind as to be dis-
couraging to the owner. Later this amount was gradually raised,
until now in the very best dairy herds 350 or 375, and in rare cases
400 pounds of butter per year would be regarded as the minimum
production of a cow that is entitled to a permanent place.

Precisely the same principle must be applied to the beef herds
on the high priced land of our corn belt, if this industry is to con-
tinue to hold its own in competition with pork and mutton, and
horse and mule, and dairy production. Thus, every cow failing to
produce a calf worth $20.00 in the fall and in addition, after the
calf is weaned, to produce enough milk and butter to pay for her
feed and the labor involved, up to within a reasonable time of
calving, should be sold for immediate slaughter as unfit for a herd
cow. Applying the dairy herdsman's method still further, this
minimum price for a steer calf at weaning time should be rapidly
raised above $20.00, or the amount of milk and butter the cow is
required to produce should be rapidly increased.

In this connection it may be well to say that it is out of the
question to expect very high development of the beef qualities at
the same time that very high dairy qualities are developed. These
two qualities are apparently antagonistic one to the other, and this
antagonism manifests itself very markedly when an attempt is
made to carry them both along to a high degree of development.
In other words, beyond a very reasonable degree of development,
the two have not yet been carried together in one and the same
animal. If a very high development of the beef qualities of the
animals is sought, it must be expected that the dairy qualities must
be somewhat subordinated.

Conversely, if the dairy qualities are to be sharply intensified,
it is unreasonable to expect the calves to have more than mediocre
beef quality. We hear much about the dual purpose cow, which
in general is a mediocre beef cow and a fairly good milker, or a
mediocre milk cow and a moderate beef animal.

Nevertheless, the average cow of the corn belt now kept chiefly
for the production of beef calves is so mediocre a beef animal that
she ought really to be a high class dairy cow at the same time. Or
this same average cow is a poor enough milker so that she ought to
produce a beef calf worth practically twice as much as it is without
having her milking qualities affected in the slightest by this rela-

Live Stock Breeders' Association. 137

tively high development of the beef qualities. In short, this cow-
has neither the beef nor the dairy quality very highly developed,
and she will stand to have her capacity in one or the other of these
directions practically doubled without affecting adversely her pres-
ent capacity in the other direction. A cow may be excused for
lack of high beef qualities if she possess superior dairy qualities.
Or, we may overlook a reasonable deficiency in her capacity to give
milk or produce butter if she have the form of a beef animal to
a very marked degree, and if her calves possess the qualities re-
quired to top the market. But a cow poor in both of these direc-
tions has nothing to commend her and does not deserve a place on
our farms.

The first step would be to eliminate perhaps one-third of the
poorest cows, and to eliminate perhaps a large majority of the
bulls now in use, and to establish the fixed policy of using as sires
none but registered animals of one of the standard beef breeds,
such as the Shorthorn, the Angus, the Hereford, or the Galloway,
and to stick to one breed rather than to follow the haphazard and
miscellaneous crossing that is now so common.

The day has long since passed when any man can afford to
use an unregistered sire of any class of farm animals. Not only
should the sire be registered, but it should have a good pedigree
and should be withal a good individual. This means that to head
our grade herds even something better than the culls from our
pure bred herds are required. The cattle raiser must be willing to
pay for real quality in his sire. The truth is, the culls from these
pure bred herds should be slaughtered for butcher stuff instead of
being allowed to perpetuate their deficiencies and weaknesses.

A really good pure bred sire is indispensable to success and
profit in raising grade cattle, just as it is in raising registered ani-
mals. This point cannot be too strongly emphasized.

In short, let the farmer make a systematic effort toward the
improvement of his herd, and in five years' time his steer calves
will bring an average of $25.00 per head, where they now bring an
average of less than $15.00. As stated before, there is no one step
that is so important to make, and that is so fundamental to the
whole beef industry as this one. Upon it depends the entire sub-
sequent profits of the handling of cattle. From such herds would
be bred steers worth on the market, 6 cents or 8 cents a pound, in
comparison with the average of 4 cents or 5 cents a pound for the
plainer sorts.

It is self-evident that it costs no more to make this high class

138 Missouri Agricultural Report.

beef than it does the cheaper sort. If a manufacturer had the
choice of making out of the material he was using a grade of shoes,
for example, worth $4.00 per pair instead of $2.50 without addi-
tional labor or other increase in cost, and requiring only a little
closer and more intelligent attention to the finer details of the
business, is it not to be supposed that he would make his material
into the better grade of shoe? The cases are fairly parallel, and
it is our duty to convert our feed and labor into the most valuable
and highest priced material possible.

AFTER THE CALF IS BORN.

The calf is born with certain tendencies which cannot, so far
as we know now, be materially changed, and must be accepted for
better or for worse. These relate, among other things, to the size
the animal will attain when fully mature, if nourished in the ordi-
nary manner ; the length of time required for it to mature ; the form
it will have when finished ; the predisposition either to grow rapidly
and not fatten until late, or to fatten at almost any stage of its
existence that a sufficient amount of food is given to supply the
requirements of maintenance, growth, and fat.

These factors affect vitally the whole financial outcome and
are, so far as we now know, controlled by the breeder rather than
influenced by the feeder. After the animal is born, therefore, it is
practically beyond control in these respects, and it is of the utmost
importance that the feeder adapt his methods of feeding and hand-
ling to the peculiarities of form, temperament, early maturity, size,
quality, etc., of the individuals with which he has to deal. To take
an animal for baby beef, for example, that has a tendency to grow
rapidly and mature late, would be just as short-sighted as to keep
until it is three years old before being put into the feed lot, an
animal that has the tendencies toward early maturity very strongly
marked, and that is naturally under size, over refined, and wholly
unfitted to subsist on the rough feed of the stalk field and straw
stack. To take a miscellaneous collection of steers representing
all gradations between these two extremes and give them the same
treatment and endeavor to finish them at the same time and in the
same manner, would be equally wasteful of feed and labor. To
state the general proposition differently, to attempt to market an
animal at 900 pounds that was designed by its breeding to be
finished at 1,500 pounds, or to attempt to make a 1,500 pound steer
out of an animal that reaches its highest development at 1,000
pounds, is committing a deliberate and palpable blunder.

Live Stock Breeders' Association. 139

In order to economize in labor, it is necessary, of course, to
handle all the steers in a given bunch essentially alike, which means
that a certain amount of culling is required in order that all that
are to be kept shall belong to the same class and respond profitably
to the same treatment. Then it is only required that the treat-
ment given be that which is best adapted to the type of animals
involved.

To breed steers of uniform type and tendencies, so that they
will not require heavy culling at weaning time or the following
spring, is one of the most difficult undertakings of the cattle raiser.
The beginner should not, however, be discouraged. Men have suc-
ceeded to a marked degree in this direction, but it has taken many
years of patient work and watching, and a liberal use of good blood.

TWO PRINCIPAL CLASSES OF CATTLE RAISERS.

The men who are breeding and raising cattle for beef in Mis-
souri may be divided into two principal classes, each requiring for
the best results radically different methods of procedure. The one
class is on the better corn land of the State, and the other on land
not so well adapted to corn, but primarily adapted to pasture pur-
poses. The men of the first class must rely upon full feeding
operations for their principal profits, while the other must get
through the winter as cheaply as possible and rely upon gains made
at pasture as the chief source of income.

/. Raising Beef on High Priced Land.

The first class represents the man on productive and high
priced land, with only a limited area of rough, untillable land for
pasture. Whatever pasture he has, therefore, is on land that is
well adapted to the growing of other crops. This class is by far
the more important in point of numbers and aggregate investment
in Missouri.

Such men, as a rule, are long on corn and winter forage, and
generally limit their grazing area and facilities for summering
stock to the needs of their breeding herds and work stock. They
must, therefore, depend upon winter feeding for their main profits.
They have more forage and grain than would be required to merely
carry through the winter in stocker condition the animals they can
graze through the summer. It is true they might increase their
pasture area and cut down correspondingly their corn and forage
crop areas, but, broadly speaking, this sort of land is more profitably
grown in some hay or grain crop than run to pasture. In other

140

Missouri Agricultural Report.

words, this land is too valuable to be used extensively for pasture.
Or, stated differently, pasture crops do not, as a rule, produce
enough forage to pay a reasonable return on this sort of land.

By pursuing a systematic crop rotation in which the hay crops
are wholly or almost exclusively legumes, such as red clover, cow-
peas and alfalfa, and by being particular not to run the land in
corn or small grains too frequently, and especially by being care-
ful to feed all the corn and forage on the farm instead of selling a
part of it each year, and by carefully saving and applying with a
manure spreader all of the manure produced, the productiveness of
this class of land may be kept up without laying down large areas
to permanent pasture.

Fig. 3. A profitable type of early-maturing cattle.

On lands not of the very strongest type this system of farm-
ing may be slightly modified, by giving especial attention to the
production of legume hays and buying onto the farm a portion at
least of the corn to be fed with these hays. On a still lighter class
of soils this latter plan might be modified still further, by making
a part of the grain purchased some concentrate rich in nitrogen
and phosphorus, like cottonseed meal or linseed meal.

It goes without saying that crops that exhaust the soil and
possess at the same time a comparatively low feeding value, like
timothy, millet and sorghum, would have no place in this system
of farming or feeding. They deserve a very small and unimportant
place in any system of farming that is adapted to Missouri condi-
tions.

Live Stock Breeders' Association. 141

Baby Beef — For this class of men there can be no argument
concerning the advantages of pushing the animals along as rapidly
as possible and marketing them as baby beef. It is from the stand-
point of this man, and not from the view-point of the professional
feeder who buys his animals when they are ready to put in the
feed yard, that this matter will be briefly considered. It was clearly
pointed out in a previous annual report of the Board of Agricul-
ture* that these professional feeders prefer animals of reasonable
maturity because they fatten more rapidly, more uniformly, more
certainly, and require somewhat less attention to the niceties of
feeding. These men, in buying feeders, are indifferent to the ques-
tion as to what they may have cost the man to raise them, so long
as they may buy them ready to be put in the feed pen, dehorned,
vaccinated against blackleg, etc., with sufficient margin to fully
or practically offset the additional cost in the gains required to be
made in fitting them for market.

The attitude of this professional feeder toward the matter of
baby beef is not a safe guide for the raiser of cattle and should
really not influence in the slightest his practice. The two men sus-
tain a radically different relation to the problem, and each should
be controlled by his own set of conditions. The one thing which
has contributed more than any other to the haziness and confusion
of the whole matter has been our failure to define sharply this dif-
ference. One in buying his feeders can overcome the handicap age
imposes upon the cost of gains, but the raiser of cattle has no such
recourse and must squarely face the issue of paying for every day
the animal lives, whether it gain, stand still, or lose in weight.

Obviously the man who raises cattle on high priced land
should feed them out as baby beef, and would have occasion to
raise and feed in the same connection a large number of hogs, the
legume area being especially adapted to the growing and finish-
ing of hogs with a minimum loss from disease and with a maximum
profit.

For a man so situated to try to keep his steers over to be
grazed the second summer as yearlings, and especially to hold them
through the second winter merely for the opportunity to full feed

*For an extended discussion of the baby beef proposition from the standpoint of the
professional feeder, as distinguished from the cattle raiser, see an article by the writer en-
titled "Limitations of Bo by Beef Production, " 89th Annual Report of the Missouri State
Board of Agriculture, pp. 114-166. Also bulletin 70, Missouri Experiment Station, p. 29.
Also a bulletin of the Missouri Experiment Station soon to be published, by Professor F.
B. Mumford, reporting in detail the results of eight years of careful feeding experiments
with cattle of different ages at this station.

142 Missouri Agricultural Report.

them on grass as two-year olds, would be wasteful of feed and
opportunity.

The animals should be on full feed before the weaning process
begins, so as to prevent the heavy shrinkage that it usually en-
tails. Following this should come vaccination against blackleg, and
dehorning.

The full feeding should continue until early the following June
or July when, if the cattle are bred right, they will be as fat as
they can be profitably made under ordinary states of the market,
and will weigh from 950 to 1,050 pounds, and will have paid for
their feed and raising and left a good profit.

Cattle of this weight, when of good quality and carrying a
reasonable finish, are never over-supplied on the market, and bring,
especially at that time of year, as good a price as any class of cat-
tle sold.*

It goes without saying that steers to be profitably handled in
this way must be well bred, uniform in type and quality, and must
be capable of making rapid gains, of fattening early and finishing
up smoothly.

For a general discussion of the feeds to use and general meth-
ods of handling the cattle, the reader is referred to the second part
of this paper, which deals especially with these problems.

//. Raising Beef on Thinner Soil.

The second class of farmers is composed of men whose land
is better adapted to grazing than to grain growing, and is too
rough, too much inclined to wash, or too thin to be successfully and
profitable grown in corn, except at intervals. Such a man is long
on pasture and short on grain and, as has been stated before, must
look to the grazing period for his profits, and must plan to get
his cattle through the winter at the minimum expense and in a
moderately fleshed condition, in order that they may graze most
profitably.

It is true a man so situated might grow an excess of clover
and cowpea hay for the benefit it would be to his land as well as for
its value in growing stock, and then buy extra corn and feed his
calves out the following summer on grass, precisely as described
for the first class of farmers. If he be located convenient to a
large, regular and cheap corn supply, there is no reason why this
practice would not be as profitable in one case as in the other, and

•For a full discussion of the influence of the season of the year, weight, quality and
fatness upon the selling price of cattle on the market, see Missouri Experiment Station
Bulletin No'. 76, pp. 42-51,

Live Stock Breeders* Association. 143

the farmer on thin land would have even more reason than the one
on the stronger land for adopting this practice, since he stands in
greater need of the plant food which would be acquired without
cost in the purchased feeds. In no other way can the fertility and
productiveness of land be built up so rapidly and so cheaply, except,
perhaps, by feeding dairy cows, which would, on account of the
higher priced product obtained, justify the purchase of larger
quantities of feed rich in nitrogen and phosphorus, such as cotton-
seed meal, linseed meal, etc.

In general, however, the farmer on the thinner grazing land
will not have such a corn supply available at a price that will en-
able him to feed this class of stock, and his only recourse would be
to make his money out of the cheap gains made on grass. This
means that he should carefully save all of his corn stover and feed
it with his clover or cowpea hay and a limited amount of corn to
his calves through the first winter.

The question as to whether it is best to sell as calves or carry
them through the first winter and sell as yearlings at grass — in
short, the whole question as to when to sell, can only be answered
by the individual himself, because he alone is in possession of all
the facts with respect to supply of feed, etc.

If they are to be sold as calves, they should be carried up to
the selling point in a strong, vigorous condition, and be offered
with the milk bloom on. At no other time in the life of a steer does
it look so attractive and promising — not even when finally fattened
for slaughter. But if to be wintered, they should be weaned while
the grass is yet good, so that growth may be not checked, or if the
grass be short, they should be taught to eat and be fed liberally
with some good forage, like bright clover hay, and a limited amount
of grain through this weaning process. The dehorning and vac-
cinating against blackleg should immediately follow.

Calves Should be Well Wintered — It is especially important
that such cattle be made to grow well the first winter, which means
that they should be fed liberally. The rate of growth at this period
of their life is normally much more rapid in proportion to the
weight than later. Therefore, to restrict the growth process at this
stage of the animal's life, may affect the size of the animal and it
certainly will increase the cost of growing it to a normal size. The
fact that they are to be grazed the following summer rather than
fattened renders it imperative that they be not so heavily fed as to
carry to grass any considerable amount of fat. It is the poorest
possible policy to lay fat on animals in the winter at a large ex-

144

Missouri, Agricultural Report.

pense, to be lost the following summer at pasture.* This is revers-
ing the almost universal practice of successful farmers. Gains are
made very much cheaper in summer than in winter. Whenever
possible, fat should be stored in summer to assist in cutting down

Fig. 4. Calves of excellent breeding that have been underfed.

Fij

Calves that have been well-bred and well-fed.

the expense of the wintering process. It is the part of good man-
agement, therefore, to have an abundant supply of grass, so that
all the fat possible may be made in summer at pasture, to be used
the following winter in helping to carry the stock through in case
of a shortage in the winter forage.

Fat Not Necessarily Wasted when Animals are Permitted to
Get Thin — It is a very old, and in general, a good maxim, to "never
lose the calf fat." This is the same as saying an animal should
never be allowed to get thin, or should never be allowed to lose its
stored fat. Certain circumstances, however, that compel an animal
to use this fat need not in the strictest sense compel it to lose it,

*For a full discussion of this point, sec Missouri Kxporinient Station Bulletin No. 75, on
Wintering Yearling Cattle, pp. 46-53.

Live Stock Breeders' Association. 145

notwithstanding the fact that the animal has disposed of it and
is thin. It might be likened to a man with money deposited in a
bank. He sees an opportunity to use this money to good advantage,
and withdraws it from the vaults of the bank, and in one sense
spends it, but really invests it, or exchanges it for another form of
wealth which he considers to be more valuable or useful to him.
The results of some experiments* now in progress at the Missouri
Experiment Station strongly indicate that fat in young and grow-
ing animals may be used to support the growth process if neces-
sary. It is not to be believed that fat may contribute directly to
the growth of the animal, that is, to the increase in size and weight
of the muscular tissue, skeleton, hide, etc., but when such an ani-
mal is on a limited ration it is entirely possible that the stored fat
of the body may be used to supply a portion at least of the animal
heat and the energy required in the ordinary activities of the ani-
mal, thus protecting the proteids in the food so that they may be
used by the animal for making growth. If the animal had no
stored fat to use for the protection of the proteids in the feed, or
if this fat resorping process, so to speak, could not go on in the
animal organism, these proteids would need to be burned to supply
fuel for the organism instead of being manufactured into muscle
and skin and other body tissue.

The outcome of it all seems to be, therefore, that it is possible
to lay on fat in summer cheaply and to draw upon this reserve in
winter to such an extent that the amount of feed required to carry
the animal through the winter is reduced without seriously inter-
fering with the rate of growth. Precisely this has taken place on
the ranges since animals first inhabited this area, and this is what
occurs on our best farms, even when young animals are fed mod-
erately in winter following a period of liberal nourishment at
pasture.

We are perfectly familiar with the phenomenon of young and
rapidly growing animals going out to grass in the spring somewhat
heavier than when they came into winter quarters the fall before,
but thinner, i. e., carrying less fat than they did in the fall, but
taller, and materially larger. In general, to carry such animals
through the winter without the loss of any of the fat, would require
a heavier and richer ration than is ordinarly given to this class of
stock, even on our best farms. It is obvious, therefore, that fat
that is so used is neither lost nor wasted, but is rather exchanged

•Results not yet published.

A— 10

146 Missouri Agricultural Report.

for growth which at the time is deemed to be of more importance
to the owner of the animal than the fat.

As referred to elsewhere, to reverse this process with respect
to the seasons of the year, and store fat in the winter with expen-
sive grains to be used in the summer to help the animal grow, is
using fat that has been manufactured at the highest possible cost
to make a product which at this season of the year is cheap to
make and of relatively low value.

It is not to be understood from this that too much reliance
should be placed on the fat stored in summe/ for supporting the
growth process in winter. In truth, except in seasons of very
scarce and high-priced winter forage, it would be safer to attempt
to hold enough of the summer fat to keep the animal thrifty and
vigorous and support the growth process in winter mainly by the
feed then supplied. To make this matter clearer, it may be stated
that whenever the body weight of the animal is held stationary, i.
e., without gain or loss, and the animal continues to grow taller
and larger but thinner, which in the case of young animals always
happens, the fat is being used to support growth in accordance
with the manner outlined above. When the animal declines in
weight the fat is being used wastefully by being burned up to sup-
ply the ordinary maintenance requirements of the animal, and in
ordinary practice this use of fat is wholly unjustifiable. When the
animal is made to gain rapidly enough to prevent it from getting
thinner it is reasonable to suppose that sufficient food is being
given to supply the insistent demands of the growth process, and
under these circumstances it is assumed that no previously stored
fat is being resorbed.

Maintain the Maximum Rate of Growth — It should be kept
constantly in mind that it is growth that is now sought to be pro-
duced in these animals. A steer uses its feed for three separate
and distinct purposes, viz. : Maintenance ; production of growth ;
production of fat.

It has already been pointed out that the nourishing of these
animals on such a plane in winter as to cause them to store up
much fat when they are to be grazed the following summer is in-
advisable. It is nevertheless very important that the highest rate
of gain be maintained that is possible, without laying on a consider-
able amount of fat. It is not known exactly how far the growth
process may be promoted without causing the storing of fat as well.
That is, we do not yet know what the upper limit of growth is be-
fore the animal begins to deposit fat. Nor do we know how much

Live Stock Breeders' Association.

147

this falls short of the maximum rate of growth of which the animal
is capable. Clearly this would vary greatly with different individ-
uals, and likewise with the same individual at different periods in
its life and in different conditions of flesh. Occasionally we find an
animal with the tendency to fatten so marked that it is impossible
to maintain a very moderate rate of growth without the deposit

Fig. 6. The sort of steer that will grow slowly and fatten easily. Such animals
have the early maturing quality so highly developed that they lack in thrift and size.

of fat occurring at the same time. In other words, the two pro-
cesses, in this animal at least, are in a sense, inseparable. The other
extreme is the very vigorous, growthy, late-maturing animal that
will when young, and frequently up to the age of eighteen months,
eat to the full limit of its appetite of a concentrated and palatable
ration and will gain perhaps as much as two pounds a day for a
considerable length of time without showing any material deposi-
tion of fat. In this case the upper limit of the growth process is
reached in the early life of the animal, at least, without, at the same
time, having it overlap the fattening process.

Between these two extremes stands the average animal as at
present developed, which will maintain in its younger life, or say
within the first year or year and a half of its life, a rate of growth
that will be considerably under the maximum gain in live weight, of
which the animal is capable. To feed this animal, then, all it will
eat of an ordinary grain ration would require that a considerable
portion of the feed consumed be not manufactured into new
growth tissue, but be merely stored on the body as fat.

148

Missouri Agricultural Report.

The cattle man, however, is only interested in the general
proposition that there is an upper limit of growth without the stor-
ing up of any appreciable amount of fat. It is believed that cattle
that are to be handled as stockers should be kept in winter as near

Pig. 7. The grow thy and thrifty type. Matures slowly and makes a large steer.
Fattens slowly while young.

this point as possible. In summer all the gain that is possible on
grass alone is acceptable. Anything short of this will unduly pro-
long the growing period and at the same time increase unneces-
sarily the cost.

Maintain Good Pastures in Summer — Too much emphasis can-
not, therefore, be laid on the fact that in this system of cattle grow-
ing the profits come from the gains made on grass in summer, and
from marketing to good advantage the coarse, rough material, such
as corn stover, straw, etc., and the feeding of the legume hays on
the farm so as to maintain the fertility. To so overstock the pas-
tures that the cattle will fail to make profitable gains in summer,
and consequently go into winter quarters thin, weak, and dwarfed
in size is to virtually throw away the entire profit of the enter-
prise. Or to make good gains in the early part of the summer on
the flush of grass and to permit this to be lost through short grass,
inadequate water facilities, etc., during the hot, dry months of July
and August and early September, is equally wasteful.

Besides, to make cattle of good quality, such as we must now
produce to pay a profit, means a uniform and liberal nourishment
from birth to maturity.

Live Stock Breeders' Association. 149

FEED AND CARE DURING THE FIRST WINTER.

Under this system the chief part of the ration of our cattle
must be roughage, but calves from weaning time until grass, de-
serve, and will pay a profit on, a more liberal ration. At this age
they are less capable of utilizing fodders of low palatability and
nutritive value than later in life and less than the breeding stock
of the farm. This means that a considerable part of the roughage
for the calves the first winter must be legume hay, but with the
supply of corn fodder on the ordinary farm it is not necessary or
even advisable to make clover or cowpeas the sole roughage. Some-
thing like one-third of the daily roughage consumption should be
of field cured corn stover. When wheat or oat straw is available it
is a good plan to let them have the run of the strawstack. Then
feed them liberally on bright, well cured clover or cowpea hay.
If the pea hay should contain very much grain, the amount offered
would, of course, be correspondingly less. Ordinarily the rest of
the ration should be corn. Perhaps the best form in which this can
be fed is shelled. If facilities are already provided, and it is not too
costly this corn may be crushed, cob and all, to good advantage. It
should never be fed as corn meal, i. e., shelled corn finely ground,
without mixing it with ground oats or bran. These two latter feeds,
however, are entirely too expensive to be used for this purpose. The
calves will often learn to do their own shelling, and in such cases
ear corn is most satisfactory. The amount of grain to give will
vary with the season of the year and the weather, but in general,
three pounds per head in the fall and about four pounds per head
during the worst weather of winter and early spring will be found
to be about right. Instead, however, of feeding a fixed amount, it
is best to be governed wholly by how the animals do. If they are
thirfty and vigorous and yet not showing a disposition to fatten, it
is certain that they are being fed approximately to the profitable
limit. The moment they begin to show a disposition to fatten, the
feed should be slightly reduced. If, on the other hand, while still
growing they show a tendency to get thin, and the coat shows an
unthrifty condition, the amount of legume hay or grain should be
increased.

Winter Pasture — In earlier times, when land was more abund-
ant and much cheaper than now, it was a very common and well
approved practice to save a considerable area of blue grass to be
grazed during the winter. So long as this pasture remained good,
cattle required no additional feeding, except during extreme

150 Missouri Agricultural Report.

weather. In general, however, this is not an economical practice,
because the amount of grass produced when allowed to grow with-
out being cropped during the summer is less than when grazed.
This is essentially an attempt to make hay out of blue grass, minus
the expense and labor of harvesting, curing and feeding it. More-
over in many seasons a large part of the summer growth is seri-
ously injured by rains and freezes, and only the lower stratum
which is well protected, remains unweathered and palatable. With
the present high price of land and the necessity for getting the
maximum crop from each acre each year, this practice will become
less and less common. It should not be understood, however, that
the pasture may not be so managed as to be strong at the close of
the growing season, but in general it will be found best to have it
eaten off reasonably close by the time real winter weather sets
in. This, therefore, involves the taking care of the cattle from the
early winter to the time grass comes again in the spring.

The sowing of wheat or rye for winter pasture, especially for
calves, has something to commend it, but its value is in many cases
somewhat overestimated. Where wheat is grown for the grain
and is on strong enough land to stand pasturing without materially
injuring the crop, and will at the same time produce pasturage
enough to be of real worth to the cattle, it is worth considering. But
to sow rye or wheat specially for pasture on land that is not par-
ticularly adapted to either of these crops, and therefore, get sparse
growth and one which will give the cattle only a taste of green
succulent food, and therefore a distaste for dry and comparatively
unpalatable feed like field-cured corn stover, will be making winter
pasture harmful rather than helpful.

It is a common notion that rye is a hardier and stronger grow-
ing and altogether more productive plant than wheat, and is most
generally recommended for this purpose. According to the writer's
experience, however, wheat for fall and winter grazing is quite the
equal of rye and has the advantage of keeping the farm free from
rye, which is a very important matter when wheat is to be grown
for the grain. Besides rye seed is usually difficult to get. It is true
that rye comes along somewhat faster in the spring after vegeta-
tion in general starts, but this is a time of year when there is less
pressing need for green feed than earlier.

In general, cattle on wheat fields or winter rye pasture will
require closer watching than when handled in any other way, be-
cause they are likely to become very thin and exceedingly weak be-
fore the owner realizes it, and will require careful nursing and

Live Stock Breeders' Association. 151

heavy feeding to bring them back to strength and vigor again. The
length of time required for a bunch of thin, weak wheat field calves
to get well started to gaining, either when grazed or full fed, must
have impressed itself upon every cattle man who has had experience
with them. All this is intended to be a word of caution against re-
lying too largely upon this class of winter feed rather than to dis-
courage a reasonable use of it.

Of course, there is always considerable winter pasture in the
stalk fields in addition to the stalks themselves. The grass that
has grown during the summer along the fences, in the uncultivated
waterways, etc., cannot be utilized in any other way to advantage
than by running the cattle in the field after the corn is removed.

We are gradually approaching a system of agriculture, how-
ever, which will not have stalk fields for the cattle to run on in win-
ter. The corn fodder will be field cured and fed to the stock direct,
or preserved in a silo. For the present, however, we are producing
more fodder on many farms than it would be profitable to utilize
in this way, and the stalk field is the inevitable result and must be
utilized essentially as it is now. The mistake is very common, how-
ever, of relying too much or too long upon the stalk field, i. e., of
requiring the animals to eat it out too closely before they are given
anything else. Such practice almost invariably involves a shrink-
age in weight. It goes without saying that any shrinkage in weight
is, under ordinary circumstances, unjustifiable.

WINTER SHELTER.

The practice of the farmers of the corn belt has been
open to some criticism along this line, but he has not blund-
ered so seriously as one not wholly familiar with all the facts
might suppose. At any rate, it is not necessary to begin the cattle
business in a rational way to build expensive barns. In the
latitude of Missouri, the cattle will be well off with free access to
a shed open to the south, wholly closed on the north, and with a
windbreak on the east and west. The shed should be so located as
to insure good drainage and should be deep enough to permit the
animals to keep out of the storm when it comes from the south,
but not so deep as to not be almost entirely flooded with sunshine
when the weather is clear. It is of the utmost importance that the
ground under the shed be kept dry. Under ordinary circumstances,
however, cattle should not be compelled to remain under the shed
either by confining them there or by having the lots so small, and
therefore so muddy that there is no other reasonably comfortable

152 Missouri Agricultural Report.

place for them. During a severe storm it will of course be advis-
able to confine them to prevent the weaker ones from being forced
to remain outside, but in general, sunlight and fresh air, with an
opportunity to get away from the odors of the barn or shed and
find a sunny slope protected from the wind, will go a long way to-
ward keeping the appetite whetted to the utmost and keeping the
cattle in the most thrifty condition possible. In ordinary weather
the cattle themselves are the best judges of when they Should re-
pair to the barn or shed and when to remain outside.

It goes without saying that young animals require more shel-
ter than older ones, other things being equal. It is more strikingly
true that poorly nourished animals require more protection from
cold than do those that are well nourished. The truth is that the
confining of cattle in a warm barn when they are on full feed is
detrimental to their rate of gain and to the economy with which
they will gain.* To expose thin and poorly nourished animals to
cold and storms is exceedingly unprofitable as well as cruel.

The comparatively small cost of suitable sheds makes it en-
tirely feasible to build more than one on the farm and to make the
prime consideration of their location the convenience to the feed.
At best it is both troublesome and expensive to handle coarse fod-
der. The nearer, therefore, the animals are to this supply, the
more convenient and in all respects the more satisfactory it is. A
practice all too common is the confining of stock in muddy lots near
the house all winter and hauling in all of the feed from even the
most remote parts of the farm, then being at the expense of haul-
ing the manure back. This is an awkward and expensive arrange-
ment that may be corrected at comparatively little expense, by
building one or more additional sheds.

The proper preservation of the manure and the convenience
with which it may be handled and applied to the parts of the farm
needing it, must have full consideration in the location and arrange-
ment of sheds, feed lots and yards.

The Silo on the Beef Farm — One of the most common and yet
fundamental errors is the assumption that the silo is profitable
only to the dairy farmer. The truth is, the silo is quite as import-
ant for the beef man. Particularly is this true of the man who is
wintering cattle in accordance with system here outlined.

With silage, the grain may be omitted, the corn silage, if prop-
erly made containing enough grain. What we have found to be an
exceedingly profitable ration is corn silage and a legume hay and

•For the results of experiments bearing on this point, see Missouri PJxperlment Station
Bulletin No. 76, pp. 54-61.

Live Stock Breeders' Association.

153

so much field cured corn stover or wheat straw as the animal will
relish for a change. Good thrifty calves of the beef type should
be given about 12 to 16 pounds of silage and nearly all the clover
or cowpea hay that they will eat, with access to bright clean corn
stover or a straw stack.

Fig. S. Making silage at the Agricultural College with which to winter the
beef herds.

FEED AND CARE DURING THE SECOND WINTER.

The winter care of cattle becomes simpler as the animals grow
older and as their capacity to utilize coarse material of low pala-
tability increases. Then the rate of growth in the second winter is
not so rapid as in the first in proportion to the size of the animal,
or in proportion to the ability of the animal to eat. Moreover, it
is perhaps not so vital to the general outcome that the upper limit
of the capacity to grow be reached in this second winter as it was
in the first. Nevertheless, well bred yearlings will respond profit-
ably to a system of feeding that is liberal enough to maintain good
gains, and yet these gains will not seriously interfere with their
capacity to gain at pasture the following summer.

If these animals are to be grazed as two-year olds, they will
respond best, taking the whole season into consideration, to one
system of handling and feeding, whereas if they are to be put on

154

Missouri Agricultural Report.

feed at the approach of grass and fattened as two year olds, they
are best handled in another way.

One of the commonest mistakes is to allow what the farmer
calls the "grass shrink" to occur. This means that the cattle
have been allowed to remain on pasture until the grass is so
short, or on account of fall rains the late growth is so immature and
washy, that the animals shrink decidedly in weight. It is a uni-
versally good practice to supplement the pastures with some sort of
feed the moment they become so short as to fail to maintain at
least the weight of the animal. It is better to adopt the policy of
feeding the animals the moment the pasture ceases to produce
good gains.

Another common mistake is the turning of cattle to pasture too
early in the spring when the grass is yet soft and washy and con-
tains really very little nourishment. It is bad both for the stock
and for the pasture.

r^ -

^0

Fig. 9. Harvesting pure-bred corn on the Agricultural College Farm for the silo.

As before intimated, the method of wintering should be varied
in accordance with what is to be done with the animals the follow-
ing summer.

// to be Grazed the Following Summer — If the steers are to be
grazed the following summer, it has already been pointed out that
there is a very definite limit to the amount of fat it is profitable to
put on these animals in winter.

Live Stock Breeders' Association. 155

In this case the feeds to be used should be essentially the same
as recommended for calves, with the difference that more field-
cured corn stover and straw, particularly oat straw, may be used
to advantage. But under no circumstances should cattle of this
sort be wintered on corn and corn fodder, or corn and millet, or
corn and timothy, or corn and sorghum, or corn and prairie hay.
A legume hay is absolutely essential to the most profitable results.
This is very clearly shown by a large number of experiments which
have been conducted at the Missouri Experiment Station, of which
the following will serve as a fair type :

THE VALUE OF DIFFERENT ROUGHAGES IN WINTERING YEARLING

CATTLE.

Total gain
per lot.

6 lbs. shelled corn; timothy hay Total 318 lbs.

6 lbs. shelled corn; clover hay Total 641 lbs.

6 lbs. shelled corn; millet hay Total 119 lbs.

6 lbs. shelled corn; sorghum hay Total 166 lbs.

6 lbs. shelled corn; one-half corn stover, one-half clover hay. Total ? . . . . 533 lbs.

With steers of this sort, from four to six pounds of shelled
corn per day is as much as can profitably be fed under the circum-
stances, and this may be omitted entirely if corn silage made in
the proper manner be used instead of corn stover. In that case
about 15 to 25 pounds of silage and from one-half to two-thirds of
all the legume hay they will eat and access to corn stover or straw
will supply conditions most favorable for cheap and liberal gains.

// Cattle are to be Fed the Following Summer — In this case it
is usually good policy to increase the grain the middle of February
or first of March, and have the animals in good strong thrifty con-
dition by the time grass comes. The presence of fat stored in
winter will not be deleterious to the gains made in summer on full
feed, and will materially shorten the summer feed required. No
change in the kind of feed to be used would be recommended. Ordi-
narily it is not advisable to undertake this heavier feeding earlier
than the latter part of February or the first of March, because it
is seldom profitable to attempt to make heavy gains during the un-
settled weather of late winter. By the middle or latter part of
March, however, or about the time the cattle will be normally well
started on half feed, weather conditions are very favorable for
cheap and rapid gains. When grass comes the animals may be con-
tinued on half feed through May and June, or may be even reduced
somewhat below half feed. Or, the grain ration may be gradually
increased until they are on full feed, depending entirely upon the
state of the market, upon whether it is important to get them fin-

156 Missouri Agricultural Report.

ished early or not, and upon the kind of grass. If the weather is
disposed to be somewhat dry and the earlier growth of grass is
very nutritious and palatable, they will make excellent gains and
go on fattening on a limited supply of grain. If, on the other hand,
the season be rainy and warm and the- grass rank and washy, the
tendency of the cattle will be to grow and not to fatten, unless they
are crowded on full feed, and even then it is oftentimes difficult to
more than make a big growth during these two months.

//* the Cattle are to be Sold as Feeders — In case the cattle are
to be sold as feeders, it is quite important that they be warmed out,
as described in case they are to be fed. This warming process has
two very important advantages.

First, it enhances very materially the appearance or attractive-
ness of the cattle so that they will sell more readily and at a better
price than when thin and carrying a starry coat.

Second, by this process the alimentary tract is filled and the
weight of the animal is increased out of proportion to the cost of
the same. For example, in putting a steer on full feed there is an
increase in weight of from 20 to 60 pounds, depending upon the
size of the animal, that is mainly "fill," but which brings as much
per pound as any other weight when the cattle are sold alive and is
of value, as has already been pointed out, in making him look
thicker, flank down better, have a more restful and contented ex-
pression, and in short, altogether more thrifty and attractive.

This applies to cattle to be sold from grass in the fall as well
as to those which are to be offered from the wintering pens in the
spring. That is, cattle that are to be sold from pasture in the fall
may be very profitably fed for 30 or 40 days, or even 60 days, be-
ginning with green corn. The gains secured and the improvement
in the appearance of the animal are out of all proportion to the
cost, and will be reflected in the price the animals will bring per
pound and in the weights when driven over the scales.

It would seldom be found profitable to carry cattle through
the third winter. That is, they should be sold the spring or fall
they are two years old at least. With plenty of grass, two-year olds
graze very profitably.

Gains Made on Grass in Summer by Yearlings and Two Year
Olds Contrasted — Sometime ago the writer asked more than a thou-
sand of the most successful cattlemen of Missouri, Illinois, and
Iowa what was, in their experience, the average gain of yearling
and two year old cattle at grass without grain, and the following is
a summary of their answers ;

Live Stock Breeders' Association. 157

AVERAGE GAIN PER MONTH FOR THE ENTIRE SEASON ON GRASS ALONE.

Year-
lings.

Two year
olds.

Missouri

47 lbs.

48 lbs.
45 lbs.

53 lbs.

Iowa

52 lbs.

Illinois

52 lbs.

This was figured on the basis of a six months grazing period,
or from about the first of May until the end of October. The cheap-
ness of these gains will be apparent when it is realized that a lib-
eral charge for the pasturage of cattle of this sort is from 75 cents
to $1.00 per month.

Assuming that 75 cents per month be charged for yearlings,
the average cost per pound of gain on the basis of the estimates in
the foregoing table, taking 47 pounds per month as the average,
would be approximately $1.50 per hundred.

Assuming a charge of $1.00 per month for pasturage for two
year olds, and an average gain of 52 pounds per month, would make
the summer gain cost an average of $1.92 per hundred.

When these figures of the cost of gains are contrasted with 6
cents, 7 cents, or 8 cents per pound for gains made in winter, the
advantages of making all the gains possible in summer are self-
evident.

Part II. Fattening Cattle for the Market.

The man who fattens cattle for the market is not usually the
man who raises cattle. The fattening of cattle has come to be a
profession large enough to engage the entire attention of an import-
ant class of farmers. As a rule these feeders have no particular
interest in where or how the cattle may have been raised, so long
as they have been bred properly and may be bought at a price that
will bear the expense of the fattening process. In the fitting of
cattle for market, the laying on of fat is the prime consideration,
and the doing of this in the shortest possible time, has always been
regarded as especially important. In the raising of cattle, as has
been pointed out in the earlier part of this article, the production
of growth is of chief importance. •

Growth is, commercially speaking, relatively cheap to make,
and sells for a comparatively low price. Fat, on the other hand, is
from every point of view the most expensive animal product to
make, and has a high commercial value, because of the degree to
which it enhances the value of the carcass already produced. It is

158

Missouri Agricultural Report.

in consideration of this enhancement of the value of the carcass
that the fattening process is commercially possible. This is tanta-
mount to saying that the value of an animal is enhanced by the
fattening process out of all proportion to the value of the actual
pounds of gain made.

THE PROFESSIONAL FEEDER AND BABY BEEF.

The professional feeder of the corn belt is not yet making baby
beef. His preference is very decidedly for cattle in about their
two year old form. The reasons for this have already been stated,
and are more fully set forth in a discussion of the subject in the
last annual report of the State Board of Agriculture, by the writer,
entitled "Limitations of Baby Beef Production," and in Experiment
Station Bulletin No. 76, pp. 14-31. But the man who is raising his
own feeders on high priced land, with a shortage of pasture, as has
already been pointed out, will be practically forced to feed his cattle
out as baby beef or sell them as calves.

i

SEASON OF THE YEAR BEST SUITED TO FATTENING CATTLE.

The tendency in late years among our cattle feeders has been
very sharply toward the abandonment of winter feeding and the
general adoption of summer feeding at pasture. It appears, from
the experience of these professional men and from very extensive
experiments conducted at the Missouri Experiment Station, that
cattle may be fitted for market in less time and at materially less
cost in summer than in winter.* The following summary of the
Missouri Station experiments will emphasize the importance of the
summer season over winter for fattening cattle.

COMPARISON OF RESULTS OF SUMMER AND WINTER FEEDING.

Time covered by experiment

Number of steers involved

Average number days on experiment per lot.

Number of lots

Total grain consumed

Total roughness consumed

Total gain in weight

Grain eaten daily per steer

Roughness eaten daily per steer

Grain required per pound of gain

Roughness required per pound of gain

Average daily gain per steer

Summer.

3 yrs.

88
209 . 3

12
355,334 lbs.

43,612 lbs,

8.14 lbs.
2.37 lbs.

Winter.

5 yrs.
105
107

238,872 lbs.

91,450 lbs.

23,910 lbs.

21.29 lbs.

8.15 lbs.

9.99 lbs.

3.82 lbs.

2.13 lbs.

♦For a full discussion of this subject, see Missouri Experiment Station Bulletin No. 76, pp. 31-42.

Live Stock Breeders* Association. 15$

The quality of the cattle used in the different experiments
was essentially the same. The cattle used in the winter trials were
about six months older than those used in the summer tests. In
other words, the summer feeding began in the spring, when the cat-
tle were just two years old, whereas the winter feeding experi-
ment began in the fall, when the cattle were approximately 30
months old. This is to the disadvantage of the winter feeding, be-
cause the presumption is that the cattle being six months younger
when fed in summer were making gains somewhat cheaper. It will
be noted, however, that the average length of the feeding period
in the winter trials was only 107 days, whereas in the summer ex-
periments it was 210 days, or practically twice as long. This means
that the summer-fed cattle were made much fatter, and it is fair
to assume that whatever advantage they possessed in point of
youth was more than offset by the additional length of the feeding
period and the extra amount of fat they were made to carry be-
fore the experiment closed. If the comparison is unfair at all, the
injustice is done rather to the summer than to the winter-fed cattle.

Fig. 10. Comfort and contentment are important factors in making rapid and
cheap gains.

It will be interesting to note that the average daily consump-
tion of roughness per head in winter by cattle on full feed was
8.15 pounds. This means that each steer ate per month about 245
pounds of hay. Rating this hay at $5.00 per ton, makes the month-
ly consumption 61 cents per head. If the hay be worth $6.00 per
ton, the monthly charge for roughness would be 73 cents ; at $7.00
per ton, the cost would be 88 cents per steer; with hay rated at

160 Missouri Agricultural Report.

$10.00 per ton, the charge for this portion of the steer's ration
would be $1.22 per month.

The price per month for pasture of steers on full feed would
easily fall somewhere between 61 cents and $1.22. This means that
the roughness consumed in winter will practically offset the cost
of grass in summer. The problem is, therefore, narrowed down to
a direct comparison of the grain required to produce a pound of
beef under the two systems and the relative amount of labor and
other expenses involved.

It will be observed that 10 pounds of grain made one pound of
beef in winter as an average of all steers, or that a bushel of corn
(for the bulk of the grain used was shelled corn in both summer
and winter) made 5.6 pounds of beef.

The average of the summer trials shows that 8.14 pounds of
grain produced a pound of gain, or that a bushel of corn represent-
ed 6.88 pounds of beef, a difference in favor of summer feeding
of 22.7 per cent on the cost of grain alone.

It will be noted that the steers gained more rapidly in sum-
mer than in winter, the average for winter feeding being 2.13
pounds per day, and in summer, 2.37 pounds per day.

These summaries, therefore, furnish a general answer to the
objections raised by numerous writers to the tendency among our
feeders toward the discarding of winter feeding and the adopting
of summer feeding.

Advantages of Summer Over Winter Feeding — The grounds
upon which feeders base their preference for summer feeding are
various and cover a wide range. The advantages of summer feed-
ing, in the light of all the foregoing data may be summarized as
follows :

First. Gains made in summer will require less grain.

Second. Steers will gain more rapidly and get fat quicker.

Third. Steers can be made thick and prime on corn and grass
in summer with greater certainty, more uniformity, and with the
use of less expensive supplementary feeds like cottonseed meal or
linseed meal, than is possible in winter on dry feeds alone.

Fourth. The hog makes larger gains and returns more profit
in summer than in winter, and there is a much lower death rate
among them.

Fifth. There is a considerable saving in labor in summer feed-
ing over winter feeding, in view of the fact that only the grain
has to be hauled, and in view of the further fact that as a rule
the steers need to be fed but once a day. The manure is scattered

Live Stock Breeders' Association. 161

by the cattle themselves, and the hauling of it out upon the ground
is dispensed with. Grass is cheaper than hay, as has already been
pointed out, and makes better gains. The handling of the rough-
age is likewise disposed of.

KIND OF GRAIN TO USE.

In the heart of the corn belt, it goes without saying, corn must
be the principal and in many cases the only grain used. Under
certain circumstances it will be highly advisable to add to the
grain some supplemental feed like linseed meal or cottonseed meal,
but under these circumstances only in very limited quantities and
mainly for a special purpose.

Generally speaking, these supplemental feeds may not be
profitably depended upon for making gains, but used principally to
improve the attractiveness of the animal and to tide him over the
finishing period when gains on corn alone are normally slow and
high priced. i

Some Supplement Needed in Winter — Corn is deficient in pro-
tein. This deficiency may be supplied in practice in winter feed-
ing in one of two ways : By using some such feed as linseed meal,
cottonseed meal, gluten feed, or bran, on the one hand, or by using
a legume hay for roughage, such as clover, cowpeas or alfalfa, on
the other hand. Under the head of "Different Kinds of Roughage"
it is clearly pointed out that the most profitable way to meet this
situation is to provide a legume hay grown on the farm. It is not
always, however, feasible to do this, and under such circumstances
one of the supplemental concentrates like cottonseed meal or lin-
seed meal must be used.

In twelve years of careful experimenting at the Missouri Ex-
periment Station with a great variety of feeds, with cattle of all
ages, from calves to three year olds, and of all grades, from western
range cattle to the best bred market-topping natives, we have never
found a situation in which we could afford to feed a ration so poor
in protein as corn combined with a non-legume roughness, such as
timothy hay, millet hay, sorghum hay, prairie hay, corn fodder,
or straw. In other words, if we do not have a good legume rough-
ness to combine with the corn, some supplemental feed rich in pro-
tein has always given a return in increased gains, in a higher fin-
ish, in a better bloom, and in a better selling quality that has made
its use profitable. In short, in winter feeding this extra protein
seems indispensable to satisfactory results.

A-ll

162 Missouri Agricultural Report.

Our experience has been uniformly favorable with the use of
from two to four pounds of linseed meal or cottonseed meal per
day in connection with all of the shelled corn the steers would eat
when the roughage was one of these non-legume fodders. As al-
ready stated, the cheapest and most profitable gains have uniformly
been from the use of corn and some legume hay for roughage, .but
when the use of one of these hays is out of the question, the use of
a supplemental feed in winter is invariably profitable.

A Supplement not so Much Needed in Summer Feeding — Sum-
mer feeding, with bluegrass and white clover as a roughage, is quite
different from winter feeding with such material as timothy hay,
prairie hay, millet or sorghum for roughage. The grass is rela-
tively rich in protein, and being quite palatable, it is presumed that
the animals eat enough of it to supply the protein required over
and above that which is furnished by the corn. At any rate, our
ten years of experiments in summer feeding with various sorts of
supplements have shown a very small profit over and above the feed-
ing of corn straight, and in a majority of cases this profit has had
to be found in the superior selling quality of the cattle rather than
in the extra gains made. These experiments have included all ages
of cattle, from yearlings to three year olds, and has involved a study
of all the common supplements.

These definite results have come out of these experiments :
A large and long continued use of a supplement has proven uni-
formly unprofitable. That is to say, the making of the ration one-
fourth or one-third cottonseed meal or linseed meal throughout the
entire feeding period of four to seven months has shown poorer
financial returns than the feeding of corn straight.

The feeding of so small a proportion of supplement as one-
ninth or one-eighth of the entire grain ration throughout the entire
feeding period has not been uniformly profitable, but has come
nearer paying out in all cases than the large use of supplemental
feeds. It does seem, however, that the feeding of a limited quantity,
something like two and a half to three pounds per day, of one of
these supplements during the last 60 or 70 days has given uniform-
ly satisfactory results. This amount used over this length of time
seems to be sufficient to put all the bloom and finish on cattle of
ordinary grade, over and above that which corn and blue grass will
supply, that it is profitable to give them.

In summer, therefore, there is a very definite limit to the
profitable use of these supplements, while in winter, as has already
been pointed out, there is no circumstance, except with an abund-

Live Stock Breeders' Association. 163

ant supply of legume hay, in which these supplements cannot be
used in the proportions of from one-fifth to one-eighth with decided
advantage.

Various Kinds of Supplemental Feeds Contrasted — As between
linseed meal, old process, pea size, and standard cottonseed meal,
there is in general comparatively little difference. Our experi-
ence, however, has shown that young cattle, particularly yearlings,
manifest a decided preference for linseed -meal, and will show a
better return and a better finish from its use. With three
year olds, the cottonseed meal is slightly to be preferred,
the price per ton being the same. Formerly, when linseed
meal was selling at from $5.00 to $6.00 per ton more than cotton-
seed meal, the latter was universally to be preferred, except for
very young cattle, but with the two classes selling at essentially the
same price, the linseed is to be generally recommended.

In our experience the hogs have done better following the lin-
seed fed cattle than those receiving any other ration.

Concerning the various gluten feeds, it may be said that they
are so variable in composition and character as to be of doubtful
value. We have had one car of this feed, for example, to be quite
as palatable and apparently as valuable as either linseed or cotton-
seed meal, and the next car quite unpalatable and undesirable. On
the whole it has not given the consistent and satisfactory results
we had hoped it would, and it needs to be further tested before
being generally recommended.

In general, the value of bran in fattening cattle is largely
over estimated, and is far beneath its cost. Except for the feeding
of show cattle or the finishing of a bunch of strictly fancy Christmas
cattle, the writer knows of no circumstance under which bran can
be profitably used in fitting cattle for market.

In general, the same may be said of oats, except on farms far
removed from the market and where the expense of transporting
the oats to the railway and the hauling of linseed meal back would
be prohibitive. Even under these circumstances, a good, bright
clover hay, or bright, well cured, alfalfa hay would be cheaper and
would serve the same general purpose on the ordinary grade of
fattening cattle. This, again, does not apply to the making of show
cattle, nor to the finishing of fancy Christmas cattle.

THE VALUE OF DIFFERENT KINDS OF ROUGHAGE.

The importance of roughness in fattening cattle has in general
been underestimated by the feeder. This is clearly brought out by

164

Missouri Agricultural Report.

the answers to a question submitted to a large number of our most
successful professional feeders sometime ago. The question put to
them was: "What roughness do you prefer during the fattening
period, and do you allow the steers to have all of it they will eat?"
In the following summary of their answers, the most impressive
fact is the great variety of opinions there expressed. Every kind of
roughness produced on the farm, from the husks on snapped corn
alone to the best quality of clover or alfalfa hay, fed to the full
limit of the appetite of the animal, is included. Altogether 416
answers were returned, representing forty-two counties in the
State. It is interesting to observe that their preferences were as
follows :

KIND OF ROUGHNESS PREFERRED BY THE PRACTICAL FEEDER.

Number.

Per cent.

Hay

54

50

45

42

24

22

20

16

16

16

12

11

11

9

9

9

9

7

6

6

6

6

3

2

2

2

1

12 9

Clover hay

12.0

Clover and timothy ,

10.8

Timothy hay

10.1

Hay and stover

5.8

5.3

Clover and stover

4.8

Hay and stover

3.8

Flax Straw

3.8

Snapped corn — no roughness

3.8

Timothy or clover

2.9

Little roughness — snapped corn

2.6

Straw ,

2.6

Hay and straw

2.2

2.2

Clover and millet

2.2

2.2

Sorghum and hay ,

1.7

Hay and oat straw

1.4

Millet

1.4

Prairie hay

1.4

Hay, stover and millet — all they will eat

1.4

Sheaf Oats, clover and stover

.72

Sheaf oats, cut and clover hay

.48

Hay and sheaf oats ,

.48

Mown oats

.48

All kinds of roughness

.24

Total

416

One would be forced to conclude, from these results, that in
the judgment of the professional feeder the roughness in full feed-
ing exerts very little influence upon the result, and is in reality a
matter of comparatively little importance.

Live Stock Breeders' Association.

165

FEEDING EXPERIMENTS WITH DIFFERENT KINDS OF ROUGHNESS.

Our experiments during the past twelve years with various
kinds of roughage, both for wintering and for fattening cattle
show, however, that the kind of roughness does exert a profound
influence upon the cost of gain and a large influence upon the fin-
ish or quality of the cattle at the end. These results for fatten-
ing cattle are none the less striking than are those for cattle that
are being merely wintered.

The following tables will give in a concise form the essential
results of two years' work in which timothy hay, clover hay, and
cowpea hay are contrasted. These may be regarded as fairly rep-
resentative of all the experiments and as an accurate forecast of
what will happen whenever these feeds are offered in comparison
one with another:

COMPARISON OF DIFFERENT ROUGHNESS FOR FATTENING STEERS.
First trial — 1SS9-1900 — 119 days — 4 two year old steers in each lot — full fed on shelled corn.

Kind of feed.

Corn

eaten,

bu.

Roughness

eaten,

lbs.

Total

gain,

lbs.

Av. daily
gain per
steer, lbs.

Pounds

grain per lb.

of gain.

Gain per
bushel of
corn, lbs.

Corn and timothy hay

166
188
185

3,813
3,662

f *1,626)
I tl,889j

802

1,257

937

1.69
2.64
1.94

11.51 4 87

Corn and cowpea hay

Corn, clover hay and corn stover

8.31
11.29

6.74
4.96

Second trial — 1900-'01 — 105 days — 4 two year old steers in each lot — full fed on shelled corn.

Kind of feed.

Corn

eaten,

bu.

Roughness

eaten,

lbs.

Total

gain,

lbs.

Av. daily
gain per
steer, lbs.

Pounds Gain per

grain per bushel of

lb. of gain. 1 corn, lbs.

Corn and timothy hay

157.5
176.2
175.3
176

2,540
4,768
4,783

f *2,475l
\ t 868 J

789
1,135
1,134
1,140

1.97
2.84
2.84
2.85

11.19
8.69
8.65
8.30

5.00

Corn and clover hay

6.44

Corn and cowpea hay

6.47

Corn, clover and corn stover

6.74

♦Clover hay.
tCorn stover.

It will be noted from these tables that in the first trial the
combination of corn and timothy produced in the one trial 4.87
pounds of gain per bushel of corn, and 5 pounds in the other, or
an average of 4.93 pounds for the two trials. When, however,
clover or cowpea hay was substituted for timothy, a bushel of corn
was capable of producing from 6.44 to 6.74 pounds of gain, or an

166 Missouri Agricultural Report.

average of 6.58 pounds — an increase of 1.65 pounds of beef for
each bushel of corn fed, due to a difference in the kind of rough-
ness fed. With steers selling at 5 cents per pound, this means that
the feeder is getting 8*4 cents a bushel more for his corn by com-
bining it with some hay like clover or cowpea than if it be com-
bined with good timothy.

If one-fifth of all the corn produced in Missouri is fed to cat-
tle, the increased profits from combining it with clover or cow
peas, as compared with timothy, would amount to $2,500,000.00.

Not only do the legume hays, such as clover, cowpeas and
alfalfa, increase very materially the rate of gain and decrease its
cost, but the steers show at the end of the feeding period a higher
finish, carry more bloom, and are altogether smoother. By reason
of these facts, and the further fact that they are considerably fat-
ter, they will sell for from 10 cents to 35 cents per hundred more
on the market. Moreover, it is shown elsewhere that the hog does
better following cattle that are fed a legume hay than do those fol-
lowing a hay like timothy.

PREPARATION OF FEED.

This is one of the very oldest questions in connection with the
feeding of animals. The first thought in the mind of the average man
who seeks to apply better methods to stock feeding is in reference
to the manner in which the food shall be prepared. To the novice
it is in this line that there seems to be the greatest opportunity for
reform. When the Experiment Stations were established, this was
the first problem in nutrition to be attacked. Nevertheless, the
practice of the feeder is not essentially different in this regard
from what it was a quarter of a century ago. Particularly is this
true of the feeder of beef cattle. While it has been found highly
profitable to expend considerable energy and money in preparing
the foods for the highly specialized dairy cow, the average beef
animal seems to have time enough and sufficient energy of not a
very expensive sort to do the work of dividing and preparing the
feed which it was at first sought to spare him, by cutting, chafing,
grinding, soaking, cooking, and so on.

We interviewed a large number of experienced cattle feeders
of Missouri, Illinois and Iowa on this point, putting to them this
question : "Do you crush, shell, grind or soak your corn, or do you
feed it in the ear whole?"

Live Stock Breeders' Association.

167

METHOD OF PREPARATION OF GRAIN PREFERRED.

Missouri.

Iowa.

Illinois.

All States.

No.
Rep'rts.

Pec

cent.

No.
Rep'rts.

Per

cent.

No.
Rep'rts.

Per

cent.

No.
Rep'rts.

Per

cent.

3 *Snapped ear

215

79
91
68
48
38
28
47
24
15
11
12
10
9
10

12

4

1

4

29.5
10.8
12.5.
9.3
6.3
5.3
3.9
6.3
3.2
2.0
1.5
1.6
1.4
1.4
1.5

1.6

.5

.1

5
.5

15
8
5
11
17
6
4
2
4
4
6
1
2

2
1

16.6
8.8
5.5
12.2
18.8
6.6
4.4
2.2
4.4
4.4
6.6
1.1
2.2
2.2
1.1

3
12
2
6
1
1
1
4

8.3

33.3

5.5

16.7

2.8

2.8

2.8

11.1

233
99
98
85
66
45
33
53
28
19
17
15
12
11
13

12

6

3

4

27.3
11.6
11.4

4 Shelled dry

9.9

5 Ear first half, shelled later. .

6 Ear winter, shelled summer.

7 Ear or shelled

7.7
5.2
3.8

8 t Crushed

6.2

9 {Ground

3.2

10 Ear winter, soak summer. . .

1 1 Shelled soaked

2.2

1.9

2

5.5

1.7

13 Snapped winter, ear sum'er.

14 Ear winter, crushed sum'er.

15 Crushed or shelled

16 Ear aged cattle, crush

calves and yearlings

17 Crushed winter, soaked

summer

1.4

1.2

2

5.5

1.6
1.2

2

5.5

.7

18 Ear first, shell or grind

2

2.2

.3

19 Ear aged cattle, shell calves

.4

♦Snapped corn is a term applied quite commonly in the Mississippi Valley to corn that has
been broken off the stalk with the husk and shank adhering.
tThe corn and cob ground or crushed together.
tCorn meal or shelled corn ground.

These tabulated data clearly show that the bulk of the feeders
give little or no attention, under most circumstances, to the pre-
paration of the grain, or that they feed it essentially in its natural
condition.

Ear Corn — For example, it appears that ear corn, either snap-
ped* or husked, fed whole or broken, was reported as fed exclusively
by 53 per cent of the Missouri feeders, by 47 per cent of the Illi-
nois feeders, and by 31 per cent of the Iowa feeders, or by an aver-
age of 50 per cent of all the men answering the question concern-
ing the preparation of feed.

It furthermore appears that ear corn was used exclusively or
for a part of the year or during the early part of the feeding per-
iod by 75.6 per cent of the Missouri feeders interviewed, 71 per
cent of the feeders from Iowa, and 53 per cent of those from Illi-
nois, or an average of 74 per cent of all the feeders interviewed.

Shelled Corn — It appears, that shelled corn, dry, was fed,
either exclusively, or at some season, or in some part of the feed-

•Ear corn with the husk adhering.

168 Missouri Agricultural Report.

ing period, by 23 per cent of the Missouri feeders, 31 per cent of
the Iowa feeders, and 22 per cent of the Illinois feeders, or an
average of 25 per cent of all those interviewed.

Corn and Cob Meal — It is a significant fact that only 47 out of
the 726 Missouri feeders interviewed, or 6.3 per cent, reported that
they crushed their corn exclusively. Of the 90 Iowa feeders inter-
viewed, 2 so reported, and of the 36 Illinois feeders, 4, making a
total of 53 out of 852, or 6.2 per cent of all the feeders interviewed.

Corn Meal — That the feeders consider that they have not found
it profitable to put much effort into the preparation of feed is still
more stirkingly shown by the fact that only 24 Missouri feeders,
out of a total of 726, reported feeding corn meal ; only 4 out of
90 Iowa feeders so reported, whereas none of the 36 Illinois feed-
ers followed this practice. This means that 28 out of 582, or 3.2
per cent of all the feeders interviewed, grind corn, as a regular
practice, for their cattle.

Taking all of those who reported the use of crushed or ground
corn, either exclusively or at some special season of the year, or
at some time in the fattening process, or with some classes of cat-
tle, it was found that but 14.7 per cent of the Missouri feeders, 12.2
per cent of the Iowa feeders, and 22.2 per cent of the Illinois feed-
ers follow this practice.

Soaked Corn — It will be noted that a considerable number re-
port in favor of soaking the corn instead of crushing or grinding
it. Necessarily this practice is limited to spring, summer, or early
fall feeding, as it is not feasible either to soak corn or to feed
soaked corn in freezing weather. The results of some experiments
conducted at the Kansas Station, while not conclusive, indicate that
soaking was about as effective as grinding for cattle. If this be
true, soaking must commend itself on account of requiring less ex-
pense than grinding, either of equipment necessary to perform the
operation or of labor.

It frequently happens in summer feeding that the ear corn
becomes so dry and hard that the cattle will not eat enough to make
good gains. This is especially true when one is feeding a variety of
corn with rough grains, closely compacted on a hard cob. In this
case the corn must either be shelled, crushed or soaked. On many
farms the soaking is the cheapest and easiest of the three opera-
tions and is perhaps quite as effective as either of the others if care-
fully done. Every precaution must be taken to feed it perfectly
sweet, to keep the troughs cleaned out, and to change the water
frequently. The customary length of time to soak corn is 12 to

Live Stock Breeders' Association. 169

18 hours, depending upon the compactness of the ear and the
density of the cob. Toward the end of a long feed, shelled corn
soaked 12 to 18 hours is very profitable and helpful in making a
rapid finish or in maintaining rapid gains to the end.

Chafing Hay, etc. — Many attempts have been made to increase
the efficiency of the ration by combining chafed hay or similar ma-
terial with the grain. Undoubtedly a ration so compounded will be
handled by the animal with less liability to scours and to getting off
feed, and will be masticated and digested more perfectly, and will
therefore be more completely utilized than when it is given in its
natural state but, for the ordinary class of cattle, the labor involved
has been found to be out of all proportion to the increased efficiency
shown. The market does not demand that ordinary animals be
made fat enough to require this nice attention to feeding. To make
show animals, all of this is necessary, and is fully justified.

BETTER PREPARATION REQUIRED TOWARD THE LATTER END OF THE

FEEDING PERIOD.

It is evident, from a study of the detailed answers to our ques-
tion in regard to the preparation of feed, and particularly from a
study of the summary of these replies just presented, that the
practice of offering feed of finer texture, better quality, and higher
palatability in the latter part of the feeding period than in the
earlier part is well established. This is due to the fact that an ani-
mal in thin condition has a good appetite and will consume coarse
and relatively cheap material in sufficient quantity to make profit-
able gains. Later, when the system is loaded with fat, the appetite
becomes more delicate and discriminating, and requires to be ca-
tered to in quality, condition, and palatability to a marked degree,
in order that a rapid rate of gain may be maintained and an eco-
nomical finish be made. This is particularly true of cattle that are
to be made very fat, and is more true of young animals than of
older ones. It is more true of young than of older animal on ac-
count of the tendency of the former to use much of its feed for
growth. In such cases a relatively large gain may show a very
slight improvement in the condition of the animals. Therefore, a
preparation of feed that would be wholly impracticable for the
earlier or main portion of the feeding period might prove to be
exceedingly profitable in the last 60 days. Failure to recognize this
fundamental fact in cattle feeding distinguishes the unsuccessful
feeder from the successful one.

170 Missouri Agricultural Report.

BETTER PREPARATION REQUIRED IN SUMMER THAN IN WINTER FEED-
ING.

It further appears, from these replies, that the feeder offers
his grain in rather better form in summer than in winter. This
is primarily due to the fact that grass in summer is more palatable
than is the roughage usually offered in winter, namely, hay. In
order, therefore, to make sure that the cattle will discriminate
against the grass to a sufficient degree, or that they will eat a
sufficient quantity of grain to make rapid gains and become fat in
a reasonable time, it is necessary to offer them grain in a palatable
form. In winter, when the roughage is not particularly palatable,
sound corn in practically any form will be preferred to hay, so
there is little difficulty in maintaining the proper proportion be-
tween the grain and roughage consumed. In other words, the grass
in summer is much more likely to interfere with the animal's ap-
petite for grain than is the hay in winter.

It is furthermore true that the grain in summer is dryer and
harder, and therefore -more difficult to masticate than in winter.
The ears of corn that have been husked and stored in a crib are
by midsummer so dry and the cob is so hard that it is practically
out of the question for the steer to handle it in this form profitably ;
especially is this true if it be one of the improved and high shelling
varieties of corn like Reid's Yellow Dent, Learning, Boone County
White, etc. Some of the old and unimproved cattle corns have so
soft a cob as to not require this treatment even in summer. The
yield of such a corn, however, is so low as to more than offset the
advantage of the soft cob in cattle feeding. Moreover, the corn
by this time is quite likely to have been soiled more or less by mice
and rats, unless stored with the husk on. It is a very common and
well approved practice to snap the corn and store it with the husk
on if it is to be fed to cattle the following summer. It is usually
husked just before being offered, comes out fresh, clean, is not
unduly dried out, and is exceedingly palatable.

Another point undoubtedly influencing the practice is that the
corn may be soaked in summer much more conveniently than in
winter, as all difficulty from freezing is avoided. The only point
to be guarded against is souring. If the corn is not soaked more
than twelve hours and the box is cleaned out each time, the water
changed frequently and the feed troughs are carefully cleaned each
day, no difficulty of this nature will be experienced. For details

Live Stock Breeders' Association. 171

of the practice in these regards, the reader is referred to the re-
marks of the different feeders in the main tables under the head of
Methods of Feeding.

MORE PREPARATION OF GRAIN REQUIRED FOR YOUNG CATTLE THAN

FOR AGED ANIMALS.

This is almost self-evident. Three year old steers, for example,
can handle ear corn and coarse roughage far more advantageously
than can calves, say, that are just being weaned. It is not at all
difficult to make a fair rate of gain on young animals, and to ac-
complish only this result would not require any special preparation
of grain. But to make a gain that is sufficiently rapid to fatten
the animal within reasonable time does require that the grain be
offered in an easily assimilable form and that the roughage be of
a very palatable and nutritious character. In other words, as has
already been pointed out, the first draft a young animal will make
on its food, outside of maintenance, is for growth, and it is neces-
sary to induce the animal to eat and digest an amount considerably
in excess of the requirement for maintenance and for growth in
order to make it fat. The aged steer, on the other hand, has little
use for food for growth, and puts practically its entire ration, out-
side of that required for maintenance, to the uses of fat produc-
tion, and it is not, therefore, so vital a matter that the animal gain
to the absolute limit of its capacity in order to get fat in a reason-
able time or to prove profitable. Thus it comes about in practice
that the feeders use ear corn for aged cattle, and crushed or ground
or soaked or shelled corn for calves and yearlings.

Hogs Utilize the Waste — It will be noted that all of the dis-
cussion of this factor has so far been with relation to the influence
of foods prepared in different ways upon the rate of gain of the
steer, rather than upon the degree to which it is digested and
utilized. This is so because hogs are invariably used to pick up
whatever waste may occur from imperfect preparation of the feed
before it is offered to the cattle. As a rule, hogs are worth more
per pound live weight than are cattle. It is, therefore, a matter of
comparative indifference to the feeder as to just how the uses of
the grain are distributed between the steer and the hog.

The feeder is only interested in the total gain in live weight
per unit of grain fed, and cannot, under ordinary farm conditions,
afford to invest much labor and money in a preparation of the
feed which increases the steer gains wholly or mainly at the ex-

172 Missouri Agricultural Report.

pense of the hog gains. So long as the food is offered in palatable
enough form to make the steer gain at a fairly rapid rate and to
make it fat in a reasonable time, he is not interested in how much
passes through the steer unmasticated or undigested. Whatever
part of the grain the steer fails to use, the hog will utilize to good
advantage.

Fig. 11. The hogs utilize the waste.

Effect of Different Feeds on Hog Gains — It is a common say-
ing among cattle feeders that the profit is in the hog that follows
the steer. Recent experiments at the Missouri Experiment Station
and elsewhere clearly indicate that the amount of gain the hog
makes will be affected in an important way by the kind of food
given the steer which he follows. For example, it has been found
that hogs following cattle eating corn and linseed meal do better
than those following cattle fed on straight corn. Hogs following
cattle eating corn and clover hay do better than those eating corn
and timothy hay, and so on throughout the whole range of feeds.
In general, feeds that are rich in protein and that favor a rapid
and high development in cattle will likewise favor a rapid and high
finish in the hog.

It requires no experimental data to support the statement that
hogs as well as the cattle will do better on pastures with as large
an admixture as possible of clover. In this connection one of the
most profitable things than can be done is to prepare a clover or
alfalfa pasture of sufficient size to accommodate the hogs that
follow the cattle and let them graze on this clover after having
cleaned up the waste from the cattle, instead of grazing on the
steer pastures. This will tend to protect the steer grass from be-
ing unduly soiled by the hogs and to produce increased gain on
the hogs.

Another excellent plan is to provide, if possible, contiguous
to the steer pasture, a small field of cowpeas or soja beans, upon

Live Stock Breeders' Association. 173

which the hogs may be turned by the middle of August or Septem-
ber, and have this nutritious grain to supplement the corn they
pick up after the cattle. This will enable the hogs to be finished
well and rapidly and will give largely increased gains at a very
slight expense.

SUPPLEMENTAL GRAINS FOR HOGS FOLLOWING CATTLE.

The profits from the use of some such supplemental feed as
middlings, linseed meal or tankage will be almost as striking with
hogs following cattle as when given to hogs fed the grain direct.
It is never profitable to feed straight corn to hogs except when
they are running on alfalfa, clover, or soja bean pasture. When
following cattle on the ordinary blue grass pasture, therefore, and
particularly when following cattle in a dry lot, a small amount of
old process linseed meal or of tankage, or if these are not available,
a limited amount of middlings, will invariably add materially to
the profits to be derived from the hogs. This is very clearly shown
by the results of a recent experiment in Ohio,* when 1-3 of a pound
of digested tankage was given daily per head of hogs following cattle
on corn and mixed hay, in contrast with hogs following similarly
fed cattle without the tankage. The hogs having no tankage gained
808 pounds, while those receiving the tankage gained 1,230 pounds.
Conditions were otherwise identical. The amount of tankage used
was 259.5 pounds, costing, laid down, $4,88, from which an in-
creased hog gain of 422 pounds was secured. The profit from this
operation will be apparent when it is realized that this extra hog
gain cost but little more than 1 cent per pound.

CHANGES IN FEED AND SURROUNDINGS.

Changes in feed, or location, or surroundings of cattle that are
fat should never be made, except such as are decidedly for the
better, and even then should only be made when imperative. After
a steer is on feed and is beginning to show fat, whatever changes
in the feed are necessary must be made very gradually, and should
always be in the direction of improved quality and palatability. This
law will admit of no violation, except in very rare cases where the
cattle show too great a fondness for the roughage and seem to be
eating too little grain on that account. Even then it will be more
rational to attempt to bring the grain up to a standard of excel-
lence where it will successfully compete with the roughness rather

♦Ohio Exp. Sta. Olr. 73.

174 Missouri Agricultural Report.

than to lower the grade of the ration by substituting a poorer
roughness. Frequently when feeding at pasture the grass becomes
very soft and washy, while it remains very palatable. In this case
the remedy would be a hay of good quality to temper the grass.

The main point insisted upon is that the quality should be im-
proved as the animals approach the finishing point. This may in
a majority of cases be most effectively done by adding a limited
quantity of old process linseed meal, from one-tenth to one-seventh
of their whole grain ration, during the last 60 or 80 days. This
will insure a large consumption of grain and, of course, rapid gains
to the end, and will materially improve the coat and enhance the
selling quality of the steer over and above an equally fat one that
has not had some such food as linseed meal. It goes without say-
ing that this linseed meal should be added very gradually to the
ration.

PURE WATER CONVENIENT AT ALL TIMES.

In order to secure satisfactory results in steer and hog feed-
ing, it is of the utmost importance that an abundant supply of pure,
clear, cool water be furnished. This point was strongly emphasized
by a great number of the experienced feeders making reports for
this bulletin. It is furthermore important that the hog be required
to drink in a separate place from the cattle, and that the water
for each class of stock be protected against the other class of stock.
It will not do to allow the steers to drink from the hog troughs, or
the hog wallows, nor to permit the hogs to foul the water in the
cattle troughs.

It is a well established law r that all classes of stock should be
watered regularly and should have an abundant supply, but this is
especially important for animals which are under the strain of
rapid production, such as the highly developed dairy cow when in
full flow of milk, and the growing or fattening steer when on full
feed and producing to its utmost capacity. A steer on full feed
in one of our experiments* voided in its dung and urine daily per
thousand pounds live weight 32 pounds of water, as compared with
13 pounds as the average voiding of two other steers of the same
weight that were fed only a sufficient amount to maintain body
weight without gain or loss, the character of the ration being ex-
actly the same in both cases. To restrict the amount of water
drunk by the steers and hogs, either by its location being remote

•Not yet published.

Live Stock Breeders' Association. 175

from the feeding troughs and pastures, by reason of its irregular
or inadequate supply, by reason of inadequate trough room, by rea-
son of its filthy condition and uninviting surroundings, is to di-
rectly restrict the gains and to reduce the profits of the feeding
operation. Wherever at all feasible, a constant supply of deep-well
water, freshly pumped, in troughs of adequate size, should be pro-
vided in a locality convenient to the feed troughs, convenient to the
ranges, and at a point where the droppings that naturally accumu-
late in the vicinity of the watering trough will be of value to the
farm rather than be washed away by the first rains that come after
they are deposited.

REGULARITY IN FEEDING AND QUIETNESS IN HANDLING.

Clock-like regularity in the feeding and watering of cattle on
full feed is of the utmost importance. If possible, the same man
even should always do the feeding, and it is important that this
be the most intelligent and trustworthy man on the farm. It is
scarcely possible for a man to get the best gains out of cattle and
to get them all to come along uniformly and have no founders and
"throw outs" unless he take a personal interest in the work in
hand. To make the crop and general farm work the principal and
the cattle feeding the subsidiary thing is likely to prove unfort-
unate for the cattle.

WHEN STEERS ARE READY TO BE MARKETED.

No sounder advice could be given the beginner than to study
carefully the requirements of the market. This may be best done
by visiting the market as frequently as possible and especially when
the cattle of his own feeding are to be sold. To bring cattle to
just the point of finish, or to just the degree of fatness that will
make them most profitable, or to avoid carrying them too long, or
to avoid selling them too early, is perhaps the most difficult point
to determine in the entire range of beef production. No one can
hope to develop good judgment in this direction without a thorough
familiarity with the various market classes of cattle and without
knowing how much fat each class requires to enable it to be sold
to the best advantage. It would of course be fatal to follow one
rule with all grades. Cattle of good quality will require a relatively
higher finish because, as a rule, their cost price as feeders is so
high that there will be too small a margin between it and the sell-
ing price to pay a profit if they are not made prime. Plain to

176

Missouri Agricultural Report.

common sorts, however, are not worth enough to justify being made
thick fat, and must go to market carrying medium flesh if they
pay a profit. The beginner, however, is more likely to err in the
direction of shipping too early than of carrying his cattle too long.
Frequently a six weeks' additional feed will make from 40 cents to

Fig. 12. Cattle having enough quality to justify being made thick fat.

60 cents difference in the price of the cattle on the market. On
the basis of 1,400 pound steers, this equals from $5.60 to $8.40
per head besides the value of the gains made. On the other hand,
money is frequently lost by making cattle too thick, especially when
they have not the quality to pay for so long a feed. Or, it may
happen that the top of the market is not enough above the price
commanded by good to choice cattle to pay for making them prime.
To top the market and lose money is not profitable.

RATIONAL SHEEP FEEDING.

(Frederick B. Mumford, Professor of Animal Husbandry, University of Missouri.)

In any scheme of stock farm management the rations fed to
the domestic animals are an important factor in the final result.
This fact has been recognized not only by the practical farmer, but
by the Experiment Stations of the United States. This is indicated
by the very large number of feeding experiments which have been
conducted at these institutions. It is probable that more experi-
ments have been conducted in the feeding of farm animals than all
other phases of animal production combined.

Live Stock Breeders' Association. 177

We have yet much to learn regarding the fundamental facts of
animal nutrition. The farmer would like to know, for example,
whether it is on the whole more profitable to feed calves, colts,
lambs and pigs a generous ration of nutritious concentrates like
grain, from birth to time of selling, or whether it may not be more
profitable to feed animals on cheaper rations requiring a longer
time to properly develop the animal. The feeder is also interested
to know what is the profitable amount of grain above mere main-
tenance which can be fed profitably.

While there are still unsolved problems the stations have suc-
cessfully established certain principles of feeding, which are of
great value in determining the most profitable methods of feeding
all kinds of domestic animals. It will not be possible in the limits
of this article to cover completely the whole subject of sheep feed-
ing. We can but hope to point out some of the principle facts which
should govern our practices. In general, we may divide the sub-
ject of sheep feeding into three classes :

(1) The feeding of breeding animals.

(2) The feeding of young lambs.

(3) The finishing of partly grown lambs or of wethers by full
feeding with grain.

FEEDING OF BREEDING EWES.

There are certain fundamental principles which govern the
care and handling of all breeding animals. It is a mistaken idea
that sparse feeding is favorable to reproduction. It is, however,
true that a method of feeding which induces excessive fatness is
unfavorable to reproduction. A full and generous supply of food
throughout the year is the best possible practice for handling the
breeding ewe.

-Another point that is often overlooked in the handling of the
ewe flock, particularly in winter feeding, is exercise. It is in the
highest degree unwise to take a flock from summer pasture, where
they have enjoyed unlimited freedom and constant exercise, and
shut them in a small yard and keep them there the entire winter.
The ewe flock should be insured a constant and regular amount of
exercise throughout the year.

SUMMER FEEDING OF BREEDING FLOCK.

Under ordinary conditions there is no need of feeding grain
to breeding ewes in summer. The sheep is one of the most success-

A— 12

178

Missouri Agricultural Report.

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Live Stock Breeders' Association. 179

ful and persistent grazing animals on the farm. They will eat a
much larger number of plants than either horses or cattle and are
often useful in clearing a pasture of weeds and brush.

Ewes are ordinarily bred in the fall, and at this time the pas-
tures are frequently short and the animals really suffer for a gen-
erous supply of good food. It is always desirable before mating to
give the ewe flock a generous supply of food for at least two weeks
before turning in the ram. If possible turn the ewes on fresh
pasture. It is also a good idea to feed them heavily with grain dur-
ing this time. This practice is called "flushing" by the English
sheperds, and the claim is made, not without some reason, that this
insures a larger number of lambs, that the ewes come in heat more
uniformly, and that the lambs are stronger and healthier at birth.

When the ewes are taken from the pastures in the fall they
may be infested more or less seriously with sheep ticks, and if they
are not treated for this condition the parasites will interfere ser-
iously with their thrift during the winter. It is always a good
practice, therefore, to clip them in some good dip which will kill the
ticks. This should be done before cold weather.

The ration for the winter should contain some grain ; 1/2 pound
of corn per sheep each day, together with all the clover, alfalfa or
cowpea hay that the sheep will eat is a good ration for breeding
ewes. Some corn stover is an excellent roughage, and will be re-
lished by the ewes. In case it becomes necessary to feed the ewes
through the winter without clover, alfalfa or cow pea hay, then
the grain ration should be of corn and linseed meal, in the propor-
tion of 5 of corn and one of linseed meal, or of corn and bran. This,
with stover, mixed hay and possibly some straw, will bring the ewes
to lambing time in strong condition. Timothy hay is a very un-
satisfactory roughage to feed to sheep. It is best to have the lambs
come in February or March, provided warm quarters could be sup-
plied. Otherwise April 15th to May 1st is perhaps a better time.
After the lambs have been born the ewes should be fed heavily on
grain, and in the writer's opinion the lambs should be fed from
birth until time of selling. It is customary to provide a lamb creep
(a small pen) in which the lambs may go to eat and find hay, and
into which the older sheep cannot go. It is undoubtedly true that
the grain fed to lambs at this time will yield a greater return in
gains made than at any other time in the life of the lamb. If the
lambs come in February or March and are full fed they should be
sold in June. If they come in April or May they must, be kept
longer and will probably sell in the fall as fat, if they have been

180 Missouri Agricultural Report.

fed grain constantly, or as stocker lambs, if they have not been fed
continuously.

THE FEEDING OP FATTENING LAMBS.

A practice which is becoming more and more common in the
corn belt is the finishing of lambs or wethers during the winter
months. In most cases the stocker lambs are purchased from the
ranges of the west, weighing from 55 to 70 pounds. These are fed
for 60 to 90 days and are sold as fat lambs on the market. There
are varying methods of feeding to bring about this result.

A method which is now rather common is to buy these lambs
rather early in the fall, run them on grass pastures with a little
grain for 30 days, and then gradually put them on a full feed of
grain.

A method which has found much favor in this section is to sow
rape and cowpeas in the corn at the last cultivation, and about the
first of September turn the lambs in on the corn. The lambs will
clean up the under growth and weeds, and the lower blades of corn,
but will not for a time injure the corn. Some feeders in Missouri
have been able to pasture ten lambs per acre for eight weeks, and
have secured a gain of 20 pounds on each lamb, or 200 pounds of
mutton per acre, without in any way injuring the corn.

The most common method of feeding, however, is to put the
lambs in feed yards with open sheds for shelter and feed them
from 60 to 90 days on a ration of corn and hay.

The following tables give the results of a large number of ex-
periments with different rations for finishing lambs.

In the tables following, the cost of the various food-stuffs used
in the experiments are as follows :

Corn

Oats

Wheat

Oilmeal. . .

Bran

Roots

Silage

Clover hay.

$0.40 per bn.

.32 per bu.

. GO per bu.

$25. 00 per ton.

14. 00 per ton.

2.50 per ton.

2 . 50 per ton

7. 00 per ton.

RATIONS FOR FATTENING LAMBS.

Especial attention is called in each case to the column headed
"cost of 1 pound gain in cents," "the average weekly gain in
pounds," and the "dry matter for 1 pound of gain in pounds."
These columns contain the essential comparisons and indicate
which of the rations fed were most efficient.

Live Stock Breeders' Association.

181

EXPERIMENTS IN FATTENING LAMBS.

10 lambs in each lot.

Roughage ration, clover hay.

No.

of

Lot

Distinguishing rations.

Grain,
lbs.

Hay,
lbs.

Roots
Ruta-
bagas,
lbs.

Total

gain,

lbs.

Average

weekly

gain,

lbs.

Cost of

one lb.

gain,

cts.

Dry

matter

for one

lb. gain,

lbs.

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.

25.
26.

27.

Corn (shelled)

Oats

Bran

Corn A, oats § (Wt)

Corn \, Bran £ (Wt)

Oats A, Bran £ (Wt)

Corn J, oats 3 , Bran 3 (weight)

Roots (Rutabagas)

Silage

Self feed, corn J, oats 3 and bran 3 .

Corn

Corn and Roots

Corn ", linseed meal I and roots.. . .

Corn » and linseed meal J

Corn i, and bran J

Wheat * and corn A

Wheat 1 and linseed meal |

Corn (self feed)

Corn J and bran £ (self feed)

Corn i and wheat J, (outdoors). . . .

Corn § and wheat A, (indoors)

Corn • .

Wheat

Corn J and wheat f (lambs sheared

December 1 )

Sugar beets

Corn, wheat, oats and bran (self

feed)

Corn and wheat

1,757
1 , 963
1,779
1,735
1,973
1,957
1 , 968
1,173
1,173
2,120
1,579
1,612
1,716
1,735
1,703
1.4S5
1 , 530
1,506
1.83S
1,196
1,164
1,208
1,201

1,266
*5,6S5

1,460
1,232

1,675

1,694

1,728

1,711

1.69S

1,722

1,654

1,220

987

52S

1,097

964

967

1,158

1,124

1,118

1,147

961

959

1,087

1,173

1,142

1,199

1,336
1,181

924
1,209

190
190

1,190

1,190
1,190
1,190
1,190
6,706
*4,504
1,360

2 , 720
2,675

443
379
242
436
358
361
387
393
384
260
328
397
392
357
267
295
291
24S
237
205
230
233
217

161
116

206
249

2.6

2.2

1.4

2.6

2.1

2.1

2.3

1.7

1.7

2.17

2.18

2.64

2.61

2.38

1.78

1.97

1,94

1.65

1.5S

1.57

1.77

1.80

1.67

1.24

.89

1.58
1.91

4.5

7.1

8.25

5.1

6.0

6.7

5.8

7.7

6.3

8.0

4.6

4.6

5.3

5.1

6.0

5.4

6.3

5.5

6.8

6.8

0.1

5.4

7.5

9.9

8.7

7.6
5.9

6.95
8.68

12.9
7.11
9.14
9.13
8.37
9.23

10.01
9.45
7.02
6.41
6.72
6.99
9.13
7.64
8.04
S.57

10.03
9.65
8.77
S.12
9.56

13.97
15.60

10.04
8.43

*Silage.
*Sugar beets.

SHELTER FOR FATTENING SHEEP.

Experiments at this station and elsewhere have clearly demon-
strated that warm barns for fattening sheep are not desirable. Sheep
are naturally well protected, and the effect of dry cold is rather a
tonic than otherwise. It certainly is not true that fattening sheep
require more feed per pound of gain in cold weather than in warm
weather. One of the experiments in the series summarized in the
table was undertaken for the express purpose of investigating the
effect of feeding fattening sheep that were kept in a closed pen
open to the south, in a barn with windows open on the south, as
compared with another lot of lambs fed exactly the same ration
but permitted the run of a large yard in connection with similar
shelter. Lot 20, in the table, was permitted the run of a large

182

Missouri Agricultural Report.

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Live Stock Breeders' Association.

183

yard outdoors and was allowed to go in and out of the barn at
will. They were never shut in even during the severest weather,
and they were consequently frequently drenched with rain or cov-
ered with snow. Lot 21 was fed exactly the same ration inside.
The comparisons are given in the following table :

i

Table 2.

Distinguishing
difference.

Lot

drain

Hay

Water

Cost of
1 lb.
gain
cts.

Total
gain

Average

weekly

gain.

Total

dry

matter.

Dry

matter

to 1 U).

gain.

Outdoor

Indoor

20
21

1,197
1,164

1,087
1. 17:i

1 , 22S
2,073

6.8
6. 1

205
230

1.57
1.77

1 , 978
2,019

9.65

8.77

The results are not very definite nor conclusive, based as they
are upon a single experiment, but the facts are that the. sheep in
the outdoor lot consumed a little more grain, and some less hay
than the indoor lot. The increase in live weight was considerably
in favor of the lot fed outside. The amount of dry matter required
to produce a pound of gain was in favor of the indoor lot. Under
the conditions governing this experiment the net profit from the
sheep fed indoors was 12 cents per head greater than the lot fed
outdoors.

In the writer's experience it seems to be undoubtedly true that
sheep do not suffer from dry cold weather, and that providing they
can be kept dry they can endure any amount of cold without dis-
comfort. In humid regions, therefore, where rain and snow fall
frequently during the winter it will be profitable to supply them
with a dry shelter, but not necessarily warm.

SHEARING LAMBS IN FALL.

Lambs are sometimes shorn in the fall at the beginning of the
feeding experiment. Such experiments as have been conducted
where sheep have been shorn rather late in the fall have not proven
entirely satisfactory. In other experiments where sheep have been
shorn early in the spring toward the close of the fattening period
the results have been quite uniformly successful.

In table 3 are recorded the results of an experiment in which
one lot was shorn December 1st and another lot left unshorn and
fed the same grain ration.

The shorn lambs were fed in the same barn with the other lots

184

Missouri Agricultural Report.

under experiment, and were subjected to the same conditions ex-
cept that their pen was protected by a tight board partition extend-
ing to the ceiling and entirely enclosed the feeding pen. The pen
was supplied with a window opening to the south like the other
lots, but unlike the others, this window was kept closed continuously
throughout the experiment. Notwithstanding this precaution the
sheep gave evidence of suffering from the rigors of winter. It is
possible that if still warmer quarters could have been given this
lot the results here recorded (table 3) would have been less dis-
paraging to the lot shorn in the fall.

The lots compared were lots 21 and 24.

TABLE 3. EFFECT OF SHEARING LAMBS IN THE FALL.

Distinguishing
difference.

Lot.

Grain.

Hay.

Water
i

Cost of
1 lb.
gain
cts.

Total
gain.

Average

weekly

gain.

Dry
matter
to 1 lb.

gain.

Unshorn

21
24

1,164
1,336

1,173

1,336

2,073
1,848

6.1
9.9

230
161

1.77
1.24

8.77

Shorn December 1

13.97

The shorn lambs (lot 24) made smaller gains, ate more food
and consequently required more dry matter to produce one pound
of gain than did the lambs fed in exactly the same manner and
unshorn (lot 21). An examination of the financial statement in
connection with lots 21 and 24 will reveal the fact that in this
experiment at least there was no advantage, but, on the contrary,
a decided disadvantage from fall shearing.

No one experiment can furnish sufficient data for definite and
sweeping conclusions, but the above results are significant and
probably point out the general result which may be expected from
such practice.

ECONOMY OF A SELF-FEEDER.

A self feeder is an arrangement by which animals may supply
themselves with grain at all times. The usual method of feeding is
to fill the grain racks once in three or four days, or perhaps only
once each week. The practice differs somewhat in different lo-
calities, some feeders supply the grain to the fattening animals as
described above, while others clean the feeding troughs daily, fur-
nishing no more food than will satisfy the animals until the next
feeding time. The two practices are essentially the same In char-

Live Stock Breeders' Association.

185

acter and results. This' method of fattening is popular, especially
with those feeding a large number of animals, requiring the at-
tention of several feeders; but we have found it in common use
among those who fatten but a small number annually. An in-
vestigation of this practice draws attention to two points : 1. Ef-
fect on the gain in live weight. 2. The relative amount of dry
matter required to produce the gains made.

Below will be found a table which includes the data collected
in our investigation of this point in the season, 1894-5 :

TABLE 4. ECONOMY OF A SELF-FEED — 1894-5.

Distinguishing
rations.

Lots.

Grain.

Hay.

Water.

Cost of
1 lb.
gain,
cts.

Gain.

Average

weekly

gain.

Dry

matter

to 1 lb.

gain.

Regular feeding

21
26

1,164
1,460

1,173
924

2,073
2,547

6.1

7.6

230
206

1.77
1.5S

8.77

Self feed

10.04

In the above table, lot 21 was fed twice each day, as described
in previous pages of this bulletin. The ration of lot 21 was com-
posed of equal parts by weight of corn and wheat mixed, and
clover hay. Lot 26 was fed by means of four self-feeders, one
containing corn, another bran, another wheat, and still another
oats. These self-feeders were kept filled with grain, but were so
constructed that the food worked its way down to the feeding
trough no faster than the animals ate it from below. In previous
experiments we have mixed the grain for the animals and supplied
it to them through one rack, but we believe the arrangements de-
scribed above is preferable.

The lambs (lot 26) ate five hundred and fifty-six pounds of
corn, four hundred and sixty-seven pounds of bran, two hundred
and forty-seven pounds of oats and one hundred and eighty-nine
pounds of wheat. This is seemingly a very favorable showing for
corn, as the main food in the fattening ration. Referring again to
table 4, it will be observed that the self-fed lambs ate considerably
more grain, a little less hay, drank more water, and made a smaller
total gain than lot 21 fed in the ordinary way. The point of great-
est significance, however, is the amount of dry matter required to
produce a pound of increase in live weight, and this is manifestly
greatly in favor of lot 21, receiving its food regularly at stated
times. Lot 26, fed by means of self-feeders, required 10.04 pounds
of dry matter to produce one pound of gain, while lot two required

186

Missouri Agricultural Report.

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Live Stock Breeders' Association.

187

but 8.77 pounds. In this experiment the results are clearly against
the use of the self-feeder. The total gains made and the amount
of food required to produce a given increase in weight all seem to
be distinctly favorable to the practice of regular and systematic
feeding conducted with judgment on the part of the attendant.

TABLE 5.
THREE YEARS FEEDING WITH A SELF-FEEDER.

Year.

Grain.

Hay.

Roots.

Total
gain.

Average

weekly

gain.

Dry

matter

to 1 ll>.

gain.

1892-3

2,120
1,503
1,341

528
713

1 , 360

260
212
208

2.17
1.77
1.73

9.5

1893-4

9.57

1894-5

854

9.66

Average

1654.6

698 . 3

226.6

1.89

9.57

TABLE 6.
THREE YEARS FEEDING CORN — REGULAR FEEDING.

Year.

Grain.

Hay.

Total
gain.

Average

weekly

gain.

Dry

matter

to 1 lb.

gain.

1892-3

1,123

1 , 253

1,132.3

1,225

914

1 , 056

300
286
237

2.5
2 . 38
1.97

6.76

1893-4

6.58

1894-5

7.57

Average

1,169.3

1,065

274 . 3

2.28

6.97

Tables 5 and 6 contain the average results of three years' ex-
periments with lambs fed corn and clover hay and supplied in the
ordinary manner. The results are reduced to the uniform period
of twelve weeks. In every instance the lambs fed at regular in-
tervals (table 6) made the greatest gains and produced those gains
at the least expense of dry matter. The experiments are quite
conclusive, extending as they do over a period of three years under
varying conditions and with different lots of sheep. We are led
to the conclusion that fattening lambs by means of a self-feeder
is an expensive practice, and that economy of production requires
more attention to the variation in the appetites of the animals than
can be given by this method.

188

Missouri Agricultural Report.

FEEDING ON RAPE AS A PREPARATION FOR WINTER FATTENING.

Rape has been somewhat extensively used at this Station and
throughout the State for the fall pasturage of sheep intended for
winter fattening. It has rapidly grown in favor, since it produces
a large amount of forage to the acre, and the efficiency of this ma-
terial for fattening sheep and the ease with which it may be grown,
all commend it to the practical sheep man. It may be used as a
catch crop after oats and peas, which have been cut for hay, or
even after an ordinary hay crop. As a rule, lambs may be pastured
on rape from September 15th to November 15th at the rate of
fifteen or twenty lambs per acre, and they should gain in this time
twenty pounds each.

The experiments with rape at this Station have indicated that
rape-fed lambs were in much better condition at the beginning of
winter than those pastured on grass. This fact has led us to con-
sider whether more profitable grains might not be made by lambs
in poorer condition at the beginning of the fattening period. To
test this matter an average lot of lambs was selected from the flock
and placed upon a second growth timothy and blue grass meadows,
for comparison with the main flock, which had been turned on rape.
The rape-fed lambs gained much more rapidly from the first than
those upon the meadow and at the time of placing in the barns for
the winter's experiments, ten of the rape-fed lambs weighed 851
pounds, while the same number of pasture-fed lambs weighed only
799 pounds. The following table illustrates the main points of
difference between the two lots from the beginning of the winter
period of fattening to its close :

TABLE 7.
RAPE AS A PREPARATION FOR WINTER FEEDING.

Distinguishing.

Lot.

Grain
ration,
corn and
wht. lbs.

Fodder
ration

hay,

lbs.

Water
lbs.

Cost

of 1 lb.

gains.

Gain,
lbs.

Weekly

gain,

lbs.

Dry

matter
gain,
lbs.

Rape-fed . .

21

27

1,164
1,232

1,173

1,209

2,073
2,191

6.1
5.9

230
249

1.77
1.91

8.77

Grass-fed

8.48

The grass-fed lambs (lot 27) ate rather more grain and hay,
drank more water, made somewhat larger gains and required a
larger amount of dry matter for each pound of gain than the rape-

Live Stock Breeders' Association.

189

fed (lot 21) lambs. A comparison of the financial statements for
these lots will reveal the fact that the lot fed on rape were more
profitable under the conditions existing in these experiments; but
the financial results are not. justly comparable from the fact that
the live weight of lot two was considerably greater than lot six at
the beginning of the experiment.

Had the lots at that time been of equal weight, not only the
gains and amount of dry matter required to produce a pound of
gain, but the financial results would have shown a slight advantage
in favor of the grass-fed lambs. The difference, however, is very
slight, and we must conclude from this experiment that the rape-
fed lambs are not to be considered less desirable for winter fat-
tening than those pastured on grass.

i
THE VALUE OP ROOTS IN A RATION.

Feeders who have employed roots largely in a fattening ration
are quite unanimous in the opinion that the dry matter in roots is
more equal effective than an equal amount of dry matter in fodders
and grains.

The results of the experiments here recorded agree with prac-
tical experience. In one experiment in which roots were fed large-
ly, and grain, corn and bran limited to one pound daily, it required
5.36 pounds of dry matter to produce one pound of gain. The fol-
lowing winter one lot fed exactly the same grain mixture, but given
all they would eat and only one pound of roots daily, required 9.22
pounds of dry matter to produce one pound of gain.

TABLE 8.

-

Total

Average

Cost of

Dry

matter

Distinguishing

Grain,

Hay,

Roots,

gain,

weekly

1 lb.

to

Lot

rations.

lbs.

lbs.

lbs.

lbs.

gain.

gain,
cts.

produce
1 lb.
gain.

11

Corn

1,579
1,612
1,716

1,079
964
967

2,720
2,675

328
397
392

2.18
2.64
2.61

4.6
4.6
5.3

7.02

12

Corn and roots

6.41

13. .

Corn, linseed meal and roots. .

6.72

14. .

1,735

1,158

357

2.38

5.1

6.99

It will be seen from table 8, that the lambs receiving roots in
their ration ate less hay, made considerably better gains and made
gains on less dry matter than the lambs fed no roots.

The results may be briefly summarized as follows:

190 Missouri Agricultural Report.

CONCLUSIONS.

1. Lots receiving corn in the fattening ration, either in whole
or in part, produced the best gains, were apparently in better finish
and in general were fed at a greater profit than the lots fed any
other ration. (See lots 1, 4, 5, 10, 11, 12, 22, etc.)

2. A grain ration made up exclusively of wheat bran proved
to be inferior for fattening lambs. (See lot 3.)

3. Feeding by means of a "self-feeder" is an expensive method
of fattening, and is not to be recommended either from the stand-
point of total gains made or the amount of dry matter required to
produce a given gain. (Compare lots 7 and 10; 11 and 18; 15 and
19, and 21 and 26.)

4. Wheat bran costs more, pound for pound, than corn, and
hence can not' be fed profitably in this State, except when it ap-
proaches very closely the value of corn.

5. When roots are fed in a ration better gains are made and
less dry matter is required to produce one pound of gain.

6. Shearing lambs late (March 8) in winter during the feed-
ing period increases the rate of gain.

7. Shearing in fall (December 1) was not followed by good
results and in these experiments was not as profitable as feeding
unshorn lambs. (Compare lots 21 and 24.)

8. The animals fattened on rape during the fall and in good
condition at the beginning of the experiment were essentially as
successful feeders as those in poorer condition that were pastured
on grass during the same fall period. (Compare lots 21 and 27.)

9. Small gains are not necessarily unprofitable nor are large
gains a sure index of profitable food consumption.

10. Roots were a valuable addition to every ration to which
they were added.

FEEDING THE DAIRY COW.

(O. H. Eckles, Professor of Dairy Husbandry, University of Missouri.)

There are two factors which largely control the economical
production of milk. One is the adaptability of the cow used to
this purpose and depends upon her individual and breed character-
istics. The other is the amount and kind of food eaten. The prob-
lem confronting the dairyman is the production of the largest

■^s^SS.xi'

Live Stock Breeders' Association. 191

amount of milk and butter at the least expense. In order that this
may be realized, both the important factors mentioned must re-
ceive careful attention.

In most cases the largest direct expense is for feed. Every
one familiar with the prevailing conditions knows a large amount
of feed is used without producing the returns it should. It would
be safe to say that the average yearly milk production per cow
could be increased by one-half or three-fourths by following better
methods of feeding.

It is not the intention at this time to give results of new ex-
perimental work nor to lay down fixed rules for feeding, but to
make some suggestions adapted to Missouri conditions, these sug-
gestions being based on the facts developed by the practice of the
best dairymen and by scientific experiments.

Turning on Pasture in Spring — Every owner of a cow wel-
comes the time when the animal can be turned out to pasture. Not
only is the labor and expense connected with winter feeding done
away with, but each cow is expected to give the best results of the
year on grass. In changing from dry feed to grass, it is best to
go somewhat slowly, especially with heavy milking cows. The
young, immature grass, such as we have in early spring, contains
a large amount of water and a small amount of dry matter, and it
is almost impossible for a heavy milking cow to eat enough of such
feed to supply the necessary amount of nutrients. Wheat and rye
pastures are of the same nature. Another reason for putting cat-
tle on pasture gradually rather than suddenly, is the effect on the
taste of the milk. When a cow is changed at once from a grain
ration to grass a very marked taste is developed in the milk, while
if this change in feed is made gradually and not suddenly the
change in the taste of the milk is scarcely noticed.

Summer Conditions to be Maintained as Near as Possible
Throughout the Year — Soon after the cows are on pasture, usually
the latter part of May or the first part of June, they reach the
maximum production of milk for the year. This suggests that what
the dairyman must do in order that the production of milk may be
the largest, is to imitate these summer conditions as far as possible
throughout the remainder of the year. This is what the careful
dairyman and skilled feeder does, and the results correspond closely
to the success with which these summer conditions are maintained.
The summer conditions which bring about the maximum production
and which are to be maintained as far as possible throughout the
year, are described in the following statement:

192

Missouri Agricultural Report.

1. An abundance of palatable food.

2. A balanced ration.

3. Succulent feed.

4. Moderate temperature.

5. Comfortable surroundings.

How these conditions may be maintained will be discussed in
detail farther on.

Grain Feeding While on Pasture — There is some difference of
opinion on 'this question from the standpoint of economy. There is
no question but that a cow will produce more milk if fed grain
while on pasture, and if a large yield is of more importance than
economy of production, grain should certainly be fed. The cow
that gives a small average quantity of milk will not produce but
very little more, if fed grain while on pasture. However, with the
heavy producing cow the case is quite different and it is necessary
that she be fed grain or she will not continue on the high level of
production for a very long time. The necessity for feeding grain
to the high producing cow arises from the fact that she cannot se-
cure a sufficient amount of nutrients from the grass alone and
must have some concentrated feed in the form of grain in order
to continue to produce large quantities of milk.

Experiments made by the Cornell Experiment Station, cover-
ing four years, showed that while an increase of milk yield was se-

University Dazie, pure-bred Jersey. Bred and owned by Missouri Agricultural
College.

Record: 17.5 pounds butter 7 days.

70.0 pounds butter 1 month.

610 pounds butter 1 year.

Live Stock Breeders' Association. 193

cured from grain feeding, it was not economical to produce it In
this way. They secured only about an additional pound of milk
for each pound of grain fed. In these experiments the pastures
produced an abundance of nutritious grasses. They observed, how-
ever, that the cows fed grain during the summer gave better re-
sults after the grazing period was over, than those not having re-
ceived grain. This is also a matter of common observation, and
should be taken into account in considering the advisability of feed-
ing grain. The point is that the cows fed grain stored a consider-
able quantity of surplus nutrients on their body which were after-
wards available for production of milk. Where a small amount of
grain is fed, corn is as well adapted as anything else where it is
cheaper than other feeds, since on account of the comparative nar-
row nutritive value of the grass the corn does not unbalance the
ration. However, in case of feeding large quantities of grain as
would be necessary in the case of cows producing from IV2 to 2
pounds of fat per day or more, other feed containing more protein
should be used in part, such as bran, gluten meal, oats or cotton-
seed meal.

Providing for Periods of Short Pasture — As long as fresh pas-
ture grasses are abundant, the ordinary cow is about as well pro-
vided for as she can be to produce milk economically. Unfortu-
nately the season of abundant pasturage is often short. In many
localities, a dry period, often of several weeks, occurs during the
middle or latter part of the summer and the pastures become short
and insufficient to maintain a full flow of milk. This season is
often the critical time of the year for the dairy cow. It is prob-
able that as much loss occurs one year with another by lack of feed
at this time as occurs from improper feeding during the winter
season. When the season of dry feeding arrives, the farmer ex-
pects to feed his stock and is prepared for it. On the other hand,
as long as the cattle are on pasture and the field work is pressing,
the tendency is to let the cows get along the best way they can.

Under average farm conditions in this State cows are fresh
in the spring, give a good flow of milk while the pastures are good,
but when hot weather and short pastures come the flow drops one-
half or two-thirds, and the cows are almost dry at the beginning of
winter. It is almost impossible to restore the flow of milk to the
original amount after it is once allowed to run down from lack of
feed. To make large returns from the cow a large yearly produc-
tion must be had, and to do this, the flow of milk must be kept up

A— 13

194

Missouri Agricultural Report.

ten or eleven months in the year. The cheapest and most efficient
feed to supplement pastures during this period is probably corn,
either green or in the form of silage.

Dean Waters has summed up the advantages of corn as a soil-
ing crop as follows :

"No plant now known to us equals corn in its adaptability to
the soiling system. Varieties may be selected which will yield a
continuous crop of succulent food, mature enough to have a high
feeding value, from the middle of June until the severe frosts of
autumn. The practice of relying upon corn almost exclusively from
the time the earliest variety can be brought to a reasonable state
of maturity, until the close of the season, is well founded and fully
justified by the results of scientific research. Corn has the advant-
age of yielding a larger quantity of digestible matter per acre at
less cost than any other crop suited to soiling, and furthermore, it
may be harvested, handled and fed more conveniently than any
other crops used, and has a higher feeding value.

The problem with those who follow this system is to find

Missouri Chief Josephine. Registered Holstein, owned by Missouri Agricultural
College.

Milk records :

U2.7 pounds 1 day.
613. pounds 7 days.
2,535. pounds 30 days.
10,2 84 pounds 1 year as a 2 year old.
11.504 pounds 1 year as a 3 year old.
15,474 pounds 1 year as a 4 year old.
19.2 pounds butter 7 days.

Live Stock Breeders' Association. 195

some plant to cover the period of early spring before corn can be
brought to maturity. In the solution of this problem it has been
found that corn silage kept over from the preceding season will
answer this purpose more fully and more satisfactorily than any
other crop that can be grown at this season of the year. Thus the
corn plant lends itself to the farmer who, by reason of limited area
and high priced land, is forced to produce the largest possible
quantity per acre, quite as well as to the farmer on the broad fertile
prairies of the west, where the greatest possible number of acres
must be managed by one man."

The use of silage for the same purpose is spreading rapidly
and gives splendid satisfaction.

Any of the common crops which furnish green feed at this
season can also be used. Next to corn, sorghum is probably used
most extensively in Missouri. Where alfalfa is grown, it may be
used for the same purpose.

WINTER FEEDING.

Fortunately, the period of winter feeding in Missouri is shorter
than in most of the dairy states. By pasturing wheat and having
a blue grass pasture which has not been eaten down, to turn into
late in the fall, the pasturing season can be greatly prolonged. The
great problem in winter feeding, as already stated, is, in general,
to maintain summer conditions. It is entirely feasible to maintain
practically these summer conditions throughout the entire winter
on any farm when the subject is properly understood and the
necessary arrangements made. In order to point out how these
summer conditions may best be maintained during the winter the
statements already given will be discussed in detail.

Amount of Feed — The first condition given as typical of the
summer feeding is an abundance of palatable food, and on this
point is made one of the most common mistakes in feeding cows.
In producing milk, the cow may be looked upon in a way as a milk
producing machine which we supply with a certain amount of raw
material in the form of feed, and this raw material is manufactured
into milk. The same rule holds in running the milk manufacturing
plant as would hold in the running of any other manufacturing
plant; it is run most economically near its full capacity. Every one
who feeds animals should thoroughly comprehend that, first of all,
the animal must use a certain proportion of its food to maintain
the body. This is the first requirement of the animal and it is the

196 Missouri Agricultural Report.

first use to which it puts its food. This we call the ration of main-
tenance, and it is practically a fixed charge. That is, it is prac-
tically the same whether the animal is being utilized for maximum
production, or if the animal is being merely kept without producing
any milk at all.

In the case of an ordinary dairy cow this ration of mainten-
ance amounts to about 60 per cent of the ration that she is given.
In the case of a heavier producing animal, for example, one pro-
ducing 1 pound to 1% pounds butter fat per day, this ration of
maintenance amounts to about one-half the total feed of the animal.
It should be clear that, after going to the expense of giving the
animal the necessary amount to keep her alive, it is the poorest
economy to refuse to furnish the other 40 or 50 per cent which she
would utilize exclusively for milk production. On the average farm
this is one of the most common mistakes made. The importance
of liberal feeding for economical production can be easily under-
stood from the following illustration :

Cows of high production capacity liable to be underfed.

Full Ration
Ration of Maintenance Used for MilK production

■Oil—— ■ '

ThrfeQuarters f?ATION
Avai/ab/efor
Ration of Maintenance ^'' H . f r °' i " ct . '. °"

HAlF Ration
Ration of Maintenance

9 -

The first illustrates the proper feeding of a heavy producing
cow, which is the one usually underfed. The line a — c represents
the total capacity of the animal for food, or a full ration. The first
half from a to b represents the amount of food required to main-
tain the animal's body, or the ration of maintenance. The second
half, that portion from b to c, represents the proportion of the
food used for the production of milk. In this case there is no fat
being produced on the animal's body and the cow is supposed to
be of such dairy quality that all the feed she can eat in excess of
that required for maintenance is used for milk production.

The line below represents what would happen if the feed of
this animal is reduced one-fourth. The ration of maintenance re-
mains practically the same as in the first case. The amount repre-

Live Stock Breeders' Association. 197

sented by the line d to e is the amount required to maintain the
animal's body, which is the same quantity as in the first case. How-
ever, the cut of one-fourth in the ration will be seen to come en-
tirely on that available for milk production and reduces that amount
one-half.

Suppose that the ration of such a cow be still further reduced
to one-half of the full ration, or that required for maintenance
alone, as represented by the third line. In this case the cutting
down of the ration one-half would remove all available feed for
milk production. However, the animal would not cease producing
milk at once. This is a point of great importance in. feeding cows,
and a lack of such knowledge leads to serious errors in feeding.
The milk producing function is so strong that the cow will con-
tinue to produce milk for sometime, even when the feed is insuffi-
cient, utilizing the reserve material which has been accumulated in
the body in the past. This always happens in the case of a heavy
milking cow during the first few weeks after the birth of the calf.
At this time, it is not generally possible and not desirable on ac-
count of the condition of the animal to feed her a sufficient quantity
of feed to supply the nutrients necessary to produce the milk, and
even if the feed was offered, the appetite is not usually strong
enough to cause the necessary amount of feed to be taken to pre-
vent this loss in weight. As a rule, all heavy milking cows decline
in weight for the first two or three weeks, and occasionally for ten
weeks, after calving, which means that milk production has been
in excess of the feed supplied for that purpose. The same thing
happens in the case of the cow that is not fed a sufficient ration
for the amount of milk that she is producing. She may continue to
produce considerable milk for a while by drawing on the reserve
material of the body, but as soon as this is exhausted the produc-
tion of milk must come down to the amount available for this pur-
pose above the ration of maintenance. When the feed is in ex-
cess, the cow begins to store reserve material on her body. If the
amount of milk produced by a cow varied directly with the feed,
and she did not store up nutrients at one time and draw on reserve
material at another, it would simplify the problem of feeding very
much and result in more economical feeding at all times.

How to Avoid Over-Feeding — While the statement and illus-
tration given apply to one class of dairy cows, there is another class
to which it does not apply, and with which it would lead to a ser-
ious mistake in feeding from an economical standpoint. This group
includes those of lower productive capacity which are liable to be

198 Missouri Agricultural Report.

over-fed, especially when they are in the herds of the dairy men,
who realize the necessity of liberal feeding. The proper feeding
of this group of animals can perhaps be made clearer by the fol-
lowing illustration:

Cow of lower productive capacity liable to be over-fed.

Full Ration

Used for Used for

Ration Of Maintenance nun Production Bodr Fat

a

Economical Ration

Used, for
Pat Ion of Maintenance /mm Production

The line a to d represents the amount of feed that an animal
of this class will consume ; a to b represents the ration of main-
tenance as before. In this case, however, the capacity for milk pro-
duction is not equal to the capacity of the animal for utilizing feed
in excess of that required to maintain the body. The amount which
the animal is capable of utilizing for milk production is represented
by that portion of the line b to c, while the animal's appetite is
equal to the total line ad. This gives a surplus, c to d, which is
not utilized for milk production but which will be used for storing
fat on the animal's body, and we will have the cow gaining in weight
while she is producing milk. This gain in weight will be of no
service as far as milk production is concerned, except that it is of
some value as a reserve material to be drawn upon at some other
time when feed is not supplied in sufficient amounts, but it is not
economical nor desirable to fatten dairy animals with the expensive
feeds which are fed dairy cows. That portion of the feed repre-
sented by the line, cd, should be taken from the ration. This
means reducing her feed to take off the amount used for storing
fat on the body; in other words, to feed her only what she will
utilize for milk production. This means feeding enough to main-
tain a practically uniform body weight. In every large herd where
the amount fed is not carefully regulated, we find errors made in
both these classes. We find the heavy producing cows being under-
fed, and we find the light producing cows being over-fed and al-
lowed to accumulate fat.

Relation of Live Weight to Proper Feeding — The live weight
of a cow is a good index of whether the cow is being fed a proper
amount or not, but good judgment must be used in regulating the
ration by observing this condition. We must expect that a cow

Live Stock Breeders' Association.

199

will lose weight in the first few weeks of her milking period, but
after this period is past there is no reason why she need to change
much in weight for several months, and this is the period when
the greater part of the milk production is secured. It will not
mean, of course, that the animal should not be allowed to gain in

Bessie Bates. Registered Jersey bred and owned by Missouri Agricultural College.
Records :

2 year old pounds milk,

3 year old pounds milk,

4 year old pounds milk,

5 year old pounds milk,

6 year old (6 mo. complete)

5,942 pounds butter, 345

7,592 pounds butter, 412

S.737 pounds butter, 459

10,273 pounds butter, 541

7,591 pounds butter, 43S

weight during the latter end of the milking period, as this is neces-
sary on account of the development of the foetus, and since it is
natural for the animal to carry some fat on her body at calving
time.

It does mean, however, that in order to feed a herd of cows
economically it will not do to feed them all the same quantity of
grain whether they are giving a gallon of milk a day or whether
they are giving four gallons, and it means that when a cow in the
middle part of her lactation period is putting on weight that she
is being fed more than she needs and will give just as much milk
if the feed is cut down somewhat. It also means that if a certain

200 Missouri Agricultural Report.

animal is losing in weight that sufficient feed is not being given,
and if the deficiency is not supplied it will not be long before the
milk production will come down to correspond with the amount of
feed available.

Feeding as Individuals — In connection with this subject of the
amount to feed cows it needs to be pointed out that it is only pos-
sible to feed a bunch of cows economically when they are fed as
individuals, and not as a herd. A too common practice, even in the
otherwise well conducted herds, is for all animals to be fed the
same amount of grain regardless of the period of lactation or the
quantity of milk individual cows are producing. Such feeding al-
ways lacks economy, as the high producing cow does not get
enough, and while she may milk very well for a short time she soon
comes down to a lower level, while the lightetr producing cow
usually gets too much and accumulates fat.

One of the difficult problems which confronts the practical
feeder is how to adjust the quantity of feed to meet these individual
requirements. It can be done fairly well even in the large herds
by observing how much milk the cow is producing, and whether she
is gaining or losing in body weight.

Amount of Grain and Roughness to Feed — The cow being
adapted by nature for consuming bulky feeds does not feel satis-
fied unless she has sufficient bulk to the ration given at all times.
An animal that is fed too much grain in proportion to the amount
of roughness may seem hungry, while she really has a sufficient
amount of nutrients, but so concentrated that it does not .have
sufficient bulk. In order to keep the animal filled up at all times
and in the natural condition, she should be fed practically all the
roughness she will eat up clean at all times, and the difference in
ration given different animals should be, not in the roughness fed
to any great extent, but in the amount of grain.

The following rules regarding the amount to feed cows covers
the case fairly well:

1. Feed all the roughness they will eat up clean at all times.

2. Feed one pound of grain per day for each pound butter fat
produced per week, or one pound grain daily for each three pounds
of milk.

3. Feed all the cotvs will take without gaining in weight.
The rule regarding the amount of grain to feed per day for

each cow applies best when based upon the amount of butter fat
produced per week, as this makes it applicable to any breed. The
second part of the rule in regard to feeding one pound of grain for

Live Stock Breeders' Association. 201

three pounds of milk would not work out in all cases, since in a
heavy milking Holstein cow this gives a little too large a quantity
of grain, and with a Jersey giving very rich milk it is a little too
low. It applies best to cows producing milk of about average com-
position.

REASONS FOR FEEDING BALANCED RATIONS.

The second statement regarding the summer conditions which
are to be maintained throughout the year is that the animals are
receiving a balanced ration. The ordinary pasture grasses, es-
pecially blue grass, when in the growing state, contains the proper
proportion of nutrients to enable a dairy cow to produce the maxi-
mum amount of milk of which she is capable. The winter ration,
on the other hand, is liable to have these nutrients out of propor-
tion. This is one point wherein common practice falls far short of
continuing the summer conditions throughout the winter. The
feeding of a ration not properly balanced is one of the most com-
mon mistakes made on the average farm in the corn belt on ac-
count of the usual abundance and cheapness of corn and corn fod-
der.

All good rations contain substances which serve two quite dis-
tinct purposes when taken into the body.

First. Certain substances known as protein which build up
muscle, bone and hair. Protein is found in almost all food, but
in especially large quantities in alfalfa, clover and cow pea hay,
bran, cottonseed, linseed and gluten meals, also in nearly a pure
form in lean meat, the white of an egg, and curd in milk. No other
element can take the place of protein.

Second. Another class of substances supply heat to keep the
body warm, fat to be stored in the tissues as body fat or put into
milk as butter fat, and energy to keep up the functions of the body.

This class is represented by two kinds of material, different in
character but serving largely the same purpose in the body called
carbohydrates and fats. The carbohydrates are present in large
quantities and in nearly all grains such as corn, wheat and barley,
and in corn fodder and timothy hay in the form of starch. In other
plants, such as sorghum and sugar beets, it is found in the form of
sugars. The fats are found in varying -quantities in all common
grains.

All properly balanced rations must contain protein, carbohyd-
rates and fat, and no amount of carbohydrates or fat can take the
place in the body of protein.

202 Missouri Agricultural Report.

A cow secreting milk must produce substances in the milk of
each of these classes. In one hundred pounds of average milk we
find about 3.3 pounds of protein in form of case in (curd) and al-
bumen, five pounds of carbohydrates in form of milk sugar, four
pounds of fat in form of butter fat. Since these three kinds of
solids must be present in order to form milk, it is necessary to
furnish them in the feed in sufficient quantities and in about the
right proportion, so there will be no loss. When this is done, the
ration is properly balanced. If a cow be supplied with sufficient
material in her feed to produce thirty pounds of milk per day, but
on account of lacking protein produces but fifteen pounds, it is
useless to further increase the fat-producing material and expect
the flow of milk to be increased. The surplus fat in the feed will
not be put into the milk and make it unusually rich. The results of
numerous experiments carried on by various investigators show
that as far as the practical feeder is concerned the proportion of
butter fat in cow's milk cannot be changed appreciably by the kind
of feed given. The richness of a cow's milk is a natural character-
istic.

Returns from liberal feeding and care in balancing the ration
should be looked for in a larger yield of milk and not in a richer
milk. The quality of richness of milk is controlled by the selection
of the individual animals and to a certain extent by the breed.
The problem the feeder has before him constantly is how to best
combine his feeds to furnish the necessary food elements in the right
proportion and with the greatest degrees of economy.

As an aid in properly balancing the rations, it is useful to
divide our common feeds into two classes.

Class 1. Including those feeds which contain a large amount
of fat producing material (carbohydrates and fat) but which are
notably deficient in protein, one of the essential substances required
for producing milk and growth in young animals.

In this class we have:

Corn Oat Straw

Corn Fodder Wheat Straw

Corn Silage Millet Hay

Timothy Hay Sorghum Hay

Class 2. This class contains a much larger proportion of pro-
tein, the essential growth and milk producing elements, and smaller
quantities of the fat making materials. It includes :

Live Stock Breeders' Association. 203

Clover Hay Cottonseed Meal

Alfalfa Hay Gluten Meal

Cowpea Hay Linseed Meal

Bran Soy Beans
Oats

A properly balanced ration will, therefore, include some of
the feeds from each of these two lists.

Home Grown Balanced Rations — One reason why the average
farmer makes a mistake of feeding his cows rations that are not
properly balanced is that it is easier, or he thinks it is, to grow
feeds that are excessively rich in carbohydrates and lacking in pro-
tein, and comes about principally by the large amount of corn grown
and used. Many Missouri farmers have corn fodder and timothy
hay for roughness and practically nothing in the way of grain but
corn. From such a ration of feeds it is impossible to make a ration
that supplies the necessary nutrients for very heavy production of
milk. It is possible to make a fairly good ration using these feeds
for roughness, but it is only possible to do so by buying large quan-
tities of mill feeds that are rich in protein. The thing for the far-
mer to do is to raise the feeds he requires on his own farm, as far
as possible, and it is possible to produce practically all that is need-
ed to make a balanced ration. The place to begin in considering
the feeding of an animal always is with the roughness, since the
character of the roughness determines to a large extent the kind
of grain it is advisable to feed.

The cheapest source of protein is in leguminous hays, includ-
ing clover, alfalfa and cow pea. If an abundance of any one of
these hays are on hand, the problem of making an economical bal-
anced ration is very much simplified. The use Of these hays makes
it unnecessary to buy any large quantities of bran, oil meal or cot-
tonseed meal for ordinary dairy cows, and makes it possible that
the principal grain used be corn, which usually is our cheapest
grain. Even cow pea or alfalfa hay alone, with corn for grain,
makes a fairly good ration for an ordinary dairy cow, and such a
ration could be substituted with good results for that of timothy
hay and corn fodder. When hay is purchased, it is always best to
purchase one of the kinds mentioned, as the price is about the same,
or lower than that of timothy, which is far inferior as a milk pro-
ducing food. If any hay is to be sold from the farm it should be
timothy hay and not clover or cowpea hay.

204 Missouri Agricultural Report.

SUCCULENT FEEDS.

The third summer condition, which we desire to continue
throughout the winter, is that of a supply of succulent feed. By the
term succulent feed is meant feed having that property possessed
by green grass. Such feed has a value outside of the actual nutri-
ents it contains on account of its favorable effect upon the diges-
tion of the animal. There are two methods in use for supplying
this succulent feed during the winter season. One is the use of
root crops and the other the use of silage. In some part of the
world the use of root crops is almost universal, and is the solution
of the problem. In this State the use of silage is far more prac-
tical, however, than the use of root crops, and for that reason it
is recommended exclusively for this purpose.

The Silo — There is no way by which the corn crop can be used
to better advantage than by putting it in the silo. Probably more
feeding value can be secured from an acre of corn utilized in this
way than from an equal amount used for any other purpose. Sil-
age is always relished, and furnishes a part of the roughness in a
cheap and palatable form. The number of silos in use is constantly
increasing, especially in the dairy sections. Silage is also growing
in favor as a summer feed to supplement pastures. In feeding
silage it must not be expected that it will serve as the only rough-
ness. Hay should be fed in addition and the hay which naturally
goes with corn silage is clover, cow pea or alfalfa hay. From 30 to
45 pounds per day is counted a reasonable feed of corn silage. It
can be fed successfully, not only to cows producing milk, but to
young stock and, in fact, almost all farm animals.

Timothy Hay — This hay is usually over-estimated in value as
a feed for producing milk. For this purpose, it runs very low in
proportion to its selling price. Another objection is that the yield
per acre is small. When timothy hay is on hand it will pay to ex-
change it for clover, even at considerable expense for labor, or sell
it and buy bran, or cottonseed meal. Timothy hay can be largely
or entirely replaced with corn fodder, which serves about the same
purpose, at a far less cost. If timothy hay forms all, or a large
part of the roughness fed, it is impossible to make a balanced ra-
tion without using considerable quantities of some of the feeds
rich in protein, such as bran, cottonseed meal or linseed meal. In
case timothy or mixed hay and corn fodder is all the roughness
available, it will pay by all means to purchase some one of these
suggested to help balance the ration. For this purpose cottonseed

Live Stock Breeders' Association.

205

meal is the best adapted, since it generally supplies the protein
which is lacking, cheaper than any others.

The following table shows the results of a feeding experiment
carried on by the Missouri Experiment Station to determine the
feed value of timothy and cow pea hay :

AVERAGE PER COW FOR SEVEN COWS.

1st and 3rd period, 30 days each;
Cowpea hay and corn.

2nd period, 30 days;
Timothy hay and corn.

Loss by feeding
timothy hay.

Milk 551.6 lbs.

Butterfat . .« 26. 77 lbs.

Weight of cows 801 lbs.

472 . 4 lbs.

21.92 lbs.

757 lbs.

79.1 lbs.

4.S5 lbs.

44 lbs.

The table shows that during the 30 days when timothy hay
was fed there was a loss per cow of 4.85 pounds butterfat and 21.9
pounds milk. In this case they had a uniform ration of grain
throughout the entire experiment, the hay only being changed, and
they were given what hay they would consume. But the milk and
butter figures do not tell the whole story. At the bottom of the
table it will be noticed that the weight of the cows decreased on an
average of 44 pounds during the 30 days, a loss of over one pound
per day, and in this case the ration of timothy hay was not sufficient
to maintain the body weight, and if the experiment had been con-
tinued longer the results would have been still more marked.

BUYING CONCENTRATED FEEDS.

It is quite a problem with dairymen when and in what quanti-
ties to buy bran, cottonseed meal, gluten meal, or linseed meal, and
which one furnishes them the most value for the money. No rule
can be made to cover these cases. The whole subject of feeding
and composition of feeds must be well understood in order to work
to the best advantage.

If timothy, millet or sorghum hay or corn fodder is the rough-
ness to be used, and corn the chief grain on hand, it will pay to buy
bran and cottonseed meal even if some of the corn has to be sold.
When cow pea, alfalfa or clover hay is used extensively the neces-
sity of using these expensive feeds is largely done away with and
only small quantities at most will be needed.

Linseed meal, cottonseed meal and the best grades of gluten
meal now manufactured, are of about equal feeding value for cows,
pound for pound. This class contains the largest amount of pro-

206

Missouri Agricultural Report.

tein of any of the common feeds, and for that reason the most
valuable. Gluten feeds as now sold rank about midway between
this group and bran in feeding value. Bran and oats rank close
together in feeding value, the oats probably being a little more
valuable pound for pound. When oats are worth twenty-five cents
per bushel, bran would be worth about $14.00 per ton.

Some Suitable Rations — The following rations supply the
necessary material to produce milk economically. If the cow will
not give a good flow of milk in the early part of the milking period
and when fed a liberal amount of one of these rations, it indicates
she is not adapted by nature to be used as a dairy cow and should
be disposed of. The amounts given are considered about right for
the cow giving from 20 to 25 pounds milk a day. For heavy milk-
ing cows these rations would have to be increased, especially in the
grain, and for light milking cows the grain should be decreased. In
making up these rations it is designed that the cow be given all the
roughness she will eat and sufficient amount of grain to furnish
the proper amount of digestible material. It is not designed that
these rations should be sufficient or best adapted for cows that are
being fed for making records, where a very maximum production
is desired regardless of expense.

SOME GOOD DAIRY RATIONS.

20

5 to 6
3 to 5

lbs
lbs.
lbs.

Alfalfa or cowpea hay

15 to 20 lbs.

8 to 12 lbs.

Corn and cob meal

20

6 to 9

lbs.
lbs.
lbs.

10 lbs.

12 lbs.

Gluten or cottonseed meal

2

5 lbs.

4 lbs.

Alfalfa or cowpea hay

Corn

Bran

10

10

7 to 9
2

lbs.
lbs.
lbs.
lbs.

Corn

20 lbs.

15 lbs.

8 to 10 lbs.

FEEDING AND CARE OF HORSES.

STALLIONS, BREEDING MARES, YOUNG HORSES AND WORK HORSES.
(By E. A. Trowbridge, Instructor In Animal Husbandry, University of Missouri.)

The growing demand for high class horses and mules of any
of the recognized market types has placed the production of these
animals among the list of profitable enterprises on the American
farm. Present prices, regulated by supply and demand, do not seem

Live Stock Breeders' Association.

207

Fig. 1. Pure bred Percheron mares, Argentine and Nettie (in foal). Weight,
3,700 pounds. Owned by University of Missouri. (Photo taken February 8, 190S.)

Fig. 2. Pure bred Percheron mares, Argentine and Nettie", and foals. (Photo
taken March 21, 1908.) Both mares worked to ten days before foaling.

208 Missouri Agricultural Report.

to indicate a decreasing profit from this business. The relative profit
accruing from this class of animals as compared with cattle or
other live stock on the farm is a good argument for its importance.
The per centage of good horses in this country, today, is greater
than ever before, yet there is considerable room for improvement.
There are many common errors made in the care of various classes
of horses with the idea of economy in view. It is, however, poor
economy to starve a growing horse to save feed, for there is no
other class of animals on the farm that will return bigger profits,
if properly fed and developed than good horses. Farm work is not
so hard but that most of it can be performed by either brood mares
or horses, and mules that are too young to sell to the best advan-
tage. For this reason the farm should be the place of production
and development of even more high class horses and mules in the
future than it is at the present.

The care and food accorded to the various classes of animals
differs considerably, not only with the class of animals, but with
the object in view. We find horses differing from other classes of
animals as to their general character, their digestive apparatus as
well as in the object of production. The object of production in the
case of horses is their future ability to work and wear for as long
a time as possible, while that of beef cattle, for example, is the fat
steer in his yearling, two-year old, or three-year old form. Con-
sequently there should be some difference between the ration of the
growing gelding and the rapidly fattening steer.

It is true that the breeding animals of the various classes re-
quire much the same care and feed. Although the rations may
differ as to the kind and amount of hay and grain, their fundamen-
tal composition differ very little from each other.

The growing animal to develop best must have food which sup-
plies muscle and bone-building material, such as wheat-bran, oats,
middlings, alfalfa and clover. The fattening animal needs only
enough of these to replenish the body waste, but which, if it is not
supplied, greatly decreases the ability of an animal to gain. The
bulk, then, of the fattening ration should be of foods which produce
fat.

Breeding animals need a ration rather similar to that of grow-
ing animals. For the greater part of the time breeding females
are nourishing young either in foetus or after birth, while males
must be healthy and vigorous, and not over fat. Their ration should
produce, not high flesh but rather muscle, energy and vigor.

Live Stock Breeders' Association. 209

CARE OF STALLIONS.

The proper care of stallions does not differ materially from
the care of other breeding animals. Enough of good wholesome
food and water, plenty of exercise, grooming and general clean-
liness, along with regular attention, are the principal factors requi-
site to their best welfare. Many stallions fail to be "sure" sires
simply because of lack of exercise or an overgenerous allowance of
poor food, two factors which, acting together, cannot lead to the
best results. The swollen or scurvy legs so often seen on stallions
are generally the result of insufficient exercise and lack of clean-
liness.

Generally speaking, there is no good reason why a stallion
should not be put to work. Such treatment insures regular feeding,
grooming, exercise, and will give him the privilege of association
with other horses. It will do away with the solitary confinement
and irregular attention of which he is otherwise the recipient.

If, under ordinary conditions, at the close of the breeding
season a stallion is pressed into regular service and accustomed to
work gradually, he will be the better for it in the end. Association
with other horses will then come to be a regular occurrence, and
the obnoxious actions so common to stallions in harness will become
less frequent. As a horse in regular service he then receives regu-
lar care and exercise. If he be from any of the lighter breeds as
saddler or trotter it is by no means advisable to use him for a kind
of work for which he was never intended. It is not conducive to
the best development of horses to force them to do work foreign
to their breeding and general character. For example, the high
class carriage team may be used for farm work and serve the pur-
pose well, but by this treatment their value as carriage horses is in
most cases decreased.

If conditions are such that a stallion cannot be worked, a large
paddock offers the next best opportunity for exercise. In building
such a paddock it is economy to build it substantial, so that there
will be no possible chance for injury to the animals. The diffi-
culty encountered in such a method is that horses, particularly
drafters, will not take enough exercise of their own free will.

Oats should constitute the basis of the grain ration for stall-
ions. The efficiency of this grain may, in many cases, be increased
by the addition of one-fifth or one-sixth bran. A limited quantity
of corn makes the ration a more economical one, and may be added

A-14

210 Missouri Agricultural Report.

without injury if plenty of exercise is to be had. Roots of various
sorts are palatable and succulent and often improve the stallion's
allowance. Barley has been successfully used as a part of the grain
ration. Some complaint has been made against the use of linseed
oilmeal, and the writer would not advise its use, except in limited
quantities. Good sound oats with a small portion of bran make
the best grain ration for stallions.

Whatever hay is fed must be clean and well cured. Timothy
and clover, a major portion of the former, has proven to be a very
satisfactory hay ration. Alfalfa in large quantities as a stallion
feed has been criticized, the objection being that it lessens the
ability of a stallion to "settle" his mares. Corn fodder has been
found to be inefficient. It contains too much crude fibre. Existing
conditions will determine the quantity of both hay and grain which
should be fed. A safe basis upon which to proceed is to feed one
pound of grain and one pound of hay per hundred pounds of live
weight. The amount should be sufficient to keep the horse in
vigorous and healthy condition, yet not fat and lazy. To maintain
this condition, the grain and hay will vary from the above given
standard with different individuals.

If a stallion has been worked during the year, he will be in
shape to start the season as it approaches. If he has not been
worked, he should have had sufficient exercise, feed, and grooming
to have kept him in a vigorous condition. If he is to travel, the
problem of exercise is solved; if not, an eight or ten-mile drive
daily will be sufficient exercise.

At all seasons of the year the stallion should be well groomed,
and have a light, clean, dry and well ventilated stable. Lack of
attention to these details causes skin diseases and various other
troubles of more or less serious nature.

To sum up the cardinal principles in the success of caring for
a stallion, plenty of good, clean food and water, enough exercise
and grooming, along with a comfortable place to sleep, will, under
ordinary conditions, give very satisfactory results.

CARE OP BREEDING MARES AND FOALS.

The principles governing the care of mares are identical with
those governing the care of stallions but the customary treatment
differs greatly. On the average farm the problem of enough ex-
ercise is not troublesome. The great difficulty is to find help that
will handle a pair of broodmares carefully. Mares carrying foals
may work up to within ten days of the date of foaling, and be

Live Stock Breeders' Association. 211

benefited by it. They should be given moderate but steady work.
Mares in foal should not be given work which requires the backing
of heavy loads, or where there is a chance of slipping. But breed-
ing mares can and should be worked. The accompanying illustra-
tion is that of a pair of mares owned by the University of Missouri,
and a regular work team on the University farm.

The food for brood mares should be similar to that of the
stallion. Good oats, four parts, and bran one part, along with
mixed clover and timothy hay which has been well cured makes an
excellent ration. The rule of one pound of grain and one pound
of hay to every one hundred pounds live weight is again a good
basis to work upon, along with the variation according to the in-
dividual. As the period of pregnancy advances, the ration will in
most cases need to be increased, somewhat. During pregnancy
particular attention should be given to the digestive apparatus of
mares. They should be gaining in condition, and bowels loose at
the time of parturition. It is always a good plan to feed rather
sparingly for two or three days before parturition, and the ration,
at that time, should consist largely of bran. After parturition it
should be increased to suit the needs of the mare and foal.

Mares should be given a box stall at least four weeks before
they are due to foal, in order that they become accustomed to it,
and may also have a place large enough to be comfortable during
the night. The stall should at all times be kept clean and well
bedded, but particular care should be taken regarding these details
at the time of parturition. If truly known the source of navel
trouble in foals is generally due to a dirty stable or yard. As a
safeguard against "navel disease," besides the scrupulously clean
stall, the navel should be tied and treated with a strong disinfectant,
such as a solution of carbolic acid.

If the season of the year and other existing conditions permit,
mares may well be allowed to foal on grass which lessens the danger
of infection.

In developing the youngsters, the first question to be settled
is "when to start feeding them." The answer to this question
varies with the conditions. If the foal comes in the spring it may
do well, without grain for the earlier part of the season, provided
the mother is a "free milker," not required as a regular work horse
and allowed the run of a good pasture of bluegrass or clover and
timothy. However, a small grain ration for both mare and foal
will aid materially in the development of the latter. The foals
should be given a chance to learn to eat grain before the season

212

Missouri Agricultural Report.

of poor pastures, for the scant supply of grass and milk must be
supplemented by grain.

If there is only a small number of mares, say three or four, in
the pasture, the feed boxes may be arranged far enough apart to
prevent any fighting. If the number of mares is larger, or there
are horses in the pasture for which the increased ration is not de-
sired, then the mares should be "taken up" to be fed. It is here
that the foal will learn to eat. It has learned to eat grass by run-
ning in the pasture with its mother, and will soon learn to nibble
grain from the feed box, if given the chance. At first only a small
amount of grain will be required to satisfy its appetite, but very

Fig. 3. Pcicheron stallion Pink, 24756 (47513). Twice champion, at the Inter-
national Live Stock Exposition, and now successful sire at Oaklawn Farm, Wayne,'
Illinois. Owned by Dunham & Fletcher.

soon an extra allowance must be made. This should be gradually
increased until weaning time.

Now, if it is necessary for the mare to work while suckling
her foal, the proposition will be somewhat different. Having had
two or three weeks' rest after foaling, she may be put back into
the harness, at first working only at light work, and for a half day
at a time. The foal should be allowed to nurse once in the middle
of the half day for the first week. While the mare is at work it
should be left in a roomy, clean and well lighted stall or paddock,

Live Stock Breeders' Association. 213

where there is absolutely no chance for it to injure itself. If possi-
ble, two or more foals should be kept in the paddock together where
they soon become acquainted and are much company for one an-
other. Great care should be taken not to let the foal nurse while
the mare is too warm. She should be milked nearly dry on coming
to the stable, left to eat hay until cool enough for a drink of water,
then taken to her own stall to eat her grain and to allow the foal
to suckle. Either too much milk at one time, or milk from the dam
when in heated condition, may lead to serious results. The foal
will learn to eat in a very short time, and when left alone, should
have sweet, fresh grain and a bucket of fresh water always in the
stall. The mare should soon be able to work all day, and both
she and her offspring will become accustomed to this routine. The
grain allowance should be made ample for both of them until
weaning time.

"What to feed" is the next question for consideration, and a
very important one. The food given should be of such a character
as to supply material for the making of bone and muscle. It is not
fat that we desire in the young horse, but rather growth — that is,
development of frame and muscle throughout.

As yet oats is recognized as the standard horse feed the coun-
try over and should constitute the basis of the ration for both the
foal and the mare. As a ration upon which to start foals crushed
oats and bran mixed together with a very little salt will be satis-
factory. As the foal grows the crushed oats may be changed for
whole oats and a small amount of ground corn added. A ration of
corn and oats, one-half each by weight, does well, but the bran
helps regulate the digestion. They relish the whole oats, as will be
evidenced by the fact that the bran is frequently found remaining
after the oats have been eaten. The only objection to whole oats
for young foals is that they are not as easily digested as crushed
oats. If the mares and foals are running on pasture there will be
no need of roughage, but if they are kept up a very little green feed,
clover or alfalfa hay put where the foal can eat it at their leisure
will be helpful.

Then until weaning time oats, bran, corn, grass and mother's
milk constitute a very efficient ration. The corn may be omitted
entirely without depreciating the value of the ration, but its com-
paratively low cost warrants its limited use.

The amount of feed is a question which needs very little dis-
cussion. Grain in the before-mentioned proportions, placed where
the foal may eat at will, has been found to give satisfactory re-

214 Missouri Agricultural Report.

suits. Even while suckling they will learn to eat 3 pounds or more
of the mixture per day. The grain should be changed twice a day
in order to prevent scouring.

Any time between five and eight months of age will be a suita-
ble time for weaning. A very successful method is as follows :

Take a foal away from the mare and, if possible, put two or
three of them together in a light, clean, and roomy box stall.
Place the accustomed grain and hay ration before them. Keep the
mare far enough away from the foal so that neither may see or
hear the other, and within three or four days they will have practi-
cally forgotten their former relation. In many cases, weaning may
be accomplished without any noticeable loss in weight on the part
of the foal.

GROWING HORSES.

After weaning, plenty of good grain and hay should be fed to
the foals. The food should be of such a character as to produce the
greatest growth of bone and muscle and to keep the weanlings in a
thrifty condition. Oats, bran and corn, one-third each by weight,
has been found to be a very successful ration for growing horses.
As a roughage to be fed with this grain, alfalfa or clover, with a
limited quantity of oat straw or corn stover, gives good results.
Timothy and clover, about one-half each, will also be found a very
successful adjunct to the above-mentioned grain ration. An error
commonly made is that of feeding corn fodder and timothy hay
with nothing else. This ration does not supply the proper amount
of protein for growing horses. It does not keep the digestive ap-
paratus in good working order, and is the cause of poor condition
and stunted growth in many cases. Exercise during the winter
is a necessity.

To pasture through the summer is not only a cheap but highly
efficient method of developing young horses. During the early part
of the season, while the grass is good, no grain will be necessary,
but when the dry and sparse pastures of August and September
come on horses should have grain. Oats and corn, one-half each,
on bluegrass or clover and timothy pasture, keeps up their health
and thrift. At this season of the year a shed in which the horses
may seek protection from the sun and flies is a material advantage.

In short, both through winter and summer growing horses
should have plenty of good food, water and exercise to produce the
maximum development.

Live Stock Breeders' Association. 215

WORK HORSES.

Work horses on the average farm are for the greater part
brood mares. The care and management of this class of horses has
been previously discussed, so need not be mentioned here. The
animals which deserve attention in this connection are the horses
not used for breeding purposes and mules. Economy is a great
factor in caring for these animals, and should be considered care-
fully so long as it does not interfere with their working capacity
or health.

The kind and amount of work to be performed will have con-
siderable weight in fixing the ration to be fed. During the sum-
mer, which is the season of hardest work on the farmj a ration of
the highest possible efficiency is practical. It should consist of a
comparatively large proportion of concentrates. For horses doing
farm work corn and oats, half and half, is an efficient grain
ration when fed with timothy and clover used as a roughage. Corn
and bran, one-half each, gives good results, and may be used when
oats are not available. Alfalfa in limited quantity may be fed to
horses doing ordinary farm work, but should be fed in connection
with timothy. For light horses doing road work corn must be fed
in very limited quantities. Roadsters and drivers do very well on
a ration of five parts oats, one part bran, and timothy hay. The
proportion of hay fed should be comparatively small.

During the winter when there is not much work to be done
about the farm, the ration for work horses may be materially de-
creased. "Roughing" horses through the winter has come to be a
common practice. To be kept through the winter in this way horses
should be given a shed for shelter, preferably one opening to the
south. As a feed it was found at the Utah Experiment Station that
alfalfa alone was sufficient for maintenance. Well cured clover
hay with some corn fodder (stalk and ears) may be used, but a
small amount of grain is advisable. Timothy hay, and corn stover is
not a satisfactory ration for "roughing" horses through the winter.
They need more protein, which may well be supplied in the form of
some leguminous crop. Horses that have been treated in this way
should be given grain and exercise at least six weeks before being
put to work.

216 Missouri Agricultural Rcjoort.

SWINE FEEDING.

(O. A. Willson, Instructor in Animal Husbandry, Missouri Agricultural College.)

That swine occupy such an important position in the livestock
industry in the State of Missouri is not to be wondered at when we
consider that it is ranked as one of the first states in the Union in
the production of corn, nearly one-tenth of the world's supply being
grown here. In 1906 Iowa ranked first, with 373,275,000 bushels ;
Illinois second, with 347,169,585 bushels; Nebraska third, with
249,782,500 bushels, and Missouri fourth, with 228,522,500 bushels ;
but as a feeding State, figuring upon the basis of the number of
bushels fed up to March 1, 1907, we find that for the winter 1906-7
Missouri leads all other states of the Union, having fed 100,549,900
bushels of the home-grown crop. At the same time Missouri mar-
keted 3,621,779 head of hogs that it is estimated consumed at least
18,108,895 bushels of corn. The question, tben, that concerns us
most is, "Was it fed most wisely, or might it have been fed in such
a way as to have saved a 1,000,000 bushels of it, making a saving
of $400,000? Or, in other words, has the highest possible price
been obtained for the feed fed? Have the most economical gains
been made?"

The prices received for the feeds fed depend entirely upon the
methods of caring for and feeding the animals. As to the class
of animals there is no class of domestic animals that will make such
quick profits as will hogs. There is no other domestic animal that
can increase its own weight by 150 times in six to eight months.
No domestic animal that will dress such a high percentage of
dressed weight; no domestic animal that will manufacture more
meat for a given amount of food. Cattle and sheep will make one-
third less amount of meat from a given amount of grain. The hog,
then, is the farmer's friend, his mortgage lifter, his home builder,
his bank depositor; and the extent of his mission as such depends
upon the treatment given him.

I know no formula for producing healthy hogs or for feeding
hogs, unless it be the following prescription, which may be desig-
nated as "Attention to Details" :

Observation 40 pts.

Origination 20 "

Attention to Details. Sanitation 10 "

Protection 10 "

Nutrition Q. S. 100 "

Live Stock Breeders' Association. 217

Sig. or Dose. — Take 365 days in the year and rub on between
times.

This prescription, if given according to directions, is war-
ranted to bring about success.

Attention must be paid to details if one wishes to succeed in
the hog business, whether one is catering to the breeder or to the
market.

A hog's history begins before he is born, and in order to under-
stand how to grow him to the best advantage we must first look to
the care and purity in breeding of his parents. In a large measure
the care and the feed of the mother will determine a pig's advan-
tages at birth, his chances for developing into a strong, vigorous
hog, capable of manufacturing corn and other grains into pork,
his efficiency as a meat manufacturing machine. The factor, then,
that will determine in a large measure success, will be the atten-
tion to details taken in the origination of our breeding herd. Shall
we breed from young or old animals ? Shall we breed from grades
or purebreds?

While beginning our foundation herd it may be necessary to
breed from young and immature animals, yet it should be borne in
mind that the strongest and most vigorous young are produced
from animals that have reached maturity. Animals that have
reached their fullest development do not expend their energies to-
ward their own development at the expense of the offspring, but
rather to that of the offspring. The sole purpose of a mature ani-
mal in nature is the production of strong, vigorous offspring, and
their whole life previous to that time is spent with that end in
view. Can we, then, in our breeding operations be successful and
yet violate nature's laws by producing swine from young and im-
mature animals? In order to build up strong, vigorous herds the
practice of breeding from young boars and gilts cannot be con-
tinued. The practice of buying from six to eight months old boars,
because they can be bought cheaper, to use upon our herds for two
seasons, and then marketing the boar, cannot but meet with dis-
astrous results. If, then, a new boar must be bought, let it be
done, but at the same time the old one should not be sold. It costs
but little to maintain a boar, and his services in a herd will be worth
far more than will those of one young and immature. He should
be kept, then, as long as he remains strong and active. In con-
structive breeding operations it is almost absolutely necessary to
keep more than one boar. One of the greatest constructive breeders
in the world has no less than eight or ten boars in active service

218

Missouri Agricultural Report.

with his herd. The same principle holds true with the sow. The
tendency is to discard the aged sow, because of her rough, unkempt
appearance, for neat, trim gilts. Let us not be too ready to discard
a sow that we know to be a strong, regular breeder, having large
litters, for one that is yet untried, but keep her so long as she pro-
duces regularly large litters of strong, healthy pigs that approach
somewhere near our ideal. The Wisconsin Station found that there
is a fairly constant relaton between the weight and number of pigs
in a litter to the weight of the sows. They also found that the
number of pigs, weight of litters, and average weight of pigs in-
creased as the sows were advanced in age. With stronger, more
vigorous pigs at birth more rapid and more economical gains can
reasonably be expected.

As to whether purebreds, grades or scrubs shall be grown
rests largely with the aesthetic tastes of the producer. Crossbreds
and scrubs may make as economical gains as high grades or pure-
breds, but as yet it has not been conclusively proven that they will
make any more or any less rapid gains. But this is known that the
hogs that command the highest price on the market are those that
have the conformation of the purebreds, and that uniformity that
is only present with high grades or purebreds. There is nothing

Fig. 1. Missouri Experiment Station hog house.

Live Stock Breeders' Association. 219

that appeals more quickly to the buyer than that of evenness in
characteristics and excellency of conformation. Aside from this
there is nothing more gratifying to the feeder than to have about
him hogs that show some care in selection and breeding.

Much depends upon the selections made of individuals that
make up our breeding herd. After having decided upon the breed
that appeals to our own personal tastes and is most suited to local
conditions, then we should choose a boar to head that herd that
would have the following general characteristics : First, and above
all, he must show strongly the breed characteristics of the breed of
which he is a representative. Then he must show strong masculine
characteristics. He must show masculinity in the head — not be
too finely featured — wide between the eyes, and not fine in the
snout nor the jowl. The head, neck and shoulders should blend
well. The neck should be short with some crest and thickness ; the
shoulders should be smooth and compact on top, deep and wide
between the legs, and blend well with a large, full heart girth.
We should be disappointed if there were no indications of shield
on the boar, thus showing a lack of masculinity, but we do not
want thick, heavy shoulders. The body should be long, smooth,
evenly fleshed, with a slight arch of good depth and with a wide,
strong loin. The hind quarters should be long, deep and wide, well
let down in the ham, and having a width equal to that of the shoul-
ders and body. Supporting all this should be four short legs, show-
ing good, strong bone of a fine quality, having short pasterns, and
standing well on the toes. The covering of hair should be abundant
and of medium quality. He should be active, not sluggish, yet
docile, and of a quiet disposition. With these characteristics are
usually found active digestion and an inclination to take on flesh
readily.

The sow should possess essentially all the characteristics of the
boar, except that she should show refinement in those character-
istics that indicate femininity. The body should be long, showing
great digestive capacity and room for carrying young, and with
twelve to fourteen evenly sized teats. The hind quarters always
should be broad to obviate difficulty in parturition. There should
always be a good width between the eyes, for narrowness in the
head indicates meanness of disposition, difficulty in managing, and
nervous, restless pigs. So much regarding origination or breeding,
but we notice in our formula for success in the hog business that
equal importance has been placed upon nutrition as compared with
origination — equal stress upon nutrition or feeding as compared
with breeding.

220 Missouri Agricultural Report.

In the case of the boar the objects to be sought are those of
strength, vigorousness, activity and healthiness, and therefore our
energies in the care of the boar must be guided in that direction.
Then shall nitrogenous or non-nitrogenous feeds be fed? Shall he
be kept thin in flesh or very fleshy? The answer given to the
first question should depend upon the age of the animal. A boar
that has not yet reached maturity will require a narrower ration
than the one that has, for the reason that he is building up his
vital organs, muscles and bones (parts built up largely of nitro-
genous or proteid material), while the mature hog is but maintain-
ing his. The mature boar should carry a sufficient amount of flesh
to insure a thrifty, healthy appearance. An over-abundant amount
of flesh is not conducive to exercise, and consequently places the
boar in an inactive condition, and a somewhat less active condition
of the cells themselves. Exercise is the prime essential with the
boar.

To induce exercise, he should be given plenty of range with
an abundance of pasturage. If his lot be divided so that forage
crops of rape and cowpeas or alfalfa may be given, then along
with this pasturage but little grain need be given. The nature of
the grain ration of the mature boar will depend upon the nature
of the pasture. If he is being pastured on a proteid pasture his
ration should be balanced with a small amount of corn, a pound or
two per day, with possibly a small amount of bran or middlings
slop. At the time of the breeding season the ration should be in-
creased so that he will be gaining in flesh. The reason for this is
that it has been found if the boar and sow are gaining in flesh at
this time that they are in a perfect healthy condition, and that they
are producing a greater number of reproductive cells that are more
active and strong than in hogs that are simply on a maintenance
ration. These cells, then, being of a greater number and more
vigorous, there will be large, even litters of pigs.

For winter feeding again the boar should not be confined to
too small a yard, and if he refuses to take exercise he should be
induced to take it either by driving him about or by making the
distance between the sleeping and eating quarters greater. Let his
ration be balanced to about 1 :5 or 6, and consist of corn, bran,
alfalfa meal or hay, and shorts. Barley and wheat are also good
feeds. Make his ration rather bulky. The addition of a few roots,
1 or 2 mangles per day, make a very good appetizer, and help to
regulate the bowels.

The case of the sow while farrow and at the breeding season

Live Stock Breeders' Association. 221

is essentially the same as that given for the boar, except that,
owing to the fact that she is more easily governed, she may be
allowed even a greater range. If she is in good condition at the
time the pasture season opens and has abundant forage she will
need but little, if any, grain. Good forage with hogs is just about
equal to a maintenance ration, and even fair gains are recorded
for alfalfa pasture. At the North Platte Sub-station in Nebraska
it was found that sows weighing 200 pounds each gained .43
pounds per day for sixty-three days on alfalfa pasture and no
grain. If one has no alfalfa, forage may be provided by using
some of the following : Rape alone makes a very good forage crop
but does not withstand dry weather very well, and therefore may
be alternated with lots sown to the following mixture: Rape 2
pounds, cane or corn 20 pounds, cowpeas 8 pounds, or this mixture
may be varied by the addition of oats or barley, if sown early.
Rape, when fed with corn, has been found to be worth $18 to $20
per acre. A very good method, if there are several lots to sow, is
to plow them all, and then fit and sow a lot each successive week ;
by so doing one will have a fresh lot of green forage for several
weeks to turn into. Do not pasture rape or alfalfa too closely, and
it will rapidly recuperate, thus furnishing a fresh crop of forage.
If the rape becomes lousy, the ravages of the little pest may be
checked by pasturing off quickly. If alfalfa is the forage crop,
only such a number of hogs should be turned on as will allow a
portion of the first cutting of hay to be cut while the hogs are yet
being pastured upon it. From succotash mixtures of forage the
Michigan Station found that 11.44 tons of green forage could be
produced from an acre. If bluegrass is used for pasture and the
season is dry, it may be found that it will not maintain sows in
normal flesh, and in addition a pound to a pound and a half grain —
corn and middlings — may have to be given. Upon the whole, the
principles to be kept in mind in the care of the sow are that she be
given plenty of exercise and not too concentrated foods, and that
at the time of breeding she should be in fair flesh and increasing
in weight. She should be bred to farrow in March or the fore
part of April.

During the winter, if there be but a small number of sows,
a very good plan is to let them have the run of the cattle yards,
and sleep in hog cots, if the yards are not too crowded ; and if the
cattle are running loose, the sows should be taken out at least six
weeks before farrowing time to prevent injury. Aside from the
food they may gather in yards, they should be given drink regu-

222

Missouri Agricultural Report.

laiiy, a little corn and middlings, the amount depending upon the
amount of food gathered by them, and a couple of roots per day.
Sows may be wintered very cheaply in this manner, and forced
to take a great deal of exercise. After removing them from the
yards just previous to farrowing time give them laxative foods.
The demand upon the sow for the latter half of the period of ges-
tation are great. If the food is of the right nature there is but
little danger from over-feeding; the danger is more often from
underfeeding. Sows are more often under-fed than over-fed. The
ration should not consist of too much carbohydrates or fat-building
materials, but should be properly balanced with proteid feeds of a
bulky nature.

Fig. 2. Hog cot used by Missouri Experiment Station.

If the brood sows be too great in number to permit of the
plan suggested select a site for wintering them that is dry, with
good drainage, and use the hog cot system. This system will neces-
sitate the feeding of more grain. Give a ration of corn 3 parts,
shorts 3 parts, oilmeal or tankage 1 part, and also some alfalfa meal
or hay. Of the grain ration, feed on the average about 3V-> pounds
per day. If the sows have been summered on alfalfa the previous

Live Stock Breeders' Association. 223

summer one will be surprised at the amount of alfalfa hay, prefera-
bly third to fifth cutting, that they will eat if it is kept clean by
using a rack that is adapted to their purposes. The cost of this
method of wintering will be from 2 to 4 cents per sow daily.

At time of farrowing the sow should have been used to the
farrowing quarters for at least two or three days previous. This
pen should have preferably a hard, smooth clay floor with a bushel
or two of fine chaff for a bed, but if this is not possible, the next
best floor is a pine floor. Cement should never be used, because
it conducts heat away so rapidly as to chill the newly born pig.
In any case there should be a projecting rail around the pen six
inches from the wall and five or six inches from the floor, under
which the little pigs may be crowded and not smothered when the
mother lies close to the wall. Provided there is no difficulty the
sow is best let alone and not disturbed.

After farrowing, while yet in a fevered condition, the sow
should be fed but little feed, and that of a laxative, cooling nature.
The drink should have the chill removed. For food, give a little
milk with a handful of middlings. She does not require much
feed, as the demands upon her are but little, and one should not be
too anxious to get her on full feed. The rations should be increased
from this amount very slowly and from a week to ten days taken
to get on full feed.

From now on all our energies are applied directly toward
growing the pig and then marketing him. We are to see direct
results from all our thoughtfulness of afore. We planned for
large litters, because we believed that prolific dams would transmit
some of their vitality to their offspring, and we would have more
•thrifty and better feeders than those from small litters. Now we
have them, and upon the first three months' care and feeding de-
pends our future success. Give a ration of corn 1 part, shorts 1
part, and bran 1 part, for full feed, equal in weight to four or five
percent of the weight of a mature sow in fair condition. A ration
of this sort, with plenty of sunshine and exercise, will never produce
pigs with the thumps or scours. If bran and shorts are too high
in price, the corn may be balanced up with oilmeal or tankage 2
parts, corn 8 parts, and alfalfa meal 2 parts. At about three weeks
of age the pigs will begin to eat a little from the trough, and should
then be provided with a creep. By having a creep for the pigs, feed
especially suited for them can be kept quite constantly before them
and utilized by them to a much better advantage than by gorging
the sow. Place within the enclosure a low, flat-bottomed trough

224 Missouri Agricultural Report.

and in it a thin slop made by stirring in the milk, corn 2 parts
and shorts 3 parts. Feed about what they will clean up from one
feed to the next. Do not force a pig to eat out of a high trough,
for this has a tendency to produce a weak and sway back. The
most suitable time for castrating the male pigs is at five to six
weeks old, while they are still receiving nourishment from the dam.
The pig can be most easily handled at this time, and they more
quickly recover from the operation.

At seven to nine weeks of age the pigs should be weaned. This
can be accomplished to the best advantage to the pigs and their
dam by weaning first the stronger pigs of the litter and leaving
the weaker ones with the mother. This will make the entire litter
more even in size and at the same time be a more gradual way of
drying off the sow, and thus prevent damaged udders. In weaning
the pigs it is much better to have the sow and pigs in the pasture
or feed lot where it is desired to have the pigs run, at least a week
before the time of weaning, and then wean the sow away from
the pigs, and not the pigs away from the sow. They will worry
less. Remove the sow and two or three of her smaller pigs to a
lot out of sight and hearing of the pigs being weaned. The time
of weaning is best at seven to nine weeks, because the pigs will be
eating very freely from their trough in the creep, and the flow of
milk from the sow will have been quite materially diminished.
The Wisconsin Station determined by weighing the pigs on certain
days of each week before and after suckling the amount of milk
given by a sow. They found that there was "a marked falling
off in the amount of milk given by all the sows from the fourth to
the eighth week, the average daily yield for each sow at the fourth
week being 6.23 pounds, and at the -eighth week 3.85 pounds, -a
difference of 2.38 pounds daily, or a falling off of 38 per cent, in
four weeks."

It was also shown that a hundred pounds gain could be put on
more cheaply previous to weaning time than at any other period
of the pig's life. During the first four weeks the cost of a hundred
pounds gain was $1.23, and during the second four weeks the cost
was $1.75, or an increase of 42 per cent, over the cost for gain dur-
ing the first period. The third four-week period it was $2.18, the
fourth $2.78, and the fifth $3.38, thus showing that so long as
the pig is suckling, and his stomach is not yet adapted for bulky
foods, we had best make use of this period for making very profit-
able gains for feed fed.

After weaning, the methods of feeding and caring for the

Live Stock Breeders' Association.

225

growing pig will depend upon the purpose for which he is to be
used, but up to this time the method should be essentially the same
in all cases. The method of handling the pig now will depend upon
whether or not he is to be developed for breeding purposes or for
market, and if for market, whether or not by a long or a short
feeding period.

If for breeding purposes, then, the pig should be fed to develop
bone, muscle and vital organs, and to do this the ration should be
largely of proteid feeds. Professor Henry found that hogs fed on
a protein-rich ration shrank in dressing 21.7 per cent., as against
20.7 per cent, in the case of hogs fed a ration poorer in protein,
the difference being due to the favorable development of vital or-
gans in the hog fed the protein-rich ration. The weights of the
blood and of the internal organs in the case of the hogs receiving
an excess of protein were, blood, 53 ounces ; liver, 40 ounces ; kid-
neys, 6.5 ounces; while in the case of the hogs receiving an excess
of carbo-hydrates the weights were, respectively, 39.5 ounces, 30
ounces, and 4.7 ounces. The breaking strength of the thigh bones
stood in the ratio of 430 to 356. The conclusion, then, is that breed-

Fig. 3. An "A" individual hog cot used by Missouri Experiment Station.
A-15

226 Missouri Agricultural Report.

ing hogs should have a protein-rich feed, in order to develop the
vital organs to the greatest possible extent, by feeding.

As to long or short periods for growing and finishing the mar-
ket hog, both systems are followed by successful farmers in Mis-
souri. For the short period, the March and April pig is grown
rapidly and marketed in six to ten months of age ; while the long
period pig is grown through the summer and winter, and marketed
the following spring or fall. As to which method is the most
profitable may depend upon local conditions, feeds, condition of hogs
at marketing, and price obtained. Under ordinary conditions, I be-
lieve the short feeding period or marketing at six to ten months of
age to be the more profitable. It costs, according to work done by
the Wyoming Experiment Station, to maintain a sow on as cheap
feed as alfalfa hay and beets, 2.7 cents per day. We may reason,
then, that for maintenance alone it will cost from 2 to 3 cents per
day for pigs, then, every day cut off by finishing at an early age,
means doing away with this added expense. We also note from the
data already given that the cost of producing a pound of gain in-
creased as the pig advanced in age. The risk in growing the pig
for a longer period is also greater. No one can expect to maintain
a very large number of pigs until 12 to 18 months of age without
some loss, and in case of hog cholera breaking out in the neighbor-
hood, the shorter fed more nearly matured hogs will be more nearly
ready for the market, and can be disposed of immediately. It is
true that the pigs of the other class can also be sold on the market,
but at a decided disadvantage as compared with the former.

In farmers' bulletin No. 172, W. J. Spillman gives an account
of a method of farm management, in which no hog is marketed
under one year of age. The system is essentially as follows : The
sows farrow once a year — fore part of April — and are given, along
with their litters, clover forage, supplemented with 3 pounds of
corn per sow and litter, which is increased until they are receiving
17 pounds by fall, when the pigs have reached a weight of 100 to
125 pounds. During the winter the pigs are fed soy bean hay, and
an average of about five pounds of grain per day, reaching a weight
of 200 to 22o pounds each by spring. As soon as the clover pasture
is available in the spring, they are pastured and received in ad-
dition 2V-2 pounds gain daily in the beginning, to four pounds at
August 1st, when they have reached the weight of 325 to 350
pounds, and are ready for the market.

This seems about as good a feeding system as one could devise,
and yet upon closer inspection, it would seem that the profits do

Live Stock Breeders' Association.

227

not warrant the greater risk and cost of handling. Taking him
at his own figures, and dividing his feeding periods — summer, win-
ter, and second summer — as follows : Summer, April 15th to No-
vember 1st; winter, November 1st to June 1st; second summer,
June 1st to August 1st, we find that his expense of producing a 338-
pound hog as follows :

April 15th to November 1st, 241 pounds corn, -f- clover pasture.
November 1st to June 1st, *1,260 pounds corn, -f- soy bean hay.
June 1st to August 1st, 195 pounds corn, -f clover pasture.

Total 1,696 pounds corn.

This makes a total of corn fed 1,696 pounds, or 30.3 bushels,
which, at the conservative price of 40 cents per bushel, would make
the cost of corn alone $12.12. At 5 cents per pound his finished
hog is worth $16.90. This would leave a margin of $4.78 to pay
for clover pasture, soy bean hay, care of dam for fall and winter,
cost of caring for the hog, and insurance for the greater risk in
growing the hog for a longer time. In comparison with this, let us
look at some results obtained by the Wisconsin Experiment Station
in 1903 in determining the "food requirements of pigs from birth
to maturity" — maturity being at eight months.

TABLE.

Average net gain of each pig and average cost of feed for 100
pounds gain from birth to maturity. (Wisconsin Experiment Sta-
tion) :

Av. net gain

per pig.

lbs.

Av. cost of feed

per 100 lbs.

net gain.

First 4 weeks

8.8
12.6
21.4

'JO.lt

23.3
29.1

•J! 1.3
82.4

$1 17

1 71

2 06

2 74

3 34

3 19

Seventh 4 weeks

3 95

Eighth 4 weeks

4 20

17(5.9

$2.80

Note that cost of gain increases with the age of the animal.
These figures also show the actual cost of feed for 100 pounds
gain, for the pigs received no pasture.

♦Figured on the basis that this 5 pound grain mixture was eaual to 6 pounds corn.

228

Missouri Agricultural Report.

In this experiment the cost of feed in producing 338 pounds of
live weight of pork would be $9.46, which, selling at 5 cents per
pound, would leave $7.44 for profit, and for caring for the hogs.

However favorable these facts seem for maturing hogs early,
if one has good clover for forage and can market the pigs in the fall
as feeders at a price equal to or above market top prices, there is
no doubt but the system will be profitable. Gains on clovers,
where a small amount of grain is fed, can be made very cheaply.
The Wisconsin Experiment Station found that pigs on clover past-
ure, with one-fourth of a full feed of corn, required 243 pounds of
corn for 100 pounds of gain, while pigs on clover pasture with a
full feed of corn required 417 pounds of corn for 100 pounds of
gain. It then follows that a long feeding period may be the most
profitable, when corn is high and one has considerable bulky feed
in the way of alfalfa pasture, clover or rape, and wishes the pigs
to follow after fattening steers. In comparing grain-fed hogs that
were confined in pens with hogs following steers, and receiving a
small amount of grain in addition, the Mississippi Experiment Sta-
tion found that the cost per pound in each case was for the pen
lot 4.88 cents, and for the second lot, exclusive of the waste from
the steers, was 1.15 cents.

When corn was relatively low, the Nebraska Experiment Sta-
tion found that the liberal use of grain on alfalfa pasture was
most economical. This experiment was with four lots of pigs, ten
in each lot, to which corn was given in varying amounts. At the
time of the experiment corn was worth 30 cents a bushel, and the
alfalfa pasture was valued at $5.00 per acre. However, had the
alfalfa been higher, the results would have been more marked. The
results were as follows :

TABLE. (NEBRASKA STATION.)

1

Lot 1.

No. Grain

lbs.

Lot 2.

Light ( Iraln

Ration.

Lot3.

Medium

Grain

Ration

Lot 4.
Heavy
Grain
Ration

Average weight of pigs, August 27

Average weight of pigs, < tctober 27

71.0

75.4

1.4

.02

73.5
95.2
21.7

.34

1 88

3. SO

$2.08

0.66

2.74

73.5

118 9

39 8

.68

2.48
8.96
$2. 10
0.80
2.45

72.5
126.2

Average gain from August 27, to Oct. 27..
Daily gain per pig

03.7
.85

Average amount of corn consumed by
fuel) pig per day

3.40

Corn consumed per pound, gain

4.23

$2.28

$14.80
11 80

0.16

Total cost per 100 lbs. gain

2.43

Live Stock Breeders' Association. 229

Notice from the above table that alfalfa, when fed alone, is
about equal to a maintenance ration, but where grain is fed with it
the gains are made at a very moderate cost. Large brood sows will
do well on alfalfa alone, but the stomach of the pig is not capable
of digesting large amounts of bulky food.

Forage crops, as has already been shown, lessen the cost of
gains, thus making spring litters more profitable than fall litters;
however, by abundant and careful feeding, the sow should produce
two litters a year. The ration for the fall litter should be made as
nutritious and as palatable as possible. Feed corn, balanced with
shorts, gluten feed, linseed meal and milk. Skim milk for the first
few weeks, in getting the pigs started right, may be worth 25 to
30 cents per hundred pounds. If a pig is stunted on the start, he
will always remain so. Give them plenty of sunshine, warm, sunny
yards, plenty of exercise, and freshly bedded, dry sleeping quarters,
and, then, with not too much corn in the ration of the pig there
will be no trouble with the thumps or scours. If the pig is to be
reared for breeding purposes, then his food should always be of
quite a high protein content.

At fattening time, when the pig is to be crowded, and finished
for the market, corn is indispensable, but should never make up the
entire ration. The protein feeds that may supplement corn are
middlings, oilmeal, tankage, and bloodmeal, depending upon the
prices of these feeds. These fed, with corn in amounts to balance
the ration, will always produce better gains and cheapen the cost
of production.

The feeding period should not extend over a space of time
longer than six weeks, during which time the hog should consume
a ration equal in weight in the beginning of the fattening period
to 4V2 per cent, of his own weight to 3 per cent, of his weight at
finishing. The weight at finishing should be from 250 to 325
pounds. This weight has topped the market in Kansas City for
eleven of the last twelve years.

The general health of the hogs depends most largely upon ju-
dicious, regular feeding and good sanitation. If these are given,
along with plenty of charcoal, salt, and ashes, a general unthrifti-
ness among our hogs need never be feared. As to condimental or
the so-called "stock foods," it is never profitable to buy them. The
prices paid are all out of proportion to their food value, and while
they may increase the number of pounds gain, they also increase
the cost of that pound of gain. If grain ration needs balancing
with a food of high protein content, then it may be provided in oil-

<<

<(

230 Missouri Agricultural Report.

meal, tankage or bloodmeal. If hogs need medicine or a condition
powder, one can compound it much cheaper than the stock food
company, and besides, one will not have to pay for advertising. A
very good condition powder is the "government hog remedy," which
is compounded as follows :

Wood charcoal 1 pound

Sulphur 1 "

Sodium chloride (common salt) 2 "

Sodium bicarbonate (baking soda) 2 "

Sodium hyposulphate 2

Sodium sulphate 1

Antimony sulphide (black antimony) 1 "

Dose : Large tablespoonf ul once a day for each 200 pounds live
weight. Mix well with the feed, and feed in the form of slop.

This remedy is very good for dispelling worms, and is also a
good digestion corrector. Another very good and cheap condition
powder, that can be used more generally, is the following:

Ashes 10 pounds

Salt 1 pound

Sulphur 8 ounces

Lime 2 pounds

Copperas 1 ounce

Charcoal 3 pounds

Pulverize and mix thoroughly. Keep in a box where the hogs
can have constant access to it, or give small amounts along with
the feed.

Hogs seem to have a craving for ashes and charcoal, due to the
lack of the proper amount of mineral ash in the usual ration that is
fed them, and it can be very cheaply supplied in this way. Professor
Henry found in an experiment conducted by himself that it re-
quired 629 pounds of corn meal to make 100 pounds gain when
ashes were not fed, as compared with 491 pounds when they were
fed. A mixture of charcoal, ashes, salt, and sulphur should always
be kept where the hog may have access to it.

A constant guard should always be kept against vermin, as it
costs more to feed mange and lice than it does hogs. For mange,
use equal parts of sulphur and lard, with just enough kerosene to
make into a paste.

For lice in the winter, nothing is better than just ordinary
keronsene squirted with a small can along the back and behind the
ears. Crude oil is also good. If used in the spring or summer, the

Live Stock Breeders' Association. 231

hogs should be kept out from the sun for a day or two, to prevent
blistering. The much better practice for summer is to dip the herd
every month. Dipping will also help to keep the hogs in a clean,
healthy condition.

A running stream is very good for hogs, but filthy mudholes
should not be tolerated.

The ideal herdsman is gentle in manner, and moves quietly
among the herd. He is quick to observe, in fact, loves to observe
and watch the animals in his care. He loves to watch them as they
eat, and note the gains they are making.

The man who succeeds best with hogs is the man who "ob-
serves," keeps well-bred hogs, is on constant guard against disease
and vermin, through good sanitation, has ample "protection"
against cold of winter and heat of summer, and gives properly
balanced amounts of "nutrition" — or, to be short, is the man who
pays "attention to details."

PEDIGREE.

By W. P. Harned, of Vermont, Missouri).

Last year, at our annual meeting of the Improved Live Stock
Breeders' Association here, we had quite a lively discussion on this
very subject. It was opened by Mr. Miller of Indiana, an exporter
of high-class stock to South America — especially cattle, and mostly
of the Shorthorn breed. Quite a number of breeders took a hand
in the discussion, and it waxed rather warm, especially when one
went to show the evil that is resulting from inbreeding, or, as some
will say, line breeding. Touching this phase of the subject, is
stepping on the toes of the Fadist. The disciple of fads is very
tender at this point.

It was the intention of each speaker in that discussion to show
the good use we are to make of a pedigree. But most of the de-
baters brought out so strongly the abuse to which many breeders
are subjecting our pedigrees, that it almost appeared in the wind-up
that pedigree is a bad thing to be attached to our animals. What
they really meant to explain was the kind of a pedigree that is
valuable and a good guide in our breeding operations, and the kind,
on the other hand, that is dangerous, and should be avoided, even
though it may be approved by the fickle hand of fashion. It was
very fortunate Col. W. A. Harris happened to be present at that

232 Missouri Agricultural Report.

discussion, and later, in one of his forceful speeches, he, at least,
set right some of the ideas which it seemed were wrongly con-
veyed to the audience.

In our live stock vocabulary, I believe, there is no more im-
portant word than pedigree, and I also believe there is none so
poorly understood.

It should always be borne in mind that a pedigree is simply
a record of the ancestors. An animal has no pedigree when there
is no record of the ancestors. A good pedigree should mean noth-
ing more nor less than a record of good ancestors. Yet, this does
not always mean a fashionable one. A bad pedigree is a record of
ancestors that did not possess real merit. A fashionable pedigree
today is one whose remote ancestors have sold for fabulous prices.
When possible, they are kept fashionable by the speculator, who
hopes to stimulate a boom on past glory, and reap a harvest by
deceiving some over-enthusiastic youth, or blinding the unwary.
I once heard a high authority say, in speaking of the late Short-
horn fads, that if the leading breeders are to continue their mis-
guided family craze, it would be a blessing if the herd books were
made into a grand bonfire. I do not believe that he was far from
the true mark, though some thought it a rather strong statement.

It has been said nothing is so dangerous as popularity, and
this applies with double force to the popular pedigree. When a
family of live stock becomes very popular, even the weeds in that
family will be used as herd headers. A pedigree weed is an abomi-
nation. A line-bred weed is even worse. Any line-bred weed is
very impressive to the offspring. Being intensively bred, the bad
qualities are only the more strongly transmitted; and the very
popularity of such a family is sure to work its own destruction.
Families are valuable only for the merit they possess today, not for
the merit their ancestors possessed fifty years ago.

PEDIGREE IS OUR GUIDE.

A record of the ancestors of both the male and the female is
the best guide we have to instruct us in the mating of our domestic
animals. While the produce will inherit the qualities of both the
sire and the dam, it will also partake of the qualities of grandsire
and granddam to a less degree, and great grandsire and great grand
dam to a still less degree, and so on, to very remote blood relations.
If we are real breeders and true moulders of form and quality,
this is our only guide, and present day fashion adds not one whit

Live Stock Breeders' Association. 233

to successfully evolving any type or quality we may have in view.
Even in this progressive age, there is no text-book for breeding our
live stock. No rule is yet laid down that will tell us what the mating
of two animals will produce. We can only foretell that by the ap-
pearance of the parents and weighing up what the ancestors have
been. Each breeder is unique and works out his own plans with-
out book or rules. His work must be even more original than the
sculptor or artist, for the latter, at least, has a model before his
eyes. The breeder evolves a type not seen, and produces it from
live flesh and blood.

This is the work of the real breeders, aided by pedigree or a
knowledge of the ancestors.

Thus far a pedigree is good, but there is also an abuse of it.

The Shorthorn men abused their pedigrees years ago — I am
glad to say years ago — they are not so bad now; yet not entirely
free from fads. They inbred one family of cattle until that family
was a disgrace to the breed. Originally it was the best on earth.
I believe the Angus men are partly guilty of the same folly now
with their Blackbirds, Ericas, Queen Mothers, etc. And now a
Poland China breeder comes out in bold print and declares if the
breeders of that race do not use more sense and less fads, they will
only add proof to the maxim — "Our popularity ruined us."

DISCUSSION.

Mr. Gentry — I think that paper is a very good one. I think
that most of us, in discussing pedigree, forget something that is
fully as important and even more so probably. I don't care what
your pedigree is, or the individual that you start with, you are not
a success in developing the young animals properly, if you are not
a liberal feeder — an intelligent feeder. All breeders who have made
any record at all, and who have produced anything worth showing,
have been men who are liberal feeders. I find that the average
man, starting in the stock business, will overlook this important
thing — liberal feeding. I don't care what your ancestry is, when
the animal is born you simply have a foundation on which to build,
and if you don't build right, you don't have a good animal. But a
person can be a liberal feeder, and not feed intelligently; not feed
a balanced ration, in which case the animal will not be developed
properly. If anything, development is worth more than pedigree.
I have seen breeders take inferior stock to start with and wind up
in a few years with stock that is worth noticing, and that pays

234 Missouri Agricultural Report.

much better than to start with a much better stock, and give it
poor handling, poor feed and poor care. Some men knoiv what is
best to do but they don't like to get out in the cold and snow after
dark to look after the comfort of the animals. There is as much
in that as there is in the feed. The natural law is the "survival of
the fittest:" The man who works faithfully deserves credit and
success, while the man who won't work, of course, deserves to go
down in failure.

Mr. Kitchen : I heartily agree with Mr. Harned in what he
says about the Angus men being guilty of abusing Blackbirds and
Queen Mothers; and it calls to mind an incident up in my county
of a Virginian who was six to seven feet tall, and the most un-
gainly creature I ever saw (however, he was anything but a fool) .
A professional horse trader was trying to sell him a horse. The
horse trader told him all about the good qualities of the ancestors
back of that horse, their good disposition, and all. (The animal, in
question, was a little bit of a knook-kneed, bow-legged creature.)
The Virginian listened patiently as long as he could ; then he said,
"Now, that's enough of that. I don't want to hear any more. I
have got a good pedigree, but look at my form!"

Mr. Kidd — As one who attended this convention last year, I
want to express my appreciation of Mr. Harned's paper. Last year
we had quite a discussion of this subject, and everybody was try-
ing to reach the same point, and Mr. Harned has clearly brought
out what we were trying to get at last year, and I think the paper
ought to be commended.

Prof. Mumford — Mr. Harned called attention to one fact,
which it seems to me, is important: The value of an animal does
not depend primarily upon the good points of an animal that lived
50 or 60 or 75 years ago. All of our breeding indicates that the
most essential thing in the pedigree of an animal is that the im-
mediate ancestor of that animal be good, rather than the ancestor
that lived twenty centuries back. If there is one criticism that can
be placed against the breeders of improved live stock at the present
time, especially in the cattle trade, it is that of selling cattle upon
the basis of the good qualities that existed in ancestors that were
produced 20 or 30 centuries back. We want to know the qualities
and characteristics of the ancestors that existed in the last four or
five generations.

Live Stock Breeders' Association. 235

FARM MANAGEMENT.

THE RELATION OF ANIMAL HUSBANDRY TO FARM ECONOMY.

(Frederick B. Mumford, Professor of Animal Husbandry, University of Missouri.)

A permanently prosperous agriculture is impossible without
the large use of domestic animals. The greatest single factor in
agriculture as a profitable occupation is the productiveness of the
soil. The profitable production of any crop continually on the same
area is impossible. At the great Rothamstead Experiment Station
in England the continuous production of wheat on the same land
for a half century resulted in an average of 13 1-10 bushels per
acre. This yield was too small to pay the cost of production and
the fixed charges on the land, and then leave a profit. On the same
kind of land the application of farm-yard manure resulted in an
average yield of 35.7 bushels of wheat per acre for a period of
fifty-one years.

The statements in this article regarding the profitable produc-
tion of crops apply only to those systems of farming which are
commonly known as general farming, or grain farming. It is not
intended that the facts presented in this discussion shall apply
to that limited class of agricultural occupations, such as truck
farming, floriculture, etc.

The importance of a high degree of soil productiveness in our
farming operations cannot be overestimated. In all farming oper-
ations there are certain fixed charges which must be met whether
the yield is 20 bushels of corn per acre or 60 bushels on the same
acre. The cost of plowing, harrowing, planting and cultivating
are practically the same, no matter what the yield. The cost of
harvesting is less per bushel if the yield be large. We may say that
it requires a certain minimum yield of grain to pay the expense
of production. This minimum cost will be about the same, whether
the yield is large or small. The excess above this so-called
maintenance requirement will represent profit. It is possible
for a man to farm land which is so poor that 1,000 acres of
it may be required to net him a profit of $1,000. It is equally
true that a fertile farm of 160 acres may be so productive as
to net its owner $1,000. It is, therefore, not an idle statement
that the fertility of the land is the greatest single factor in agricul-
ture.

236 Missouri Agricultural Report.

In the important investigations which have been conducted
in recent years on practical, methods of maintaining and improv-
ing soil fertility, one of the most significant results has been the
increasing importance which has been given to the use of farm-
yard manure. The investigations of Hopkins of Illinois, Thorne of
Ohio, and of Miller of Missouri, all agree in the conclusion that
farmyard manure must now and hereafter be the main reliance
of the American farmer in keeping up and improving the produc-
tiveness of his soil. Dr. Hopkins says, "farm manure always has
been and, without doubt, always will be, the principal material
used in maintaining the fertility of the soil." Director Thorne, as
a result of twenty years of careful experimentation with commer-
cial fertilizers and farm manure, concludes that "it is possible to
bring up the rate of production of a run-down soil to a point ex-
ceeding that of its virgin condition, by the intelligent use of com-
mercial fertilizers, but the same results may be obtained more cer-
tainly, and at a very much smaller cost, by the production and well-
informed use of animal manure."

What is the actual practical value of a ton of farmyard manure
produced on the average farm? In asking this question, I am not
asking for the chemist's theoretical value, as compared with com-
mercial fertilizers, but the actual cash returns in bushels of corn
or wheat resulting from the application of a ton of the average
manure produced on an average farm.

There are two methods of estimating farm manure values.
The first one is the chemist's method, and may not be the correct
statement of the actual cash value of this material to the average
farmer. The other, and by far the more practical method of deter-
mining manure values, is by actually applying the manure to an
acre of land, and compare the increased yield with that on the same
land untreated. This latter method has been employed by the Ohio
Experiment Station through a period of eighteen years. The re-
sults secured by this station are of inestimable value to the farmers
of the middle west, and the facts revealed are applicable to our
Missouri conditions.

As a result of eighteen years' careful experiment the Ohio Ex-
periment Station has determined that the value of a ton of farm-
yard manure from cattle, registered in the cash value of increased
crops produced, is $2.27 per ton. The same station has also deter-
mined, by careful experiment, that the manure produced by a
thousand-pound steer during a six months feeding period will

Live Stock Breeders' Association. 237

amount to three and a half tons, which, at $2.27 per ton, is worth
$7.95.

A wise farm economy requires that every bushel of grain and
every pound of hay shall be fed to animals. The resulting manure
under good methods of farm management will return 80 per cent,
of the original fertilizer value of the foods to the soils. The manure
thus returned to the land, together with the natural disintegration
of the soil and with possibly a small application of mineral fer-
tilizers with a rational rotation of crops, will unquestionably in-
crease the productiveness of 90 per cent, of the soils of the middle
west. There is, therefore, ample justification for the feeding of all
crops grown on the farm to some kind of farm animals from the
standpoint of soil fertility alone.

Animal husbandry, however, is bound to be a controlling factor
in modern systems of farm management for other reasons than
merely soil fertility. We must continue to use animals as prime
motors. There is no immediate prospect of displacing horses by
mechanical motors. The horseless age is farther away than ever
before in the history of this country. There has never been so large
a number of horses per capita in the civilized world as at the
present time. The demands for horses were never greater. In the
United States the development of horse breeding and the produc-
tion of good horses on farms has been co-extensive with the develop-
ment of automobiles and other mechanical motors. The last few
years of the 19th century and the opening years of the 20th century
have seen the perfection, production and use of thousands of auto-
mobiles for pleasure vehicles and for city drayage. It is a sig-*
nificant fact that during this period we have also enjoyed the great-
est development of horse breeding operations ever known in this
country. In 1850 for every horse or mule on farms in the United
States there were 4.8 persons. In 1900 the supply of horses had
increased so that there was one horse or mule for every 3.8 persons
in this country. It is safe to predict that the time will never come
when we can dispense with horse power to any great degree on
the farms and in the smaller villages of this country.

The use of animals for food is not recent, but the largely in-
creasing demand for meat products among civilized peoples has
created a need for animals and their products unprecedented
in the history of the world. According to Hunt, "during the last
half of the last century horses and mules have increased two times,
neat cattle about three times — milk cows rather less, and other
cattle rather more than three times — while sheep and swine have

238 Missouri Agricultural Report.

each doubled in numbers in the fifty years. The population in the
same period has increased about three and a half times." The
demand for these products will continue. The sources of supply
cannot now be largely increased. All government areas of free land
have been occupied. Japan and China, especially the former, have
become intelligent purchasers of our horses, cattle, sheep and swine.

Another very interesting fact in connection with the animal
husbandry industry in America in the past half century is that
while animals have increased only about three times in numbers
they have increased six times in value. This increase in value is
partly due to the increased cost of production, but unquestionably
the increase is partly due to the remarkable improvement of the
specialized characters which have added to the actual efficiency of
the animals reared.

The average production of wool in 1850 was 2.4 pounds. In
1900 the average was 6.9 pounds. If it were possible to secure the
statistics for dairy cattle we should find equally startling results.
Official records of the dairy cows of the present day show that a
cow may produce 30,000 pounds of milk and over 1,000 pounds of
butter in 365 days. Entire herds of dairy cows are maintained that
produce an average of more than 40